CA2105478C - Implantation tissue and treatment and use methods - Google Patents
Implantation tissue and treatment and use methods Download PDFInfo
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- CA2105478C CA2105478C CA002105478A CA2105478A CA2105478C CA 2105478 C CA2105478 C CA 2105478C CA 002105478 A CA002105478 A CA 002105478A CA 2105478 A CA2105478 A CA 2105478A CA 2105478 C CA2105478 C CA 2105478C
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/14—Macromolecular materials
- A61L27/22—Polypeptides or derivatives thereof, e.g. degradation products
- A61L27/227—Other specific proteins or polypeptides not covered by A61L27/222, A61L27/225 or A61L27/24
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/0077—Special surfaces of prostheses, e.g. for improving ingrowth
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/10—Hair or skin implants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/3604—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix characterised by the human or animal origin of the biological material, e.g. hair, fascia, fish scales, silk, shellac, pericardium, pleura, renal tissue, amniotic membrane, parenchymal tissue, fetal tissue, muscle tissue, fat tissue, enamel
- A61L27/3625—Vascular tissue, e.g. heart valves
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/3683—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix subjected to a specific treatment prior to implantation, e.g. decellularising, demineralising, grinding, cellular disruption/non-collagenous protein removal, anti-calcification, crosslinking, supercritical fluid extraction, enzyme treatment
- A61L27/3695—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix subjected to a specific treatment prior to implantation, e.g. decellularising, demineralising, grinding, cellular disruption/non-collagenous protein removal, anti-calcification, crosslinking, supercritical fluid extraction, enzyme treatment characterised by the function or physical properties of the final product, where no specific conditions are defined to achieve this
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
- A61L27/3804—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells characterised by specific cells or progenitors thereof, e.g. fibroblasts, connective tissue cells, kidney cells
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
- A61L27/54—Biologically active materials, e.g. therapeutic substances
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/04—Hollow or tubular parts of organs, e.g. bladders, tracheae, bronchi or bile ducts
- A61F2/06—Blood vessels
- A61F2/062—Apparatus for the production of blood vessels made from natural tissue or with layers of living cells
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/24—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
- A61F2/2412—Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
- A61F2/2415—Manufacturing methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
- A61L2300/40—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a specific therapeutic activity or mode of action
- A61L2300/412—Tissue-regenerating or healing or proliferative agents
- A61L2300/414—Growth factors
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
- A61L2300/60—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a special physical form
- A61L2300/64—Animal cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S623/00—Prosthesis, i.e. artificial body members, parts thereof, or aids and accessories therefor
- Y10S623/915—Method or apparatus for preparing biological material
- Y10S623/918—Heart
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S623/00—Prosthesis, i.e. artificial body members, parts thereof, or aids and accessories therefor
- Y10S623/92—Method or apparatus for preparing or treating prosthetic
- Y10S623/921—Blood vessel
Abstract
Tissue which is suitable for transplant is treated with a growth factor and cells which populate the tissue and native cells must be removed, they cannot be "masked" reduce immunogenicity; this increases the longevity of the tissue upon transplant.
The preferred growth factor is basic fibroblast growth factor, and the preferred cells are fibroblasts. The tissue can be an allograft or xenograft taken from a cow, pig or other mammal.
The preferred growth factor is basic fibroblast growth factor, and the preferred cells are fibroblasts. The tissue can be an allograft or xenograft taken from a cow, pig or other mammal.
Description
IMPLANTATION TISSUE AND TREATMENT AND USE METHODS
i During the last 20 years, allograft heart valve transplantation in the United States has increased from about 50 to 2,000 per annum. Because of the increase in demand, particularly in pediatric cases, utilization of allogra:Et heart valves is now limited by the supply of donated human hearts.
The invention described herein relates to transplantable tissue, such as heart valves, which is treated to reduce potentially untoward reactions to the tissue which would otherwise result upon transplant.
Tmplantable tissue has in the past been taken from patients and reimplanted into the same patient in a different site, such as with burn victims whe require skin grafts and coronary bypass patients who require coronary arterial replacement using sections of saphenous veins.
Similarly, organs such as kidneys have been transplanted allogeneically from one sibling to another in an effort to minimize immunologically mediated reactions by the transplant recipient, which would result in organ. rejection. These patients; as well as patients receiving transplant organs from donors other than siblings, are frequently administered drugs to suppress the immune system. While the immunological response to transplant tissue may be suppressed through the use of i~~unasuppressant drugs to minimize tissue rejection, imauuzosuppressant therapy is general in nature. Hence, immunosuppressant drugs also tend to suppress the immune Wn 92/1S2S9 PCT/US92/01670 '~10 7 4"~ ~
i During the last 20 years, allograft heart valve transplantation in the United States has increased from about 50 to 2,000 per annum. Because of the increase in demand, particularly in pediatric cases, utilization of allogra:Et heart valves is now limited by the supply of donated human hearts.
The invention described herein relates to transplantable tissue, such as heart valves, which is treated to reduce potentially untoward reactions to the tissue which would otherwise result upon transplant.
Tmplantable tissue has in the past been taken from patients and reimplanted into the same patient in a different site, such as with burn victims whe require skin grafts and coronary bypass patients who require coronary arterial replacement using sections of saphenous veins.
Similarly, organs such as kidneys have been transplanted allogeneically from one sibling to another in an effort to minimize immunologically mediated reactions by the transplant recipient, which would result in organ. rejection. These patients; as well as patients receiving transplant organs from donors other than siblings, are frequently administered drugs to suppress the immune system. While the immunological response to transplant tissue may be suppressed through the use of i~~unasuppressant drugs to minimize tissue rejection, imauuzosuppressant therapy is general in nature. Hence, immunosuppressant drugs also tend to suppress the immune Wn 92/1S2S9 PCT/US92/01670 '~10 7 4"~ ~
response, which reduces the transplant patient's ability to combat infection.
The supply and ready availability of transplantable organs and graft tissue has been far outdistanced by the demand for such tissue over the past several years, and there is a long-felt need for an increase in the supply of such organs and tissue. This need remains to an extent unfilled, even taking into account the various synthetic tissues and mechanical organs which are presently available.
~ioprosthetic grafts are typically superior to mechanical prosthetic devices for various reasons. For example, mechanical heart valves are typically more prone to cause thromboembolism than bioprosthetic grafts.
Moreover, mechanical equipment failures typically occur suddenly and without warning, resulting in emergency situations requiring surgical intervention and replacement of the artificial prosthetic device.
Hioprosthetic heart valve grafts do not typically fail suddenly when a problem occurs. Rather, if there is a secondary valve failure, the valve tends to wear out gradually over time. This gives the patient and treating physician some advance warning that a graft prosthesis failure is likely to occur.
The invention described herein relates to xenogeneic or allogeneic tissues made suitable for transplant into a patient by replacing native cells within the tissue with autogenous or allogeneic cells.
These modified grafts combine the advantages of bioprosthetic valves with immunological tolerance on the part of the recipient and the ability to maintain and repair the extracellular matrix.
There have been attempts at producing artificial tissues and organs in the past with varying degrees of success.
Steinberger, U.S. Patent No. 4,407,787, relates to a dressing comprised of collagen and a resorbable wo azuszs~ rcrius9zio~s~o 2~a i~'~~
The supply and ready availability of transplantable organs and graft tissue has been far outdistanced by the demand for such tissue over the past several years, and there is a long-felt need for an increase in the supply of such organs and tissue. This need remains to an extent unfilled, even taking into account the various synthetic tissues and mechanical organs which are presently available.
~ioprosthetic grafts are typically superior to mechanical prosthetic devices for various reasons. For example, mechanical heart valves are typically more prone to cause thromboembolism than bioprosthetic grafts.
Moreover, mechanical equipment failures typically occur suddenly and without warning, resulting in emergency situations requiring surgical intervention and replacement of the artificial prosthetic device.
Hioprosthetic heart valve grafts do not typically fail suddenly when a problem occurs. Rather, if there is a secondary valve failure, the valve tends to wear out gradually over time. This gives the patient and treating physician some advance warning that a graft prosthesis failure is likely to occur.
The invention described herein relates to xenogeneic or allogeneic tissues made suitable for transplant into a patient by replacing native cells within the tissue with autogenous or allogeneic cells.
These modified grafts combine the advantages of bioprosthetic valves with immunological tolerance on the part of the recipient and the ability to maintain and repair the extracellular matrix.
There have been attempts at producing artificial tissues and organs in the past with varying degrees of success.
Steinberger, U.S. Patent No. 4,407,787, relates to a dressing comprised of collagen and a resorbable wo azuszs~ rcrius9zio~s~o 2~a i~'~~
biopolymer. The dressing is tissue-agglutinable, such that the dressing adheres to tissue and causes hemostasis.
Caplan, et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,609,551, relates to a process for stimulating bone and cartilage growth, utilizing a soluble bone protein. The bone protein is combined with cells such. as fibroblasts, and the mixture may be injected into the site of a joint cavity articular surface defect. Alternatively the bone protein and cells may be implanted in a fibrin clot. The fibroblasts differentiate to form replacement cartilage tissue.
Nevo, et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,642,120, relates to a gel-type composition for repairing bone and cartilage defects. The gel contains mesenchymal cells which differentiate into cartilage cells through the influence of chondrogenic inducing factor in combination with fibrinogen, antiprotease and thrombin.
Hell, U.S. Patent No. 4,485,096, relates to a tissue equivalent for treatment of burns or skin wour_ds and to fabricated prostheses. A hydrated collagen lattice is contracted with a contractile agent, e.g., fibroblasts or blood platelets, to create a collagen lattice which may then be populated w~.th keratinocytes, thus forming a skin equivalent. Alternatively, glandular cells, such a9 panereatic beta cells, or hepatocytes can be grown on the collagen lattice to produce a pancreas or liver tissue "ecauivalent ~~ . Hone equivalents can also be formed from the contracted collagen matrix described above in combination with demineralized bone powder.
Bell, U.S. Patent No. 4,539,716, similarly relates to synthesized equivalents for blood vessels and glandular tissue. A contractile agent is used to contract the collagen lattice axially around an inner core.
Additional layers containing capillary beds, blood vessels and glandular structures are then constructed.
Bell, U.S. Patent No. 4,546,500, relates to the fabrication of blood vessels and glandular tissues utilizing a collagen lattice contracted axially around an inner core and combined with a plastic mesh sleeve. The plastic sleeve is sandwiched between layers of the matrix t~~ reinforce the structure.
Bell, et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,835,102, relates generally to tissue equivalent test systems, and includes tissue equivalents for epithelial, connective, cartilage, bone, blood, organs arid glandular tissues as well as blood vessels. The tissue equivalent is composed of cultured cells which are derived from the endogenous tissue and incorporated into a collagen lattice.
Bell, et al., PCT Application No. 86/02273 published April 24, 1986 as WO 86/02273, relates to methods of forming living tissue equivalents, which utilize a collagen matrix contracted to form a lattice in a nutrient medium. The initially acidic collagen system is precipitated by raising the pH sufficiently to induce fibrillogenesis and the formation of a gel matrix containing cells.
Bell, et al., European Patent Application No.
89309972.1 (European Patent 361957) relates to tissue equivalents which have cell types differentiated from progenitor cells without exogenous chemical induction. The tissue equivalent is in the form of a tissue precursor mixture which is non-gelled, and the mixture is injected into the host. The mixture gels and is space filling upon injection into the appropriate site. The cells must exhibit the ability to differentiate without exogenc~us chemical induction for the tissue equivalent to be effective.
4a Shing, Y. et al. Cell Biology, Vol. 103, No. 5, Pt. 2 Abstract No. 1107, page 299a (1986) relates to a chondrosarcoma derived growth factor which is angiogenic in vivo. The chondrosarcoma growth factor is used to stimulate ~~ endothelial cell proliferation in vitro.
Bell, et al. Science Vol. 212, pp 1052-1054 (1981) relates to skin-equivalent grafts treated with a contractile agent to form a collagen lattice. The lattice WU 92/15259 ~ ~ p ~ ~ °~ ~ PCT/US92/01670 is seeded with epidermal cells. The lattice allegedly permits vascularization of the graft.
Weinberg, C.B., et al., Science Vol. 231: 397-400 (1986), relates to a blood vessel model containing 5 collagen and cultured vascular cells.
Kent, K.C. et al., J. Vascular Surcr Vol. 9, No. 2, pp 271 to 276 (1989), relates to endothelial seeding of vascular grafts in dogs, and the patency of the luminal monolayer. Endothelial cells harvested from bovine aorta, canine external jugular vein and human saphenous vein are compared.
Hoch, J, et al. J. Surg. Res. vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 545 to 554, relates to the use of Dacron and polytetrafluoroethylene polymeric grafts, as well as bovine carotid artery heterografts which were compared vitro to determine the extent of endothelial cell adherence.
Naves, W.F. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. Vol.
144, No. 1 pp. 245-248 (1973) relates to human liver cell cultures which utilize collagen as a substrate. Gel-foam sponge is also used as a 9ubstx~ate.
The present invention relates to a transplantable or implantable xenogeneic or allogeneic tissue having immunogenic sites which if untreated, would ordinarily induce an immune system response in the patient, ultimately leading to transplant rejection.
Similarly, a method is described of rendering the transplantable tissue substantially non-immunogenic by .
replacing native cells with allogeneic or autologous cells, reducing the recognition of a transplanted graft as a foreign substance without generally suppressing the patient°s immune system.
In particular, the present invention relates to transplantable tissue which can be treated in accordance with the methods described herein to reduce or prevent untoward immune system reactions which the recipient may experience in response to the graft, which in turn WqU 92/15259 P~Cf/US92f01670 '~~.05~'~~
s minimizes transplant rejection. fIence, one object of the present invention is to reduce patient rejection of transplanted tissue.
A further object of,the present invention is to increase the supply of transplantable tissue by treating grafts to render them suitable for transplant into human patients in need of such treatment.
A further object of the present invention is to facilitate the use of animal donors that can supply xenograft donor tissue in virtually unlimited quantities.
The donor tissue can be transplanted into human recipients after the tissue has been treated in accordance with the methods described herein.
Additional objects of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the teachings herein.
SUNDRY OF TH:E TNVENTION
The invention described herein includes a transplantable bioprosthetic graft tissue which is treated prior to transplant with a growth factor and then exposed to cells which are attracted into the tissue and proliferate in response to the growth factor and populate the transplantable tissue. Replacement of cells effectively reduces immune responses to the tissue, thus improving the effective life of the graft and reducing the frequency, incidence and severity of transplant rejection.
The invention further addresses a method of treating xenogeneic transplantable tissue which comprises exposing the tissue to a growth factor and then culturing the graft tissue with cells which migrate and proliferate in response to the growth factor, thus populating the tissue with the cells to enhance the effective life of the tissue upon transplant, and reduce any imn~unologically mediated adverse effects which the graft recipient otherwise experiences in response to the xenogeneic tissue upon transplantion.
wc~ nans2so Pcriusn2io~67o ~~Oa~~B
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a photomicrograph of control tissue not exposed to growth factor, and Fig. 2 is a photomicrograph of tissue exposed to basic fibroblast growth factor (°bFGF") (2500 mg/ml) and incubated with fibroblasts for 10 days.
DETATLED DESCRIPTION
The terms "tissue", "organ" and "organ part"
axe used in the general sense herein to mean any transplantable or implantable tissue, organ or organ part, the survivability of which is improved by the methods described herein upon implantation. In particular, the overall durability and longevity of the implant axe improved, and host-immune system mediated responses, e.g., graft rejection, are reduced in severity as well as in frequency, and may be eliminated altogether.
The terms "transplant" and "implant" are used interchangeably to refer to tissue or cells (xenogeneic or allogeneic) which may be introduced into the body of a patient to replace or supplement the structure or function of the endogenous tissue.
The term "autologous" refers to tissue or cells which originate with or are derived from the recipient, whereas the terms "allogeneic" and "allograft" refer to cells and tissue which originate with or are derived from a donor of the same species as the recipient. The terms "xenogeneic° and "xenograft" refer to cells or tissue which origir_ates with or is derived from a specie other than that of the recipient.
The invention described herein is particularly useful for bioprosthetic xenografts in which the major structural component is connective tissue matrix.
Examples of such grafts include bioprosthetic heart valves, blood vessels, ligaments and tendons.
Hence, a preferred aspect of the invention encampasses a xenograft treated with a growth factor and r incubated with cells that migrate and proliferate in response to the growth factor, thus populating the xenograft, said replacement of cells being effective for reducing allergic complications upon transplant when compared to untreated xenografts.
Upon treatment of the xenograft with growth factor according to the methods described hereiia, and upon population of the xenograft with allogeneic or autogenous cells that improve the viability of the xenograft after transplant and reduce any immune response to the xenograft, there is a reduced tendency for thromboemboli to occur, particularly when compared to mechanical heart valves. This results in increased implant longevity, decreased or slowed degeneration of the implant, and decreased adverse immune reactions which otherwise may result in host rejection.
The preferred growth factor for use herein is fibroblast growth factor, in particular, basic fibroblast growth factor ("bFGF"). 6~Then used to treat xenograft implants, such as heart valves, the graft may be initially exposed to a buffered: nutrient medium, and then immersed in a solution containing bFGF. Optionally the graft may be sterilized and rendered acellular using an effective dose of radiation or a cytotoxic solution prior to treatment with bFGF.
The concentration of growth factor used to treat the xenograft typically ranges from about 100 mg/ml to 10 mg/ml with a growth factor concentration for bFGF.
of about 2.5 mcg/ml being most preferred.
The graft is bathed in the solution containing growth factor for a time period which is effective for causing cells which migrate and proliferate in response to the growth factor to adhere to and penetrate the surface of the xenograft. This, in effect, causes the cells to populate the xenograft.
To populate tar repopulate) the graft with cells, the graft may be washed, immersed in a growth wc> ozuszso ~c-rius9~io~s~o 2~0~~~~~
factor containing solution, and then placed into a suitable buffered medium containing the cells which migrate and proliferate in response to the growth factor, thus populating the graft tissue with cells. The graft and cells are cultured together at a temperature and for a time period which are effective for causing the cells to populate and adhere to the graft.
Culture times range from about 3 to 21 days.
Culture times may be reduced somewhat by increasing the initial concentration of cells.
When fibroblasts are used as the graft-populating cells, the graft may typically be immersed in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle medium with S% serum. The graft is cultured with a primary fibroblast culture for about 1S three days. Additionally the graft may be secured on the culture plate and incubated at about 37°C in a humidified atmosphere, until the graft has been populated with fibroblasts, e.g. 5% COZ/95% air. Incubation is considered complete when the fibroblasts have populated the graft in such a manner that the graft appears histologically similar to a fresh graft. (e. g., a normal cell distribution).
Essentially any buffered physiological salt solution containing protein carriers can be employed.
Preferred buffers for use with the growth factor include sodium phosphate/glycerin/bovine serum albumin (°BSA~~). These buffers typically are used to provide a physiologically acceptable pH, such as about 7.0 to 7.6.
The cells which are used to populate the graft can be varied within wide limits, and different types of cells can be used in different circumstances, depending upon the site and size of the transplant, the nature of the tissue to be replaced, the allergic sensitivity (or hypersensitivity) of the patient and other factors.
The graft may be sterilized prior to treatment with the growth factor, or treated to kill off the W() ()2/15259 PC1'/US92/01670 m endogenous cells in the graft prior to treatment with growth factor and subsequent graft population. This may reduce the likelihood of microorganismal contamination as well as the immunogenicity of the graft prior to graft population and implantation. A preferred method for sterilizing grafts prior to population utilizes radiation exposure, e.g., x-rays in lethally effective doses.
Alternatively, antibiotics, antibacterials and cytotoxic agents in normally effective doses may be used.
A preferred aspect of the invention involves the use of autogenous cells in the process described herein. In this instance, a tissue sample is taken from the patient prior to transplant surgery. The tissue is treated in accordance with the methods described herein to produce fibroblasts or other cells which are then used to repopulate the graft. Hy immersing the graft in growth factor and a culture of autogenous cells, and by populating the graft with cells derived from the resected tissue taken from the patient, an adverse immune system response and ultimately graft rejection can be minimized or avoided.
The cell source tissue can be selected to match the tissue to be transplanted. For example, if a blood vessel is to be transplanted, cells can be taken from patient, healthy blood vessel and used as the source of cells for graft population. In this fashion, the healthy graft can be very closely matched to the patient's diseased tissue.
This aspect of the invention is particularly useful when the transplant patient is highly allergic, or if the tissue is highly immunngenic, such as with respect to transplantable blood vessels.
Alternatively, sell lines can be used to repopulate the graft which are substantially non-immunogenic. Cells which elicit no more than a weak allergic response are used to populate the graft prior to transplant.
WO 92/15259 ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ PCTJUS92/01670 Method for isolation of fibroblasts The tissue, for example skin or heart valve leaflet, is cut into 1 mm' pieces using a sterile dissection technique. Groups of 10 pieces are then placed in 35 cm2 tissue culture dishes with approximately 1 m1 of culture medium (DMEM + 10% FCS). It is important that the pieces of tissue remain attached to the plastic surface of the culture dish; if the tissue detaches, the amount of culture medium should be reduced. Incubate~for Z week at 37°C in a humidified culture incubator. Afser 1 week of incubation, each piece of tissue is surrounded by a dense outgrowth of fibroblasts. Epithelial cells znay also be present but are lost during subsequent cell culturing.
The fibroblasts are remaved with a plastic scraper or by collagenase digestion after rinsing the cells with a calcium and magnesium-free buffered salt solution, and placed in larger cell culture vessels with fresh culture medium. The cell cultures can be expanded in this manner.
The contents of ane flask cart be divided and placed into three larger vessels, and th9.s process can be repeated about once a week for at least 10 weeks. These flasks of fibroblasts are then utilized as a cell source. Cells obtained in this manner are preferable to commercially available cell lines, because most cell lines are genetically modified and are no longer responsive in a normal manner to growth regulators (such as FGF).
The fibroblasts can be either immunologically matched allogeneic cells, such that the recipient does not recognize them as foreign, or autologous cells, in which case the donor and recipient are the same individual.
wo nziiszs~~ pcrius~zio~6~o . ., Results A study was performed using canine leaflets and bovine fibroblasts. Mitral valve leaflets were aseptically harvested from a dog cadaver shortly after it was killed. The leaflets were divided into sections and placed in petri dishes containing 5 ml NaH2P04/glycerin/HSA buffer. The leaflets were irradiated with 4,000 cGy of 6 MV x-rays to kill the donor cells.
The leaflets were then placed in HBSS (Hanks Halance Salt Solution) with 0.25% trypsin for 10 minutes to remove any residual endothelial cells. The trypsin was inactivated by adding cold culture medium with 5% serum. The leaflets were washed and placed in NaH2P04/glycerin/HSA buffer.
Human recombinant bFGF was added to the NaHZPO~,/glycerin/HSA buffer in the following concentrations: 0, 50, 500, and 2,500 ng/ml and incubated for 4.5 hours.
The stock solution of bFGF was prepared with sodium heparin added in a 3:1 bFGF:heparin (w/w) ratio.
Aliquots and the bFGF stock solution were stored at -70°C.
After incubation, the leaflets were washed in phosphate buffered saline and placed in DMEM (with non-essential amino acids and penicillin/streptomyCin) with 0.5% fetal calf serum ("FCS"). Bovine fibroblasts, which had previously been obtained from calf aorta by standard explant techniques were added to the heart valve leaflets at 2x10' cells/ml. The heart valve leaflets were then secured to the bottom of the plate with small weights and incubated for 10 days at 37°C in a humidified 5% COZ and ~5% air environment.
Following incubation, valve sections were placed in formalin for histopathological analysis. The analysis demonstrated that there was a bFGF do9e-dependent increase in fibroblast ingrowth into the heart valve leaflets. For example representative micrographs in Figure 1 show the control leaflets not exposed to bFGF
2~0~~78 x3 were essentially acellular, whereas leaflets exposed to 2500 ng/ml bFGF shown in Fig. ~ were well populated with cells. These results demonstrate that fibroblasts will populate an irradiated FGF-treated xenograft.
The description contained herein contains the preferred embodiments of the invention. However, numerous alternative embodiments are contemplated as falling within the scope of the invention.
Caplan, et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,609,551, relates to a process for stimulating bone and cartilage growth, utilizing a soluble bone protein. The bone protein is combined with cells such. as fibroblasts, and the mixture may be injected into the site of a joint cavity articular surface defect. Alternatively the bone protein and cells may be implanted in a fibrin clot. The fibroblasts differentiate to form replacement cartilage tissue.
Nevo, et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,642,120, relates to a gel-type composition for repairing bone and cartilage defects. The gel contains mesenchymal cells which differentiate into cartilage cells through the influence of chondrogenic inducing factor in combination with fibrinogen, antiprotease and thrombin.
Hell, U.S. Patent No. 4,485,096, relates to a tissue equivalent for treatment of burns or skin wour_ds and to fabricated prostheses. A hydrated collagen lattice is contracted with a contractile agent, e.g., fibroblasts or blood platelets, to create a collagen lattice which may then be populated w~.th keratinocytes, thus forming a skin equivalent. Alternatively, glandular cells, such a9 panereatic beta cells, or hepatocytes can be grown on the collagen lattice to produce a pancreas or liver tissue "ecauivalent ~~ . Hone equivalents can also be formed from the contracted collagen matrix described above in combination with demineralized bone powder.
Bell, U.S. Patent No. 4,539,716, similarly relates to synthesized equivalents for blood vessels and glandular tissue. A contractile agent is used to contract the collagen lattice axially around an inner core.
Additional layers containing capillary beds, blood vessels and glandular structures are then constructed.
Bell, U.S. Patent No. 4,546,500, relates to the fabrication of blood vessels and glandular tissues utilizing a collagen lattice contracted axially around an inner core and combined with a plastic mesh sleeve. The plastic sleeve is sandwiched between layers of the matrix t~~ reinforce the structure.
Bell, et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,835,102, relates generally to tissue equivalent test systems, and includes tissue equivalents for epithelial, connective, cartilage, bone, blood, organs arid glandular tissues as well as blood vessels. The tissue equivalent is composed of cultured cells which are derived from the endogenous tissue and incorporated into a collagen lattice.
Bell, et al., PCT Application No. 86/02273 published April 24, 1986 as WO 86/02273, relates to methods of forming living tissue equivalents, which utilize a collagen matrix contracted to form a lattice in a nutrient medium. The initially acidic collagen system is precipitated by raising the pH sufficiently to induce fibrillogenesis and the formation of a gel matrix containing cells.
Bell, et al., European Patent Application No.
89309972.1 (European Patent 361957) relates to tissue equivalents which have cell types differentiated from progenitor cells without exogenous chemical induction. The tissue equivalent is in the form of a tissue precursor mixture which is non-gelled, and the mixture is injected into the host. The mixture gels and is space filling upon injection into the appropriate site. The cells must exhibit the ability to differentiate without exogenc~us chemical induction for the tissue equivalent to be effective.
4a Shing, Y. et al. Cell Biology, Vol. 103, No. 5, Pt. 2 Abstract No. 1107, page 299a (1986) relates to a chondrosarcoma derived growth factor which is angiogenic in vivo. The chondrosarcoma growth factor is used to stimulate ~~ endothelial cell proliferation in vitro.
Bell, et al. Science Vol. 212, pp 1052-1054 (1981) relates to skin-equivalent grafts treated with a contractile agent to form a collagen lattice. The lattice WU 92/15259 ~ ~ p ~ ~ °~ ~ PCT/US92/01670 is seeded with epidermal cells. The lattice allegedly permits vascularization of the graft.
Weinberg, C.B., et al., Science Vol. 231: 397-400 (1986), relates to a blood vessel model containing 5 collagen and cultured vascular cells.
Kent, K.C. et al., J. Vascular Surcr Vol. 9, No. 2, pp 271 to 276 (1989), relates to endothelial seeding of vascular grafts in dogs, and the patency of the luminal monolayer. Endothelial cells harvested from bovine aorta, canine external jugular vein and human saphenous vein are compared.
Hoch, J, et al. J. Surg. Res. vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 545 to 554, relates to the use of Dacron and polytetrafluoroethylene polymeric grafts, as well as bovine carotid artery heterografts which were compared vitro to determine the extent of endothelial cell adherence.
Naves, W.F. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. Vol.
144, No. 1 pp. 245-248 (1973) relates to human liver cell cultures which utilize collagen as a substrate. Gel-foam sponge is also used as a 9ubstx~ate.
The present invention relates to a transplantable or implantable xenogeneic or allogeneic tissue having immunogenic sites which if untreated, would ordinarily induce an immune system response in the patient, ultimately leading to transplant rejection.
Similarly, a method is described of rendering the transplantable tissue substantially non-immunogenic by .
replacing native cells with allogeneic or autologous cells, reducing the recognition of a transplanted graft as a foreign substance without generally suppressing the patient°s immune system.
In particular, the present invention relates to transplantable tissue which can be treated in accordance with the methods described herein to reduce or prevent untoward immune system reactions which the recipient may experience in response to the graft, which in turn WqU 92/15259 P~Cf/US92f01670 '~~.05~'~~
s minimizes transplant rejection. fIence, one object of the present invention is to reduce patient rejection of transplanted tissue.
A further object of,the present invention is to increase the supply of transplantable tissue by treating grafts to render them suitable for transplant into human patients in need of such treatment.
A further object of the present invention is to facilitate the use of animal donors that can supply xenograft donor tissue in virtually unlimited quantities.
The donor tissue can be transplanted into human recipients after the tissue has been treated in accordance with the methods described herein.
Additional objects of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the teachings herein.
SUNDRY OF TH:E TNVENTION
The invention described herein includes a transplantable bioprosthetic graft tissue which is treated prior to transplant with a growth factor and then exposed to cells which are attracted into the tissue and proliferate in response to the growth factor and populate the transplantable tissue. Replacement of cells effectively reduces immune responses to the tissue, thus improving the effective life of the graft and reducing the frequency, incidence and severity of transplant rejection.
The invention further addresses a method of treating xenogeneic transplantable tissue which comprises exposing the tissue to a growth factor and then culturing the graft tissue with cells which migrate and proliferate in response to the growth factor, thus populating the tissue with the cells to enhance the effective life of the tissue upon transplant, and reduce any imn~unologically mediated adverse effects which the graft recipient otherwise experiences in response to the xenogeneic tissue upon transplantion.
wc~ nans2so Pcriusn2io~67o ~~Oa~~B
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a photomicrograph of control tissue not exposed to growth factor, and Fig. 2 is a photomicrograph of tissue exposed to basic fibroblast growth factor (°bFGF") (2500 mg/ml) and incubated with fibroblasts for 10 days.
DETATLED DESCRIPTION
The terms "tissue", "organ" and "organ part"
axe used in the general sense herein to mean any transplantable or implantable tissue, organ or organ part, the survivability of which is improved by the methods described herein upon implantation. In particular, the overall durability and longevity of the implant axe improved, and host-immune system mediated responses, e.g., graft rejection, are reduced in severity as well as in frequency, and may be eliminated altogether.
The terms "transplant" and "implant" are used interchangeably to refer to tissue or cells (xenogeneic or allogeneic) which may be introduced into the body of a patient to replace or supplement the structure or function of the endogenous tissue.
The term "autologous" refers to tissue or cells which originate with or are derived from the recipient, whereas the terms "allogeneic" and "allograft" refer to cells and tissue which originate with or are derived from a donor of the same species as the recipient. The terms "xenogeneic° and "xenograft" refer to cells or tissue which origir_ates with or is derived from a specie other than that of the recipient.
The invention described herein is particularly useful for bioprosthetic xenografts in which the major structural component is connective tissue matrix.
Examples of such grafts include bioprosthetic heart valves, blood vessels, ligaments and tendons.
Hence, a preferred aspect of the invention encampasses a xenograft treated with a growth factor and r incubated with cells that migrate and proliferate in response to the growth factor, thus populating the xenograft, said replacement of cells being effective for reducing allergic complications upon transplant when compared to untreated xenografts.
Upon treatment of the xenograft with growth factor according to the methods described hereiia, and upon population of the xenograft with allogeneic or autogenous cells that improve the viability of the xenograft after transplant and reduce any immune response to the xenograft, there is a reduced tendency for thromboemboli to occur, particularly when compared to mechanical heart valves. This results in increased implant longevity, decreased or slowed degeneration of the implant, and decreased adverse immune reactions which otherwise may result in host rejection.
The preferred growth factor for use herein is fibroblast growth factor, in particular, basic fibroblast growth factor ("bFGF"). 6~Then used to treat xenograft implants, such as heart valves, the graft may be initially exposed to a buffered: nutrient medium, and then immersed in a solution containing bFGF. Optionally the graft may be sterilized and rendered acellular using an effective dose of radiation or a cytotoxic solution prior to treatment with bFGF.
The concentration of growth factor used to treat the xenograft typically ranges from about 100 mg/ml to 10 mg/ml with a growth factor concentration for bFGF.
of about 2.5 mcg/ml being most preferred.
The graft is bathed in the solution containing growth factor for a time period which is effective for causing cells which migrate and proliferate in response to the growth factor to adhere to and penetrate the surface of the xenograft. This, in effect, causes the cells to populate the xenograft.
To populate tar repopulate) the graft with cells, the graft may be washed, immersed in a growth wc> ozuszso ~c-rius9~io~s~o 2~0~~~~~
factor containing solution, and then placed into a suitable buffered medium containing the cells which migrate and proliferate in response to the growth factor, thus populating the graft tissue with cells. The graft and cells are cultured together at a temperature and for a time period which are effective for causing the cells to populate and adhere to the graft.
Culture times range from about 3 to 21 days.
Culture times may be reduced somewhat by increasing the initial concentration of cells.
When fibroblasts are used as the graft-populating cells, the graft may typically be immersed in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle medium with S% serum. The graft is cultured with a primary fibroblast culture for about 1S three days. Additionally the graft may be secured on the culture plate and incubated at about 37°C in a humidified atmosphere, until the graft has been populated with fibroblasts, e.g. 5% COZ/95% air. Incubation is considered complete when the fibroblasts have populated the graft in such a manner that the graft appears histologically similar to a fresh graft. (e. g., a normal cell distribution).
Essentially any buffered physiological salt solution containing protein carriers can be employed.
Preferred buffers for use with the growth factor include sodium phosphate/glycerin/bovine serum albumin (°BSA~~). These buffers typically are used to provide a physiologically acceptable pH, such as about 7.0 to 7.6.
The cells which are used to populate the graft can be varied within wide limits, and different types of cells can be used in different circumstances, depending upon the site and size of the transplant, the nature of the tissue to be replaced, the allergic sensitivity (or hypersensitivity) of the patient and other factors.
The graft may be sterilized prior to treatment with the growth factor, or treated to kill off the W() ()2/15259 PC1'/US92/01670 m endogenous cells in the graft prior to treatment with growth factor and subsequent graft population. This may reduce the likelihood of microorganismal contamination as well as the immunogenicity of the graft prior to graft population and implantation. A preferred method for sterilizing grafts prior to population utilizes radiation exposure, e.g., x-rays in lethally effective doses.
Alternatively, antibiotics, antibacterials and cytotoxic agents in normally effective doses may be used.
A preferred aspect of the invention involves the use of autogenous cells in the process described herein. In this instance, a tissue sample is taken from the patient prior to transplant surgery. The tissue is treated in accordance with the methods described herein to produce fibroblasts or other cells which are then used to repopulate the graft. Hy immersing the graft in growth factor and a culture of autogenous cells, and by populating the graft with cells derived from the resected tissue taken from the patient, an adverse immune system response and ultimately graft rejection can be minimized or avoided.
The cell source tissue can be selected to match the tissue to be transplanted. For example, if a blood vessel is to be transplanted, cells can be taken from patient, healthy blood vessel and used as the source of cells for graft population. In this fashion, the healthy graft can be very closely matched to the patient's diseased tissue.
This aspect of the invention is particularly useful when the transplant patient is highly allergic, or if the tissue is highly immunngenic, such as with respect to transplantable blood vessels.
Alternatively, sell lines can be used to repopulate the graft which are substantially non-immunogenic. Cells which elicit no more than a weak allergic response are used to populate the graft prior to transplant.
WO 92/15259 ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ PCTJUS92/01670 Method for isolation of fibroblasts The tissue, for example skin or heart valve leaflet, is cut into 1 mm' pieces using a sterile dissection technique. Groups of 10 pieces are then placed in 35 cm2 tissue culture dishes with approximately 1 m1 of culture medium (DMEM + 10% FCS). It is important that the pieces of tissue remain attached to the plastic surface of the culture dish; if the tissue detaches, the amount of culture medium should be reduced. Incubate~for Z week at 37°C in a humidified culture incubator. Afser 1 week of incubation, each piece of tissue is surrounded by a dense outgrowth of fibroblasts. Epithelial cells znay also be present but are lost during subsequent cell culturing.
The fibroblasts are remaved with a plastic scraper or by collagenase digestion after rinsing the cells with a calcium and magnesium-free buffered salt solution, and placed in larger cell culture vessels with fresh culture medium. The cell cultures can be expanded in this manner.
The contents of ane flask cart be divided and placed into three larger vessels, and th9.s process can be repeated about once a week for at least 10 weeks. These flasks of fibroblasts are then utilized as a cell source. Cells obtained in this manner are preferable to commercially available cell lines, because most cell lines are genetically modified and are no longer responsive in a normal manner to growth regulators (such as FGF).
The fibroblasts can be either immunologically matched allogeneic cells, such that the recipient does not recognize them as foreign, or autologous cells, in which case the donor and recipient are the same individual.
wo nziiszs~~ pcrius~zio~6~o . ., Results A study was performed using canine leaflets and bovine fibroblasts. Mitral valve leaflets were aseptically harvested from a dog cadaver shortly after it was killed. The leaflets were divided into sections and placed in petri dishes containing 5 ml NaH2P04/glycerin/HSA buffer. The leaflets were irradiated with 4,000 cGy of 6 MV x-rays to kill the donor cells.
The leaflets were then placed in HBSS (Hanks Halance Salt Solution) with 0.25% trypsin for 10 minutes to remove any residual endothelial cells. The trypsin was inactivated by adding cold culture medium with 5% serum. The leaflets were washed and placed in NaH2P04/glycerin/HSA buffer.
Human recombinant bFGF was added to the NaHZPO~,/glycerin/HSA buffer in the following concentrations: 0, 50, 500, and 2,500 ng/ml and incubated for 4.5 hours.
The stock solution of bFGF was prepared with sodium heparin added in a 3:1 bFGF:heparin (w/w) ratio.
Aliquots and the bFGF stock solution were stored at -70°C.
After incubation, the leaflets were washed in phosphate buffered saline and placed in DMEM (with non-essential amino acids and penicillin/streptomyCin) with 0.5% fetal calf serum ("FCS"). Bovine fibroblasts, which had previously been obtained from calf aorta by standard explant techniques were added to the heart valve leaflets at 2x10' cells/ml. The heart valve leaflets were then secured to the bottom of the plate with small weights and incubated for 10 days at 37°C in a humidified 5% COZ and ~5% air environment.
Following incubation, valve sections were placed in formalin for histopathological analysis. The analysis demonstrated that there was a bFGF do9e-dependent increase in fibroblast ingrowth into the heart valve leaflets. For example representative micrographs in Figure 1 show the control leaflets not exposed to bFGF
2~0~~78 x3 were essentially acellular, whereas leaflets exposed to 2500 ng/ml bFGF shown in Fig. ~ were well populated with cells. These results demonstrate that fibroblasts will populate an irradiated FGF-treated xenograft.
The description contained herein contains the preferred embodiments of the invention. However, numerous alternative embodiments are contemplated as falling within the scope of the invention.
Claims (16)
1. An implantable tissue substrate treated with a growth factor and cells which proliferate and populate the substrate, said cells being effective for reducing an immune response to the substrate upon implant into a patient.
2. An implantable tissue substrate which, upon implant into a patient in untreated form, elicits an immune response, said substrate being treated prior to implant with a growth factor and cells which proliferate in response to the growth factor and populate the substrate, said cells being effective for reducing the immune response of the patient to said substrate upon implant.
3. An implantable tissue substrate treated with a growth factor effective on fibroblast cells and populated with fibroblast cells in an amount and for a time period effective for rendering the substrate substantially non-immunogenic upon implant into a mammal.
4. The substrate of claim 3 which is an ~~~table allogeneic or xenogeneic tissue.
5. The substrate of claim 4 further comprising a human heart valve.
6. The substrate of claim 4 further comprising a non- human mammalian heart valve .
7. The substrate of claim 6 wherein the non-human mammalian heart valve is porcine or bovine in origin.
8. The substrate of claim 3 wherein the growth factor used to treat the substrate includes basic fibroblast growth factor.
9. The substrate of claim 3 wherein the growth factor used to treat the substrate includes acidic fibroblast growth factor.
10. The substrate of claim 1, 2, 6 or 7 wherein the cells which populate the substrate are comprised of autologous or allogeneic cells.
11. The substrate of claim 1, 2, 6 or 7 wherein the substrate is sterilized prior to treatment with the growth factor.
12. A method of reducing the immunogenicity or improving the longevity of a tissue substrate which is implantable into a recipient comprising:
treating the substrate with a growth factor effective on fibroblast cells; and populating the substrate with fibroblasts in an amount effective for reducing the immunogenicity of said substrate upon implant into said patient.
treating the substrate with a growth factor effective on fibroblast cells; and populating the substrate with fibroblasts in an amount effective for reducing the immunogenicity of said substrate upon implant into said patient.
13. A method of reducing transplant tissue rejection comprising:
treating a transplantable tissue with a growth factor effective on fibroblast cells; and populating said treated tissue with fibroblasts to reduce tissue rejection upon transplant into said recipient.
treating a transplantable tissue with a growth factor effective on fibroblast cells; and populating said treated tissue with fibroblasts to reduce tissue rejection upon transplant into said recipient.
14. The method of claim 12 or 13 wherein the substrate or tissue is a mammalian heart valve.
15. The method of claim 12 or 13 wherein the substrate or transplant tissue is sterilized prior to treatment with the growth factor.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the substrate or tissue is exposed to radiation prior to treatment with the growth factor.
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US664,902 | 1991-03-05 | ||
PCT/US1992/001670 WO1992015259A1 (en) | 1991-03-05 | 1992-03-05 | Implantation tissue and treatment and use methods |
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CA2105478C true CA2105478C (en) | 2003-01-28 |
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US5192312A (en) * | 1991-03-05 | 1993-03-09 | Colorado State University Research Foundation | Treated tissue for implantation and methods of treatment and use |
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DK0707498T3 (en) * | 1993-07-07 | 2003-10-20 | Smith & Nephew | Implantable prosthesis, kit and device for manufacturing the same |
ATE265191T1 (en) * | 1994-03-14 | 2004-05-15 | Cryolife Inc | PRODUCTION PROCESS OF TISSUE FOR IMPLANTATION |
US5595571A (en) * | 1994-04-18 | 1997-01-21 | Hancock Jaffe Laboratories | Biological material pre-fixation treatment |
ATE247933T1 (en) * | 1994-06-06 | 2003-09-15 | Univ Case Western Reserve | BIOMATRIX FOR TISSUE REGENARATION |
US20020055786A1 (en) | 1994-08-16 | 2002-05-09 | Anthony Atala | Reconstruction of urological structures with polymeric matrices |
AU724572B2 (en) * | 1994-09-12 | 2000-09-28 | Advanced Tissue Sciences, Inc. | Three-dimensional human cell cultures on cardiac valve frameworks and their uses |
AU700911B2 (en) * | 1994-09-12 | 1999-01-14 | Advanced Tissue Sciences, Inc. | Three-dimensional human cell cultures on cardiac valve frameworks and their uses |
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-
1991
- 1991-03-05 US US07/664,902 patent/US5192312A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1992
- 1992-03-05 AU AU15777/92A patent/AU1577792A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1992-03-05 ES ES92908603T patent/ES2122994T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-03-05 CA CA002105478A patent/CA2105478C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-03-05 WO PCT/US1992/001670 patent/WO1992015259A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1992-03-05 EP EP92908603A patent/EP0574527B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-03-05 DE DE69227103T patent/DE69227103T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1993
- 1993-02-26 US US08/023,492 patent/US5772695A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1995
- 1995-06-05 US US08/464,156 patent/US5863296A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-09-12 US US08/712,726 patent/US5855617A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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US5772695A (en) | 1998-06-30 |
EP0574527A4 (en) | 1994-01-19 |
ES2122994T3 (en) | 1999-01-01 |
WO1992015259A1 (en) | 1992-09-17 |
CA2105478A1 (en) | 1992-09-06 |
AU1577792A (en) | 1992-10-06 |
EP0574527B1 (en) | 1998-09-23 |
US5192312A (en) | 1993-03-09 |
EP0574527A1 (en) | 1993-12-22 |
US5863296A (en) | 1999-01-26 |
US5855617A (en) | 1999-01-05 |
DE69227103T2 (en) | 1999-02-25 |
DE69227103D1 (en) | 1998-10-29 |
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