CA2062201C - Process for the preparation of chemically homogeneous cycloolefin copolymers - Google Patents
Process for the preparation of chemically homogeneous cycloolefin copolymers Download PDFInfo
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- C08F232/00—Copolymers of cyclic compounds containing no unsaturated aliphatic radicals in a side chain, and having one or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds in a carbocyclic ring system
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- C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
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- C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
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- C08F4/639—Component covered by group C08F4/62 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
- C08F4/6392—Component covered by group C08F4/62 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring
- C08F4/63922—Component covered by group C08F4/62 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring containing at least two cyclopentadienyl rings, fused or not
- C08F4/63927—Component covered by group C08F4/62 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring containing at least two cyclopentadienyl rings, fused or not two cyclopentadienyl rings being mutually bridged
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- C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
- C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
- C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
- C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
- C08F4/65912—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond in combination with an organoaluminium compound
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10S526/00—Synthetic resins or natural rubbers -- part of the class 520 series
- Y10S526/943—Polymerization with metallocene catalysts
Abstract
Process for the preparation of chemically homogeneous cycloolefin copolymers Chemically homogeneous cycloolefin copolymers of polycyclic olefins, such as, for example, norbornene or tetracyclododecene, with cycloolefins and/or acyclic olefins are obtained without ring opening and in a high space-time yield if a catalyst system is used which comprises an aluminoxane and a stereorigid metallocene compound of an element from groups IVb to VIb, of the formula (See formula I) the part of the metallocene molecule formed by M1 and the substituents R16-R17 having C1-symmetry or being in the meso-form.
Description
2~~22~~.
HJECHST ARTTENGESELLSCHAFT HOE 91/F 070 Dr.LO/sch Description Process for the preparation of chemically homogeneous cycloolefin copolymers The invention relates to a process for the preparation of copolymers of polycyclic olefins in which ring opening does not occur.
It is known that polycyclic olefins can be pulverized by means of various Ziegler catalysts. The polymerization proceeds, depending on the catalyst, via ring opening (cf. US 4,178,424) or opening of the double bond (cf.
EP-A 156 464, EP-A 283 164 and EP-A 203 799).
The disadvantage of ring-opening polymerization is that the polymer obtained contains double bonds, which can result in chain crosslinking and thus considerably restrict the processibility of the material by extrusion or injection molding.
Polymerization with opening of the double bond results, in the case of cyclic olefins, in a relatively slow polymerization rate (conversion rate).
A certain increase in the reaction rate has been achieved by using soluble metallocene compounds, such as bis-(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride (cf.
JP 61/221,206).
Catalysts which can be used for cyclic olefins are stereorigid chiral metallocene compounds, such as, for example, ethylenebis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride (cf.
EP-A 283,164) or dimethylsilylbis(-indenyl)zirconium dichloride (cf. ZA 90/5308), the polymerization taking place with retention of the ring.
The glass transition temperatures of amorphous polymers correlate with the rates of incorporation of the comonomers into the polymer. For example, the glass transition temperature of norbornene-ethylene copolymers increases by from 4 to 5 Kelvin per mol percent of norbornene in the polymer. The glass transition tempera-s furs is an indirect measure of the heat resistance.
Experiments have shown that the incorporation ratios achieved when conventional metallocene catalysts are used are very sensitive to the reaction parameters such as monomer concentration, pressure and temperature.
In batchwise polymerization, the chemical homogeneity of the products is very conversion-dependent.
In continuous processes, a relatively long start-.up period is necessary before steady_state reaction condi-tions are achieved. The chemically non-homogeneous products produced in this phase do not generally meet the specifications required for commercial products.
In both cases, low sensitivity of the catalysis to changes in the reaction parameters is desirable in order to save time and waste and to achieve higher space-time yields.
Random copolymers are characterized by a random distribu-tion of the comonomers units in the polymer chain. This has the consequence of a relatively great fluctuation in the density of the material than in homopolymers or alternating copolymers. However, density fluctuations increase the proportion of scattered light and reduce the transparency. Applications in which, such as in optical fibers, extremely high demands are made on the optical transparency are thus restricted. Here too, chemically homogeneous products are therefore very desirable.
The term chemical homogeneity is taken to mean a vir-tually constant incorporation ratio of the monomers into the copolymer - via the respective polymer chain and via 2~~220~.
HJECHST ARTTENGESELLSCHAFT HOE 91/F 070 Dr.LO/sch Description Process for the preparation of chemically homogeneous cycloolefin copolymers The invention relates to a process for the preparation of copolymers of polycyclic olefins in which ring opening does not occur.
It is known that polycyclic olefins can be pulverized by means of various Ziegler catalysts. The polymerization proceeds, depending on the catalyst, via ring opening (cf. US 4,178,424) or opening of the double bond (cf.
EP-A 156 464, EP-A 283 164 and EP-A 203 799).
The disadvantage of ring-opening polymerization is that the polymer obtained contains double bonds, which can result in chain crosslinking and thus considerably restrict the processibility of the material by extrusion or injection molding.
Polymerization with opening of the double bond results, in the case of cyclic olefins, in a relatively slow polymerization rate (conversion rate).
A certain increase in the reaction rate has been achieved by using soluble metallocene compounds, such as bis-(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride (cf.
JP 61/221,206).
Catalysts which can be used for cyclic olefins are stereorigid chiral metallocene compounds, such as, for example, ethylenebis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride (cf.
EP-A 283,164) or dimethylsilylbis(-indenyl)zirconium dichloride (cf. ZA 90/5308), the polymerization taking place with retention of the ring.
The glass transition temperatures of amorphous polymers correlate with the rates of incorporation of the comonomers into the polymer. For example, the glass transition temperature of norbornene-ethylene copolymers increases by from 4 to 5 Kelvin per mol percent of norbornene in the polymer. The glass transition tempera-s furs is an indirect measure of the heat resistance.
Experiments have shown that the incorporation ratios achieved when conventional metallocene catalysts are used are very sensitive to the reaction parameters such as monomer concentration, pressure and temperature.
In batchwise polymerization, the chemical homogeneity of the products is very conversion-dependent.
In continuous processes, a relatively long start-.up period is necessary before steady_state reaction condi-tions are achieved. The chemically non-homogeneous products produced in this phase do not generally meet the specifications required for commercial products.
In both cases, low sensitivity of the catalysis to changes in the reaction parameters is desirable in order to save time and waste and to achieve higher space-time yields.
Random copolymers are characterized by a random distribu-tion of the comonomers units in the polymer chain. This has the consequence of a relatively great fluctuation in the density of the material than in homopolymers or alternating copolymers. However, density fluctuations increase the proportion of scattered light and reduce the transparency. Applications in which, such as in optical fibers, extremely high demands are made on the optical transparency are thus restricted. Here too, chemically homogeneous products are therefore very desirable.
The term chemical homogeneity is taken to mean a vir-tually constant incorporation ratio of the monomers into the copolymer - via the respective polymer chain and via 2~~220~.
the total number of chains formed (over the polymerization time). Thus, the chemical homogeneity increases to the extent at which the structure of the copolymers approaches an alt~arnating monomer sequence from a random sequence.
The object was therefore to find a process for the preparation of cycloalefin copolymers which, based on polymerization via the doubles bond, gives chemically homogeneous copolymers at a high space-time yield and in which, at the same time, changes in the reaction para-meters have less effect on the chemical homogeneity of the products than in ~Cnown processes.
It has been found that this ob ject can be achieved by means of specific metallocene catalysts.
The invention therefore relates to a process for the preparation of a cycloolefin copolymer by polymerization of from 0.1 to 99.9$ by weight, based on the total amount of the monomers, of at least one monomer of the formula I, II, III, IV, V or VI
Cii ~3-C R4 ' (I).
C
~2 !' ~'~\ /cxa\
~: v Cz ~a (II), .. I ~ C~~
,. \ CL C~a ~06~~0~
~h ~ cx ~C I cx~ ( ~ c~i~
3 C- R4 I R~° e-R6 F:C' I ~~\ ~ (III).
Cgi CH CH ~ ~ g~2 FC'~ ~~\ H~~~C3°1~,~° ~~~°~Rl R 'C-R R~-C-R~ R'~_ I_R~
=IV).
R
R~
/C::~ .s'~~ a ../R1 -.-.
c~).
..~ \ I c.: 'c:~
C ' \ Cc ' R2 ~6 R
~ ~.~' CS ~ / Cu \ 'R1 i . C..
Cu ) Ct 3 C-R R7-C°R8 ._ ~ Cz ~6 :R
in which Rl, RZ, R~, R°, R$, Rs, R' and R$ are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom or a CS-Cle-aryl or Cl-C8-alkyl radical, it being possible for identical radicals in i:he different formulae to have different meanings, from 0 to 99.!x$ by weight, based on the total amount of the monomers, of a cycloolefin of the formula VII
~os~~o.~.
= CH
\l cvzl), in which n is a number from 2 to 10, and from 0 to 99.9 by weight, based on the total amount of the monomers, of at least o;ne acyclic olefin o~ the formula VIII
R°- R10 .
C~C~ (VIII), R
The object was therefore to find a process for the preparation of cycloalefin copolymers which, based on polymerization via the doubles bond, gives chemically homogeneous copolymers at a high space-time yield and in which, at the same time, changes in the reaction para-meters have less effect on the chemical homogeneity of the products than in ~Cnown processes.
It has been found that this ob ject can be achieved by means of specific metallocene catalysts.
The invention therefore relates to a process for the preparation of a cycloolefin copolymer by polymerization of from 0.1 to 99.9$ by weight, based on the total amount of the monomers, of at least one monomer of the formula I, II, III, IV, V or VI
Cii ~3-C R4 ' (I).
C
~2 !' ~'~\ /cxa\
~: v Cz ~a (II), .. I ~ C~~
,. \ CL C~a ~06~~0~
~h ~ cx ~C I cx~ ( ~ c~i~
3 C- R4 I R~° e-R6 F:C' I ~~\ ~ (III).
Cgi CH CH ~ ~ g~2 FC'~ ~~\ H~~~C3°1~,~° ~~~°~Rl R 'C-R R~-C-R~ R'~_ I_R~
=IV).
R
R~
/C::~ .s'~~ a ../R1 -.-.
c~).
..~ \ I c.: 'c:~
C ' \ Cc ' R2 ~6 R
~ ~.~' CS ~ / Cu \ 'R1 i . C..
Cu ) Ct 3 C-R R7-C°R8 ._ ~ Cz ~6 :R
in which Rl, RZ, R~, R°, R$, Rs, R' and R$ are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom or a CS-Cle-aryl or Cl-C8-alkyl radical, it being possible for identical radicals in i:he different formulae to have different meanings, from 0 to 99.!x$ by weight, based on the total amount of the monomers, of a cycloolefin of the formula VII
~os~~o.~.
= CH
\l cvzl), in which n is a number from 2 to 10, and from 0 to 99.9 by weight, based on the total amount of the monomers, of at least o;ne acyclic olefin o~ the formula VIII
R°- R10 .
C~C~ (VIII), R
5 in which R9, Rl°, Rll and R~ are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom or a Ci-C~-alkyl radical, at temperatures of from -78 to 150°C and at a pressure of from 0.01 to 64 bar, in the presence of a catalyst which comprises an aluminoxane of the formula IX
R1\ ~R13 R13 :/ ~'1 C _ A1 - Al/ ~ IX) ~ R13 n for the linear type and/or formula X
~R13 i -A1 - ' ~X) :a~~
for the cyclic type, where, in the formulae IX and X, the radicals R13 are identical or different and are a Cl-Cs-alkyl group or phenyl or benzyl, and n is an integer from 0 to 50, and a metallocene of the formula XI
i Rla R16 Ml/
~t \ R15 (XI) in which M1 is titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium or tantalum, R14 and Rlj are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a Cl-Clo-alkgrl group, a Cl-Clo°alkoxy group, a C:6-Gao-aryl group, a Ce-Glo aryloxy group, a C2-Clcmalkenyl group, a C~-C4o arylalkyl group, a C~_.C~o-alkylaryl group or a C8-C,o-arylalkenyl group, 1~ Rls and Rl' are identical or diffsarent and are a m~nanuclear or polynuclear hydrocarbon radical which is able to form a sandwich structure together with the central atom Ml, Ria is _~2_ ~ _M2.r.h22~ , -M2_CR21 - I _ 1 2_ I I
R20 ~20 R20 R20 2 I -C20~ -0 M20 ~ -C2p C20I
R ~ R
=BR~e, =A1R19, -Ge-, -Sn-, -O-, -S-, =S0, =SO2r -NRl9, =CO r =pRl9 or =P ( 0 ) Rl9 where R19, R2o and R2i are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-Clo-alkyl group, a Cl-Clo-fluoroalkyl group, a C6-Clo-fluoroaryl group, a C -C -a 1 rou a C -C -alko s io r!' g P ~ i to xy group, a CZ-Clo-.alkenyl group, a C~-Coo-arylalkyl group, a Ce-C4o-~arylalkenyl group or a C~-C4o_alkylaryl group, or R19 and RZ° or R18 and R21, in each case with the atoms connecting them, form a ring, and MZ is silicon, germanium or tin, wherein the part of the metallocene molecule foamed by M1 and the substituents R16-Rl' has C1 symmetry or, if RlB and Rl' are identical, is in the meso-form.
.Alkyl here is straight-chain or branched alkyl.
The monocyclic: olefin VII may also be substituted ( for example by aryl or alkyl radicals) for the purposes of the invention.
~a62201 The polymerization is preferably carried out in the liquid cycloolefin monomer, :Ln a cycloolefin monomer mixture or in concentrated solutions.
In the process according to the invention, at least one polycyclic olefin of the formula I, II, III, IV, V or VI, preferably a cycloolefin of the formula I or III, in which R1 , RZ, R3, R°, R5, Rs, R' and RB are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom or a Cl-C$-alkyl radical, it being possible for identical radicals in the different formulae to have different meanings, is polymerized.
If desired, a monocyclic olefin of the formula VII in which n is a number from 2 to 10 is also used. Another comonomer is an acyclic olefin of the formula VIII in which R9, Rl°, R'i and Rl2 are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom or a C~-CB-alkyl radical. Ethylene and propylene are preferred.
In particular, copolymers of polycyclic olefins, prefera bly of the formula I or III, with the acyclic olefins VIII are prepared.
Particularly preferred cycloolefins are norbornene and tetracyclododecene, it being possible for these to be substituted by (C1-Cs)-alkyl. They are preferably copolymerized with ethylene; ethylene-norbornene copoly-mers are of particular importance.
Preference is given to incorporation ratios of the comonomers VII and/or VIII into the copolymer of from 20:80 to 80:20. In particular, incorparation ratios of from 40:60 to 60:40 are preferred.
The polycyclic: olefin (I to vI) is employed in an amount of from 0.1 to 99.9% by weight and the monocyclic olefin (VII) is employed in an amount of from 0.1 to 99.9% by weight, in each case based on the total amount of the monomers.
g _ The concentration of the open-.chain olefin is given by the solubility of the open-chain olefin in the reaction medium at the given pressure arad the given temperature.
Polycyclic alefins, monocyclic: olefins and open-chain olefins are also taken to mean mixtures ~f two or more olefins of the particular type. This means that, in addition to polycyclic bicopolymers, it is also possible to prepare ter- and multicopolymere by the process according to the invention. Copolymers of the cycloole-fins VII with the acyclic olefins VIII can also advanta-geously be obtained by the process described. Of the cycloolefins VII, cyclopentene, which may be substituted, is preferred.
The catalyst to be used for the process according to the invention comprises an aluminoxane and at least one metallocene (transition-metal component) of the formula XI
R16 ' Rl.~
~R15 (XI ) .
In the formula XI, Ml is a metal from the group comprising titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium and tantalum, preferably zirconium and hafnium. Zirconium is particularly preferred.
Rl" and R15 are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom, a C1-Clo°. Preferably C1-C3-alkyl group, a Cl-Clo-, preferably Cl-C3-alkoxy group, a CB-Clo-, preferably Cs-.CB-aryl group, a C6-Clo-, preferably Cs-C8-aryloxy group, a C2-Clo-, preferably CZ-C4-alkenyl group, a C~-C4o-, prefera-bly C~-Clo-arylalkyl group, a C~-Cbo-, preferably C~-Cl2-alkylaryl group, a CB-C4o-, preferably Co-Cl2-arylalkenyl group, or a halogen atom, preferably chloride.
2p~~~p~
9 _ Rls is preferably fluorenyl and R1' is preferably cyclopen-tadienyl, it being possible fox these radicals to be substituted (in the case of C1 symmetry), or the two radicals are identical and are (substituted) indenyl or substituted cyclopentadienyl (meso-form).
R1 is a single- or multi-membered bridge links the which radica ls Rls and R1' and is preferably I ! I
-ng2- 2 I I
_ri2-I~S2--C-, _M _ . -C~ C
R20 , ~20 R20 , ~
~20 R20 R20 2 ~20 R20 -HRla, A1R1, -Ge-, -~sn-s -0-r -S-s =S0 =$O
, =NRl, =CO, =PRl9 or =P ( O ) Rl Zs where R18, RZ and R21 are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-CIO-alkylgroup, a C~-Czo-fluoroalkyl group, a Cs-ClO-arylgroup, a Cl-CiO-alkoxy group, a CZ-ClO-alkenylgroup, a C~-G4O-arylalkyl group, a CO-C4O-arylalkenyl group or a C~-C4O-alkylaryl group, or RZ or R's Rla and and R21, in each case together withthe atoms connecting them, form a ring.
R18 is preferably a R1-C-RZ radical and particularly preferably t CH3-C-CHI, C~"! °'~ or HsC- I
Of the radicals Rl9-MZ-Rio, dimethylsilyl is particularly important.
M2 is silicon, germanium or tin, preferably silicon or germanium.
The bridged metallocenes can be prepared in accordance with the knora~.n reaction scheme below:
~~~2~~1 -lo-H2Rls + butylLi HRlaLi -.
la ~- ~---=-R
-X
H2R1~ + butylLi .
-. HRl~Ls HRI6 - Ria -Ri~H +
2-butylLi -LiRls - Ria - -p Rl~Li + M1G14 . Cl R~~ ~"
M1 '~I) ~- Cl R17, or HZR16 + butylLi HRl6I,i -.
R19 R20 , 17H -\ a. HR Li 20C
/ t 1g G ~ , R
R
~1$ b. H20 - ~ ~16~' ~
'~.
. 2 Bu'~ylLi R19R20~ Li2 oRl6 M Cl ~
' . R16 ' R~ S~ ~C1 R20i ~ ~ ~Cl R17 .
- Rl4Li 16 36 ' R
R19 _ R19 -/~; /Rl,a iRla M1 RlSLi ~ ~C .
Ml (XI
) R20~ ~ ~ \C1 ~ R20~ ~ ~ \R15 R~7 R17 zsszzo~
The above reaction scheme also applies to the case where R19 = RZ° and/or R1° = R1$ (cf. Journal of 0rganometallic Chem. 288 (1985) 63-67 and EP-A 320 762).
Of the metallocenes XI according to the invention which have Cl symmetry in the part of the molecule formed by the central atom Ml and the subst ituents Ris-R1' ( i , a , this moiety contains no higher sy~un~etry elements and can only be superimposed on itself by rotation through 360° - one fold axis), the following should be mentioned in par ticular:
isopropylene(9-fluorenyl)(1-(3-isopropyl)cyclopenta-dienyl)zirconium dichloride, isopropylene(9-fluorenyl)(1-{3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, diphenylmethylene(9-fluorenyl)(1-(3-methyl)cyclopenta-dienyl)zirconium dichloride, methylphenylmethylene{9-fluorenyl){1-(3-methyl)cyclo-pentadienyl)zirconium dichloride, dimethylsilyl(9-fluorenyl)(1-(3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, diphenylsilyl(9-fluorenyl){1-(3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, diphenylmethylene(9-fluorenyl){1-(3-tert.-butyl)cyclo pentadienyl)zirconium dichloride and isopropylene{9 fluorenyl)(1-(3-tert.-butyl)cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride and the corresponding hafnium dichlorides.
For the importance of the term Cl symmetry, cf. IC, l~iislow "Einfiihrung in die Stereochemie °' [ Introduction to Stereo-chemistry], Verlag Chemie, 1st Edition 1967, pp. 23 ff.
Of the metallocenes whose moiety Ml, RiB, Ri' is in the meso-form, the following should be mentioned in par-ticular:
meso-dimethylsilylbis{1-(3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl)-2f~~22~.~
zirconium dichloride, meso-dimethylsilylbis(1-(2,4-dimethyl)cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, meso-dimethylsilylbis(1-indenyl)zirconium dichloride, meso-diphenylsilylbis(1-indeny7.)zirconium dichloride, meso-isopropylenebis(1-indenyl)zirconium dichloride, meso-diphenylmethylenebis(1-inde;nyl)zirconium dichloride, meso-methylphenylmethylenebis(1-indenyl)zirconium dichloride, meso-diphenylsilylbis(1-indenyl)hafnium dichloride, meso-dimethylsilylbis(1-indenyl)hafnium dichloride, meso-1,2-ethylenebis(1-indenyl)zirconium dichloride and meso-1,2-ethylenebis(1-indenyl)hafnium dichloride.
For the purposes of the present invention, meso-form means that the substituents Rls and Rz' can be converted into one another through a mirror plane between R16 and R1' which passes through the central atom Ml (cf. X. Mislow, "Einf. in die Stereochemie" [Introduction to Stereo-chemistry], p. 83).
Preference is generally given to ligand systems (R1°-Rla) which are able to exert a different steric interaction on the ligands Rl° and R15. The nature of the ligands Rl° and R15 is unimportant .
The cocatalyst is (preferably) an aluminoxane of the formula IX and/or of the formula X. In these formulae, the radicals R13 may be identical or different and are a C1-Cs-alkyl group, preferably methyl, ethyl, isobutyl, butyl or neopentyl, or phenyl or benzyl. I~tethyl is particularly preferred. n is an integer from 0 to 50, preferably from 5 to 40.
The aluminoxane can be prepared in various ways by known processes. one of the methods is, for example, to react an aluminum hydrocarbon compound and/or a hydridoaluminum hydrocarbon compound with water (gaseous, solid, liquid or bonded - for example as water of crystallization) in ~os22s~.
- 13 s an inert solvent (such as, for example, toluene). To prepare an aluminoxane containing different alkyl groups R13, two different trialkyla~.uminum compounds (A1R3 +
A1R~3), in accordance with the desired composition, are reacted with water (cf. S. Pasynkiewicz, Polyhedron 9 (1990) 429 and EP-A 302 424).
The precise structure of the aluminoxanes is not known.
Irrespective of the preparation method, all the aluminox-ane solutions have in common a varying coaatent of unreacted aluminum starting compound, which is in free form or as an adduct.
It is possible to preactivate the metallocene using an aluminoxane of the formula (IX) and/or (X) before use in the polymerization reaction. This significantly increases the polymerization activity.
The preactivation of the transition-metal compound is carried out in solution. A preferred method here is to dissolve the metallocene in a solution of the aluminoxane in an inert hydrocarbon. Suitable inert hydrocarbons are aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons. Toluene is preferred.
The concentration of the aluminoxane in the solution is in the range from about 1% by weight to the saturation limit, preferably from 5 to 30% by weight, in each case based on the total solution. The metallocene can be employed in the same concentration, but is preferably employed in an amount of from 10-° to 1 mol per mol of aluminoxane. The preactivation time is from 5 minutes to 60 hours, preferably from 5 to 60 minutes, The reaction is carried out at a temperature of from -78C to I00°C, preferably from 0 to 70°C.
The metallocene may also be prepolymerized or applied to a support. Pxepolymerization is preferably carried out using the (or one of the) olefins) employed in the polymerization.
Examples of suitable supports are silica gels, aluminum oxides, solid aluminoxane or other inorganic support materials. Another suitable support material is a poly-olefin powder in finely divided form.
A further possible embodiment of the process according to the invention comprises using a salt-like compound of the formula R~NH°_=BR~, or of the formula R3PHBR~,, as cocatalyst instead of or in addition to an aluminoxane. In these formulae, x is 1, 2 or 3, R is identical or different alkyl or aryl, and R' is aryl, which may also be fluori-nated ar partially fluorinated. In this case, the cata-lyst comprises the product of the reaction of a metal-locene with one of said compounds (cf. EP-A 277 004).
Any solvent added to the reaction mixture is a conven-.
tional inert solvent, such as, for example, an aliphatic or cycloalighatic hydrocarbon, a gasoline or hydrogenated diesel oil fraction or toluene.
The metallocene compound is used in a concentration, based on the transition metal, of from 10-3 to 10"e, preferably from 10~° to 10-x, mol of transition metal per dm3 of reactor volume. The aluminoxane is used in the concentration of from 10"° to 10"1, preferably from 10"° to 2.10"2, mol per dm3 of reactor volume, based on the aluminum content. In principle, however, higher con-centrations are also possible.
In the preparation of capolymers, the variation of the molar ratias between the polycyclic olef.'.in and the open-chain olefin employed can occur in a broad range.
Preference is given to molar ratios (cycloolefin:open-chain olefin) of 3:1 to 100:1. The incor.~poration rate of comonomers can be controlled virtually as desired through the choice o;E polymerization temperature, through the concentration of the catalyst components and the molar ratio employed or the pressure of the gaseous, open-chain olefin. Preferred incorporation rates are 20 to 80 mold of the cyclic components, and particularly preferred incorporation rates are from 40 to 60 mol$ of the cyclic components.
The mean molecular weight of the copolymer formed can be controlled in a known manner through the metering of hydrogen, by varying the catalyst concentration or by varying the temperature.
The polydispersity M"/Ma of the copolymers, at values of 2.0-3.5, is extremely narrow. This results in a property profile of the polymers which makes them particularly suitable fox injection molding.
Furthermore, it has been observed from NMR spectra that these cycloolefin copolymers also differ significantly in microstructure from those prepared using conventional metallocene catalysts {cf. Fig. 1). A possible explana-tion of this difference is that the catalysts according to the invention polymerize alternately due to their specific symmetry. In accordance with the current know-ledge, it must be assumed that the cycloolefin copolymers according to the invention contain alternating cycloole-fin sequences which enable a structural differentiation to be made by NI~t ( cf . Figure 1 ) .
The materials prepared according to the invention are particularly suitable for the productian of extruded parts, such as films, tubes, pipes, rods and fibers, and for the production of injection-molded articles of any desired shape and size.
An important property of the materials according to the invention is their transparency. Optical applications of the extruded or injection-molded parts made from these materials therefore have particularly great importance.
The refractive index, determined using an Abbe 2pp22p:
refractometer and mixed light, of the reaction products described in the examples below is in the range from 1.520 to 1.555. Since the refractive index is very close to that of crown glass (n = 1.51), the products according to the invention can be used .as a glass substitute for various applications, such as, for example, lenses, Prisms, support plates and films for optical data carriers, for video disks, fog: compact disks, as covex and focusing screens for so7lar cells, as cover and diffuser screens for high-performance objects, and as optical waveguides in the form of fibers or films.
The polymers according to the invention can also be employed for the preparation of polymer alloys. The alloys can be prepared in the melt or in solution. Ths alloys each have a property combination of the components which is favorable for certain applications. The follow-ing polymers can be employed for alloys with the polymers according to the invention:
polyethylene, polypropylene, (ethylene-propylene) copoly-mers, polybutylene, poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), polyiso-prene, polyisobutylene, natural rubber, poly(methyl methacrylate), further polymethacrylates, polyacxylates, (acrylate-methacrylate) copolymers, polystyrene (styrene-acrylonitrile) copolymers, bisphenol A polycarbonate, further polycarbonates, aromatic polyester carbonates, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, amorphous polyacrylates, nylon 6, nylon 66, further polyamides, polyaramids, polyether ketones, polyoxymethy-lene, polyoxyethylene, polyurethanes, polysulfones, polyether sulfones and polyvinylidene fluoride.
The glass transition temperatures (Tg) indicated in the examples below were determined by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) at a heating rate of 20°C/min. The viscosities indicated were determined in accordance with DIN 53 728.
2~~2~~~
_ 17 _ Example 1 A 1.5 dm3 reactor was filled with ethylene and filled with 600 cm3 of an 85 percent by weight solution of norbornene in toluene. The solution was saturated with ethylene by repeatedly injecting ethylene (6 bar). A pressure of 0.5 bar (overpressure) was set,, 5 cm9 of a toluene solu-tion of methylaluminoxane (10.1% by weight of methyl-aluminoxane having a molecular weight of 1,300 g/mol, determined cryoscopically) were introduced into the reactor, and the mixture was stirred at 70°C for minutes. A solution of 10 mg of isopropylene(9-fluor-enyl)(1-(3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride in 5 cm3 of a toluene solution of methylaluminoxane was added after preactivation for 15 minutes. (Tn order to 15 regulate the molecular weight, hydrogen can be added before addition of the catalyst).
The mixture was polymerized at 70°C for one hour with stirring (750 rpm), the ethylene pressure being kept at 0.5 bar by reintroduction.
The reaction solution was discharged into a vessel and rapidly added dropwise to 5 dm3 of acetone, and the mixture was stirred for 10 min and subsequently filtered.
The solid obtained was washed a number of times alter-nately with 10% strength hydrochloric acid and acetone.
It was washed until neutral and again stirred with acetone. The re-filtered polymer was dried for 15 hours at 80°C and at a pressure of 0.2 bar.
18 g of a colorless polymer were obtained. A viscosity of 32 cm3/g and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 1~5°C
were measured. The ~norbornene/ethylene incorporation ratio, according to the NI~t spectrum, is about 50 mol% of norbornene to 50 mol% of ethylene.
Examples 2 to 6 The polymerization was carried out analogously to Example 1, the ethylene overpressures being varied in accordance with Table 1.
Table 1 Ex. Amount of Ethylene Reaction yield Viscosity Tg No. catalyst over- time pressure (mJ) (bar) (min) (9) (~9~~) ( C) 1 10 0.5 15 18 32 145 5 4 15 50 79* 132 5 10 6 30 29 96* 120 6 0.7 10 45 10 144 g3 measured in o-dichlorobenzene Examples 7 to 9 The polymerizations were carried out analogously to Example 1, with some conditions, summarized in Table 2, being changed.
Table 2 Ex, Amount of Ethylene Reaction Reaction yield Tg No, catalyst over- time tempera-pressure tune (mg) (bar) (min) (C (g) (C) 7 61 0.5 60 40 7 144 Comparative examples 10 to 16 The polymerizations were carried out analogously to Example 1. The metallocene employed isopropylene(9-was fluorenyl)(cyc,lopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride. This metallocene does not meet the requirements according to the invention for syc~nnetry in the formed by Ma and moiety Rls-Rl', since further symmetry elements, such as, for example, vertical mirror plane:a, occur here. The reaction conditions shown in Table 3 were chosen.
Table 3 Ex. ,Amount EthyleneReaction Meld ViscosityTg of No. metallo- over- time cease pressure (mg) (bar) (min) (g) (cm3~g) (C) 10 1 0.5 60 44 310 2pp 12 0.5 2 60 29 11? 180 Example 19 The polymerization was carried out as in Example 1. .An ' 85 percent by weight solution of tetracyclododecene in toluene was employed, and the polymerization was carried out for one hour at ?0°C with an ethylene overpressure of 10 bar and with 1 mg of isopropylene(9-fluorenyl)(1-(3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride.
3.2 g of copolymer were obtained. The glass transition temperature was 159°C.
Example 20 The norbornene solution was replaced by liquid norbornene and the polymerization was carried out at an ethylene pressure of iD.S bar with l0 mg of meso-dimethylsilyl-bis(1-(2,4-dimethyl)cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichlor-ide. 5.6 g of copolymer were abtained. The glass transi-tion temperature was 102°C.
_ 2p Example 21 Plates (diameter 6 cm) were pressed at 300°C in a film press from in each case 3 g of each of the polymers obtained in accordance with Ex~unples 1 to 6. The plates were subsequently immediately quenched in cold water.
Samples of these pressed plate,; were reexamined by DSC.
The glass transition temgeraturea (Tg), recrystallization temperatures (Ter) and melting points (Tan) found on the first heating are shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Polymer from Example Tg/°C Ter/°C Tm/°C
Example 22 The polymerization was carried out analogously to Example 1. An 85$ strength by weight solution of tetracyclodo-.
decene in toluene was employed and the polymerization was carried out for one hour at 70°C and an ethylene pressure (overpressure) of 1 bar and with 10 mg of methylphenyl-methylene (9-fluorenyl)[1-(3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl]zir-conium dichloride. 18.2 g of copolyaner were obtained. .~1 sample was melted at 350°C under nitrogen and subse-' guently quenched. ~ glass transition temperature of 192°C, a crystallization temperature of 253°C and a melting point of 335°C were measured.
Example 23 The polymerization was carried out analogously to Example 1. 500 cm3 of 5-methylnorborn-2-ene were employed and the polymerization was carried out far two hours at ?0°C and an ethylene pressure (overpressure) of 4 bar with 2 mg of isopropenyl(9-fluorenyl)[1-(3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl]-2flfl~~fl~.
_ 21 zirconium dichloride and 60 ml of methylaluminoxane.
21.3 g of polymer were obtained. The solution viscosity was 104 cm3/g and the glass transition temperature was 117°C. It was not possible to find any crystallization or melting point in the nSC. According to 13C-NMR, 41 mol$ of 5-methylnorbornene are present in the copolymer.
Example 24 The polymerization was carried out analogously to Example 1. 12 mg of isopropenyl(9-fluorenyl)-[1-(3-isopropyl)-.
cyclopentadienyl]zirconium dichloride were employed and the polymerization was carried out for ons hour at 40°C
and an ethylene overpressure of 3 bar. 17.9 g of polym~r were obtained. The melting point was 286°C.
Example 25 The polymerization was carried out analogously to Example 5. 5 mg of diphenylmethylene(9-fluorenyl)[1-(3-methyl)-cyclopentadienyl]zirconium dichloride were employed. 43 g of polymer were obtained. The glass transition tempera-ture was 124°C and the melting point was 275°C.
Key to the figures:
Fig. 1 shows the 13C-NMIt spectra of the polymers obtained in accordance with Example 1 (metallocene catalyst according to the invention having Cl-symmetry in the part of the metallocene molecule formed by Ml and R16-Ri7), and Example 14 (conventional metallocene catalystg cf. the explanation of Comparative Examples 10 to 16). The differences in microstructure are clearly visible.
Fig. 2 shows i:he different course of the glass transition temperature (Tg)/ethyiene pressure curve on use of a) conventional metallocene catalysts without a C1 sym-metry or with no meso-form in said moiety of the metal-locene (upper curve, plotted using the data from Table 3) and b) on use of metallocene catalysts according to the -°
invention (lower curve, plotted using the data from Table 1).
In addition to the very different curve shapes, the much lower dependence of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymer obtained on the ethylene pressure (change in the reaction parameters) when metallocene catalysts according to the invention are used should be particularly emphasized. This smaller effect of the reaction parameters on the reaction product inevitably i0 results in chemically homogeneous copolymers.
R1\ ~R13 R13 :/ ~'1 C _ A1 - Al/ ~ IX) ~ R13 n for the linear type and/or formula X
~R13 i -A1 - ' ~X) :a~~
for the cyclic type, where, in the formulae IX and X, the radicals R13 are identical or different and are a Cl-Cs-alkyl group or phenyl or benzyl, and n is an integer from 0 to 50, and a metallocene of the formula XI
i Rla R16 Ml/
~t \ R15 (XI) in which M1 is titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium or tantalum, R14 and Rlj are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a Cl-Clo-alkgrl group, a Cl-Clo°alkoxy group, a C:6-Gao-aryl group, a Ce-Glo aryloxy group, a C2-Clcmalkenyl group, a C~-C4o arylalkyl group, a C~_.C~o-alkylaryl group or a C8-C,o-arylalkenyl group, 1~ Rls and Rl' are identical or diffsarent and are a m~nanuclear or polynuclear hydrocarbon radical which is able to form a sandwich structure together with the central atom Ml, Ria is _~2_ ~ _M2.r.h22~ , -M2_CR21 - I _ 1 2_ I I
R20 ~20 R20 R20 2 I -C20~ -0 M20 ~ -C2p C20I
R ~ R
=BR~e, =A1R19, -Ge-, -Sn-, -O-, -S-, =S0, =SO2r -NRl9, =CO r =pRl9 or =P ( 0 ) Rl9 where R19, R2o and R2i are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-Clo-alkyl group, a Cl-Clo-fluoroalkyl group, a C6-Clo-fluoroaryl group, a C -C -a 1 rou a C -C -alko s io r!' g P ~ i to xy group, a CZ-Clo-.alkenyl group, a C~-Coo-arylalkyl group, a Ce-C4o-~arylalkenyl group or a C~-C4o_alkylaryl group, or R19 and RZ° or R18 and R21, in each case with the atoms connecting them, form a ring, and MZ is silicon, germanium or tin, wherein the part of the metallocene molecule foamed by M1 and the substituents R16-Rl' has C1 symmetry or, if RlB and Rl' are identical, is in the meso-form.
.Alkyl here is straight-chain or branched alkyl.
The monocyclic: olefin VII may also be substituted ( for example by aryl or alkyl radicals) for the purposes of the invention.
~a62201 The polymerization is preferably carried out in the liquid cycloolefin monomer, :Ln a cycloolefin monomer mixture or in concentrated solutions.
In the process according to the invention, at least one polycyclic olefin of the formula I, II, III, IV, V or VI, preferably a cycloolefin of the formula I or III, in which R1 , RZ, R3, R°, R5, Rs, R' and RB are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom or a Cl-C$-alkyl radical, it being possible for identical radicals in the different formulae to have different meanings, is polymerized.
If desired, a monocyclic olefin of the formula VII in which n is a number from 2 to 10 is also used. Another comonomer is an acyclic olefin of the formula VIII in which R9, Rl°, R'i and Rl2 are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom or a C~-CB-alkyl radical. Ethylene and propylene are preferred.
In particular, copolymers of polycyclic olefins, prefera bly of the formula I or III, with the acyclic olefins VIII are prepared.
Particularly preferred cycloolefins are norbornene and tetracyclododecene, it being possible for these to be substituted by (C1-Cs)-alkyl. They are preferably copolymerized with ethylene; ethylene-norbornene copoly-mers are of particular importance.
Preference is given to incorporation ratios of the comonomers VII and/or VIII into the copolymer of from 20:80 to 80:20. In particular, incorparation ratios of from 40:60 to 60:40 are preferred.
The polycyclic: olefin (I to vI) is employed in an amount of from 0.1 to 99.9% by weight and the monocyclic olefin (VII) is employed in an amount of from 0.1 to 99.9% by weight, in each case based on the total amount of the monomers.
g _ The concentration of the open-.chain olefin is given by the solubility of the open-chain olefin in the reaction medium at the given pressure arad the given temperature.
Polycyclic alefins, monocyclic: olefins and open-chain olefins are also taken to mean mixtures ~f two or more olefins of the particular type. This means that, in addition to polycyclic bicopolymers, it is also possible to prepare ter- and multicopolymere by the process according to the invention. Copolymers of the cycloole-fins VII with the acyclic olefins VIII can also advanta-geously be obtained by the process described. Of the cycloolefins VII, cyclopentene, which may be substituted, is preferred.
The catalyst to be used for the process according to the invention comprises an aluminoxane and at least one metallocene (transition-metal component) of the formula XI
R16 ' Rl.~
~R15 (XI ) .
In the formula XI, Ml is a metal from the group comprising titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium and tantalum, preferably zirconium and hafnium. Zirconium is particularly preferred.
Rl" and R15 are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom, a C1-Clo°. Preferably C1-C3-alkyl group, a Cl-Clo-, preferably Cl-C3-alkoxy group, a CB-Clo-, preferably Cs-.CB-aryl group, a C6-Clo-, preferably Cs-C8-aryloxy group, a C2-Clo-, preferably CZ-C4-alkenyl group, a C~-C4o-, prefera-bly C~-Clo-arylalkyl group, a C~-Cbo-, preferably C~-Cl2-alkylaryl group, a CB-C4o-, preferably Co-Cl2-arylalkenyl group, or a halogen atom, preferably chloride.
2p~~~p~
9 _ Rls is preferably fluorenyl and R1' is preferably cyclopen-tadienyl, it being possible fox these radicals to be substituted (in the case of C1 symmetry), or the two radicals are identical and are (substituted) indenyl or substituted cyclopentadienyl (meso-form).
R1 is a single- or multi-membered bridge links the which radica ls Rls and R1' and is preferably I ! I
-ng2- 2 I I
_ri2-I~S2--C-, _M _ . -C~ C
R20 , ~20 R20 , ~
~20 R20 R20 2 ~20 R20 -HRla, A1R1, -Ge-, -~sn-s -0-r -S-s =S0 =$O
, =NRl, =CO, =PRl9 or =P ( O ) Rl Zs where R18, RZ and R21 are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-CIO-alkylgroup, a C~-Czo-fluoroalkyl group, a Cs-ClO-arylgroup, a Cl-CiO-alkoxy group, a CZ-ClO-alkenylgroup, a C~-G4O-arylalkyl group, a CO-C4O-arylalkenyl group or a C~-C4O-alkylaryl group, or RZ or R's Rla and and R21, in each case together withthe atoms connecting them, form a ring.
R18 is preferably a R1-C-RZ radical and particularly preferably t CH3-C-CHI, C~"! °'~ or HsC- I
Of the radicals Rl9-MZ-Rio, dimethylsilyl is particularly important.
M2 is silicon, germanium or tin, preferably silicon or germanium.
The bridged metallocenes can be prepared in accordance with the knora~.n reaction scheme below:
~~~2~~1 -lo-H2Rls + butylLi HRlaLi -.
la ~- ~---=-R
-X
H2R1~ + butylLi .
-. HRl~Ls HRI6 - Ria -Ri~H +
2-butylLi -LiRls - Ria - -p Rl~Li + M1G14 . Cl R~~ ~"
M1 '~I) ~- Cl R17, or HZR16 + butylLi HRl6I,i -.
R19 R20 , 17H -\ a. HR Li 20C
/ t 1g G ~ , R
R
~1$ b. H20 - ~ ~16~' ~
'~.
. 2 Bu'~ylLi R19R20~ Li2 oRl6 M Cl ~
' . R16 ' R~ S~ ~C1 R20i ~ ~ ~Cl R17 .
- Rl4Li 16 36 ' R
R19 _ R19 -/~; /Rl,a iRla M1 RlSLi ~ ~C .
Ml (XI
) R20~ ~ ~ \C1 ~ R20~ ~ ~ \R15 R~7 R17 zsszzo~
The above reaction scheme also applies to the case where R19 = RZ° and/or R1° = R1$ (cf. Journal of 0rganometallic Chem. 288 (1985) 63-67 and EP-A 320 762).
Of the metallocenes XI according to the invention which have Cl symmetry in the part of the molecule formed by the central atom Ml and the subst ituents Ris-R1' ( i , a , this moiety contains no higher sy~un~etry elements and can only be superimposed on itself by rotation through 360° - one fold axis), the following should be mentioned in par ticular:
isopropylene(9-fluorenyl)(1-(3-isopropyl)cyclopenta-dienyl)zirconium dichloride, isopropylene(9-fluorenyl)(1-{3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, diphenylmethylene(9-fluorenyl)(1-(3-methyl)cyclopenta-dienyl)zirconium dichloride, methylphenylmethylene{9-fluorenyl){1-(3-methyl)cyclo-pentadienyl)zirconium dichloride, dimethylsilyl(9-fluorenyl)(1-(3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, diphenylsilyl(9-fluorenyl){1-(3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, diphenylmethylene(9-fluorenyl){1-(3-tert.-butyl)cyclo pentadienyl)zirconium dichloride and isopropylene{9 fluorenyl)(1-(3-tert.-butyl)cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride and the corresponding hafnium dichlorides.
For the importance of the term Cl symmetry, cf. IC, l~iislow "Einfiihrung in die Stereochemie °' [ Introduction to Stereo-chemistry], Verlag Chemie, 1st Edition 1967, pp. 23 ff.
Of the metallocenes whose moiety Ml, RiB, Ri' is in the meso-form, the following should be mentioned in par-ticular:
meso-dimethylsilylbis{1-(3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl)-2f~~22~.~
zirconium dichloride, meso-dimethylsilylbis(1-(2,4-dimethyl)cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, meso-dimethylsilylbis(1-indenyl)zirconium dichloride, meso-diphenylsilylbis(1-indeny7.)zirconium dichloride, meso-isopropylenebis(1-indenyl)zirconium dichloride, meso-diphenylmethylenebis(1-inde;nyl)zirconium dichloride, meso-methylphenylmethylenebis(1-indenyl)zirconium dichloride, meso-diphenylsilylbis(1-indenyl)hafnium dichloride, meso-dimethylsilylbis(1-indenyl)hafnium dichloride, meso-1,2-ethylenebis(1-indenyl)zirconium dichloride and meso-1,2-ethylenebis(1-indenyl)hafnium dichloride.
For the purposes of the present invention, meso-form means that the substituents Rls and Rz' can be converted into one another through a mirror plane between R16 and R1' which passes through the central atom Ml (cf. X. Mislow, "Einf. in die Stereochemie" [Introduction to Stereo-chemistry], p. 83).
Preference is generally given to ligand systems (R1°-Rla) which are able to exert a different steric interaction on the ligands Rl° and R15. The nature of the ligands Rl° and R15 is unimportant .
The cocatalyst is (preferably) an aluminoxane of the formula IX and/or of the formula X. In these formulae, the radicals R13 may be identical or different and are a C1-Cs-alkyl group, preferably methyl, ethyl, isobutyl, butyl or neopentyl, or phenyl or benzyl. I~tethyl is particularly preferred. n is an integer from 0 to 50, preferably from 5 to 40.
The aluminoxane can be prepared in various ways by known processes. one of the methods is, for example, to react an aluminum hydrocarbon compound and/or a hydridoaluminum hydrocarbon compound with water (gaseous, solid, liquid or bonded - for example as water of crystallization) in ~os22s~.
- 13 s an inert solvent (such as, for example, toluene). To prepare an aluminoxane containing different alkyl groups R13, two different trialkyla~.uminum compounds (A1R3 +
A1R~3), in accordance with the desired composition, are reacted with water (cf. S. Pasynkiewicz, Polyhedron 9 (1990) 429 and EP-A 302 424).
The precise structure of the aluminoxanes is not known.
Irrespective of the preparation method, all the aluminox-ane solutions have in common a varying coaatent of unreacted aluminum starting compound, which is in free form or as an adduct.
It is possible to preactivate the metallocene using an aluminoxane of the formula (IX) and/or (X) before use in the polymerization reaction. This significantly increases the polymerization activity.
The preactivation of the transition-metal compound is carried out in solution. A preferred method here is to dissolve the metallocene in a solution of the aluminoxane in an inert hydrocarbon. Suitable inert hydrocarbons are aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons. Toluene is preferred.
The concentration of the aluminoxane in the solution is in the range from about 1% by weight to the saturation limit, preferably from 5 to 30% by weight, in each case based on the total solution. The metallocene can be employed in the same concentration, but is preferably employed in an amount of from 10-° to 1 mol per mol of aluminoxane. The preactivation time is from 5 minutes to 60 hours, preferably from 5 to 60 minutes, The reaction is carried out at a temperature of from -78C to I00°C, preferably from 0 to 70°C.
The metallocene may also be prepolymerized or applied to a support. Pxepolymerization is preferably carried out using the (or one of the) olefins) employed in the polymerization.
Examples of suitable supports are silica gels, aluminum oxides, solid aluminoxane or other inorganic support materials. Another suitable support material is a poly-olefin powder in finely divided form.
A further possible embodiment of the process according to the invention comprises using a salt-like compound of the formula R~NH°_=BR~, or of the formula R3PHBR~,, as cocatalyst instead of or in addition to an aluminoxane. In these formulae, x is 1, 2 or 3, R is identical or different alkyl or aryl, and R' is aryl, which may also be fluori-nated ar partially fluorinated. In this case, the cata-lyst comprises the product of the reaction of a metal-locene with one of said compounds (cf. EP-A 277 004).
Any solvent added to the reaction mixture is a conven-.
tional inert solvent, such as, for example, an aliphatic or cycloalighatic hydrocarbon, a gasoline or hydrogenated diesel oil fraction or toluene.
The metallocene compound is used in a concentration, based on the transition metal, of from 10-3 to 10"e, preferably from 10~° to 10-x, mol of transition metal per dm3 of reactor volume. The aluminoxane is used in the concentration of from 10"° to 10"1, preferably from 10"° to 2.10"2, mol per dm3 of reactor volume, based on the aluminum content. In principle, however, higher con-centrations are also possible.
In the preparation of capolymers, the variation of the molar ratias between the polycyclic olef.'.in and the open-chain olefin employed can occur in a broad range.
Preference is given to molar ratios (cycloolefin:open-chain olefin) of 3:1 to 100:1. The incor.~poration rate of comonomers can be controlled virtually as desired through the choice o;E polymerization temperature, through the concentration of the catalyst components and the molar ratio employed or the pressure of the gaseous, open-chain olefin. Preferred incorporation rates are 20 to 80 mold of the cyclic components, and particularly preferred incorporation rates are from 40 to 60 mol$ of the cyclic components.
The mean molecular weight of the copolymer formed can be controlled in a known manner through the metering of hydrogen, by varying the catalyst concentration or by varying the temperature.
The polydispersity M"/Ma of the copolymers, at values of 2.0-3.5, is extremely narrow. This results in a property profile of the polymers which makes them particularly suitable fox injection molding.
Furthermore, it has been observed from NMR spectra that these cycloolefin copolymers also differ significantly in microstructure from those prepared using conventional metallocene catalysts {cf. Fig. 1). A possible explana-tion of this difference is that the catalysts according to the invention polymerize alternately due to their specific symmetry. In accordance with the current know-ledge, it must be assumed that the cycloolefin copolymers according to the invention contain alternating cycloole-fin sequences which enable a structural differentiation to be made by NI~t ( cf . Figure 1 ) .
The materials prepared according to the invention are particularly suitable for the productian of extruded parts, such as films, tubes, pipes, rods and fibers, and for the production of injection-molded articles of any desired shape and size.
An important property of the materials according to the invention is their transparency. Optical applications of the extruded or injection-molded parts made from these materials therefore have particularly great importance.
The refractive index, determined using an Abbe 2pp22p:
refractometer and mixed light, of the reaction products described in the examples below is in the range from 1.520 to 1.555. Since the refractive index is very close to that of crown glass (n = 1.51), the products according to the invention can be used .as a glass substitute for various applications, such as, for example, lenses, Prisms, support plates and films for optical data carriers, for video disks, fog: compact disks, as covex and focusing screens for so7lar cells, as cover and diffuser screens for high-performance objects, and as optical waveguides in the form of fibers or films.
The polymers according to the invention can also be employed for the preparation of polymer alloys. The alloys can be prepared in the melt or in solution. Ths alloys each have a property combination of the components which is favorable for certain applications. The follow-ing polymers can be employed for alloys with the polymers according to the invention:
polyethylene, polypropylene, (ethylene-propylene) copoly-mers, polybutylene, poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), polyiso-prene, polyisobutylene, natural rubber, poly(methyl methacrylate), further polymethacrylates, polyacxylates, (acrylate-methacrylate) copolymers, polystyrene (styrene-acrylonitrile) copolymers, bisphenol A polycarbonate, further polycarbonates, aromatic polyester carbonates, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, amorphous polyacrylates, nylon 6, nylon 66, further polyamides, polyaramids, polyether ketones, polyoxymethy-lene, polyoxyethylene, polyurethanes, polysulfones, polyether sulfones and polyvinylidene fluoride.
The glass transition temperatures (Tg) indicated in the examples below were determined by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) at a heating rate of 20°C/min. The viscosities indicated were determined in accordance with DIN 53 728.
2~~2~~~
_ 17 _ Example 1 A 1.5 dm3 reactor was filled with ethylene and filled with 600 cm3 of an 85 percent by weight solution of norbornene in toluene. The solution was saturated with ethylene by repeatedly injecting ethylene (6 bar). A pressure of 0.5 bar (overpressure) was set,, 5 cm9 of a toluene solu-tion of methylaluminoxane (10.1% by weight of methyl-aluminoxane having a molecular weight of 1,300 g/mol, determined cryoscopically) were introduced into the reactor, and the mixture was stirred at 70°C for minutes. A solution of 10 mg of isopropylene(9-fluor-enyl)(1-(3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride in 5 cm3 of a toluene solution of methylaluminoxane was added after preactivation for 15 minutes. (Tn order to 15 regulate the molecular weight, hydrogen can be added before addition of the catalyst).
The mixture was polymerized at 70°C for one hour with stirring (750 rpm), the ethylene pressure being kept at 0.5 bar by reintroduction.
The reaction solution was discharged into a vessel and rapidly added dropwise to 5 dm3 of acetone, and the mixture was stirred for 10 min and subsequently filtered.
The solid obtained was washed a number of times alter-nately with 10% strength hydrochloric acid and acetone.
It was washed until neutral and again stirred with acetone. The re-filtered polymer was dried for 15 hours at 80°C and at a pressure of 0.2 bar.
18 g of a colorless polymer were obtained. A viscosity of 32 cm3/g and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 1~5°C
were measured. The ~norbornene/ethylene incorporation ratio, according to the NI~t spectrum, is about 50 mol% of norbornene to 50 mol% of ethylene.
Examples 2 to 6 The polymerization was carried out analogously to Example 1, the ethylene overpressures being varied in accordance with Table 1.
Table 1 Ex. Amount of Ethylene Reaction yield Viscosity Tg No. catalyst over- time pressure (mJ) (bar) (min) (9) (~9~~) ( C) 1 10 0.5 15 18 32 145 5 4 15 50 79* 132 5 10 6 30 29 96* 120 6 0.7 10 45 10 144 g3 measured in o-dichlorobenzene Examples 7 to 9 The polymerizations were carried out analogously to Example 1, with some conditions, summarized in Table 2, being changed.
Table 2 Ex, Amount of Ethylene Reaction Reaction yield Tg No, catalyst over- time tempera-pressure tune (mg) (bar) (min) (C (g) (C) 7 61 0.5 60 40 7 144 Comparative examples 10 to 16 The polymerizations were carried out analogously to Example 1. The metallocene employed isopropylene(9-was fluorenyl)(cyc,lopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride. This metallocene does not meet the requirements according to the invention for syc~nnetry in the formed by Ma and moiety Rls-Rl', since further symmetry elements, such as, for example, vertical mirror plane:a, occur here. The reaction conditions shown in Table 3 were chosen.
Table 3 Ex. ,Amount EthyleneReaction Meld ViscosityTg of No. metallo- over- time cease pressure (mg) (bar) (min) (g) (cm3~g) (C) 10 1 0.5 60 44 310 2pp 12 0.5 2 60 29 11? 180 Example 19 The polymerization was carried out as in Example 1. .An ' 85 percent by weight solution of tetracyclododecene in toluene was employed, and the polymerization was carried out for one hour at ?0°C with an ethylene overpressure of 10 bar and with 1 mg of isopropylene(9-fluorenyl)(1-(3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride.
3.2 g of copolymer were obtained. The glass transition temperature was 159°C.
Example 20 The norbornene solution was replaced by liquid norbornene and the polymerization was carried out at an ethylene pressure of iD.S bar with l0 mg of meso-dimethylsilyl-bis(1-(2,4-dimethyl)cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichlor-ide. 5.6 g of copolymer were abtained. The glass transi-tion temperature was 102°C.
_ 2p Example 21 Plates (diameter 6 cm) were pressed at 300°C in a film press from in each case 3 g of each of the polymers obtained in accordance with Ex~unples 1 to 6. The plates were subsequently immediately quenched in cold water.
Samples of these pressed plate,; were reexamined by DSC.
The glass transition temgeraturea (Tg), recrystallization temperatures (Ter) and melting points (Tan) found on the first heating are shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Polymer from Example Tg/°C Ter/°C Tm/°C
Example 22 The polymerization was carried out analogously to Example 1. An 85$ strength by weight solution of tetracyclodo-.
decene in toluene was employed and the polymerization was carried out for one hour at 70°C and an ethylene pressure (overpressure) of 1 bar and with 10 mg of methylphenyl-methylene (9-fluorenyl)[1-(3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl]zir-conium dichloride. 18.2 g of copolyaner were obtained. .~1 sample was melted at 350°C under nitrogen and subse-' guently quenched. ~ glass transition temperature of 192°C, a crystallization temperature of 253°C and a melting point of 335°C were measured.
Example 23 The polymerization was carried out analogously to Example 1. 500 cm3 of 5-methylnorborn-2-ene were employed and the polymerization was carried out far two hours at ?0°C and an ethylene pressure (overpressure) of 4 bar with 2 mg of isopropenyl(9-fluorenyl)[1-(3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl]-2flfl~~fl~.
_ 21 zirconium dichloride and 60 ml of methylaluminoxane.
21.3 g of polymer were obtained. The solution viscosity was 104 cm3/g and the glass transition temperature was 117°C. It was not possible to find any crystallization or melting point in the nSC. According to 13C-NMR, 41 mol$ of 5-methylnorbornene are present in the copolymer.
Example 24 The polymerization was carried out analogously to Example 1. 12 mg of isopropenyl(9-fluorenyl)-[1-(3-isopropyl)-.
cyclopentadienyl]zirconium dichloride were employed and the polymerization was carried out for ons hour at 40°C
and an ethylene overpressure of 3 bar. 17.9 g of polym~r were obtained. The melting point was 286°C.
Example 25 The polymerization was carried out analogously to Example 5. 5 mg of diphenylmethylene(9-fluorenyl)[1-(3-methyl)-cyclopentadienyl]zirconium dichloride were employed. 43 g of polymer were obtained. The glass transition tempera-ture was 124°C and the melting point was 275°C.
Key to the figures:
Fig. 1 shows the 13C-NMIt spectra of the polymers obtained in accordance with Example 1 (metallocene catalyst according to the invention having Cl-symmetry in the part of the metallocene molecule formed by Ml and R16-Ri7), and Example 14 (conventional metallocene catalystg cf. the explanation of Comparative Examples 10 to 16). The differences in microstructure are clearly visible.
Fig. 2 shows i:he different course of the glass transition temperature (Tg)/ethyiene pressure curve on use of a) conventional metallocene catalysts without a C1 sym-metry or with no meso-form in said moiety of the metal-locene (upper curve, plotted using the data from Table 3) and b) on use of metallocene catalysts according to the -°
invention (lower curve, plotted using the data from Table 1).
In addition to the very different curve shapes, the much lower dependence of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymer obtained on the ethylene pressure (change in the reaction parameters) when metallocene catalysts according to the invention are used should be particularly emphasized. This smaller effect of the reaction parameters on the reaction product inevitably i0 results in chemically homogeneous copolymers.
Claims (7)
1. A process for the preparation of a cycloolefin copolymer by polymerization of from 0.1 to 99.9% by weight, based on the total amount of the monomers, of at least one monomer of the formula I, II, III, IV, V or VI
in which R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are identi-cal or different and are a hydrogen atom or a C6-C16-aryl or C1-C8-alkyl radical, it being possible for identical radicals in the different formulae to have different meanings, from 0 to 99.9% by weight, based on the total amount of the monomers, of a cycloolefin of the formula VII
in which n is a number from 2 to 10, and from 0 to 99.9% by weight, based on the total amount of the monomers, of at least one acyclic olefin of the formula VIII
in which R9, R10, R11 and R12 are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom or a C1-C8-alkyl radical, at temperatures of from -78 to 150°C and at a pressure of from 0.01 to 64 bar, in the presence of a catalyst which comprises an aluminoxane of the formula IX
for the linear type and/or formula X
for the cyclic type, where, in the formulae IX and X, the radicals R13 are identical or different and are a C1-C6-alkyl group or phenyl or benzyl, and n is an integer from 0 to 50, and a metallocene of the formula XI
in which M1 is titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium or tantalum, R14 and R15 are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C10-alkyl group, a C1-C10-alkoxy group, a C6-C10-aryl group, a C6-C10-aryloxy group, a C2-C10-alkenyl group, a C7-C40-arylalkyl group, a C7-C40-alkylaryl group or a C6-C40-aryl-alkenyl group, R16 and R17 are different and are a mononuclear or polynuclear hydrocarbon radical which is able to form a sandwich structure together with the central atom M1, R18 is =BR19, =AlR19, -Ge-, -Sn-, -O-, -S-, =SO, =SO2, =NR19, =CO, =PR19 or =P(O)R19 where R19, R20 and R21 are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C10-alkyl group, a C1-C10-fluoroalkyl group, a C6-C10-fluoroaryl group, a C6-C10-aryl group, a C1-C10-alkoxy group, a C2-C10-alkenyl group, a C7-C40-arylalkyl group, a C8-C40-arylalkenyl group or a C7-C40-alkylaryl group, or R19 and R20 or R19 and R21, in each case with the atoms connect-ing them, form a ring, and M2 is silicon, germanium or tin, wherein the part of the metallocene molecule formed by M1 and the substituents R16-R17 has C1 symmetry.
in which R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are identi-cal or different and are a hydrogen atom or a C6-C16-aryl or C1-C8-alkyl radical, it being possible for identical radicals in the different formulae to have different meanings, from 0 to 99.9% by weight, based on the total amount of the monomers, of a cycloolefin of the formula VII
in which n is a number from 2 to 10, and from 0 to 99.9% by weight, based on the total amount of the monomers, of at least one acyclic olefin of the formula VIII
in which R9, R10, R11 and R12 are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom or a C1-C8-alkyl radical, at temperatures of from -78 to 150°C and at a pressure of from 0.01 to 64 bar, in the presence of a catalyst which comprises an aluminoxane of the formula IX
for the linear type and/or formula X
for the cyclic type, where, in the formulae IX and X, the radicals R13 are identical or different and are a C1-C6-alkyl group or phenyl or benzyl, and n is an integer from 0 to 50, and a metallocene of the formula XI
in which M1 is titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium or tantalum, R14 and R15 are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C10-alkyl group, a C1-C10-alkoxy group, a C6-C10-aryl group, a C6-C10-aryloxy group, a C2-C10-alkenyl group, a C7-C40-arylalkyl group, a C7-C40-alkylaryl group or a C6-C40-aryl-alkenyl group, R16 and R17 are different and are a mononuclear or polynuclear hydrocarbon radical which is able to form a sandwich structure together with the central atom M1, R18 is =BR19, =AlR19, -Ge-, -Sn-, -O-, -S-, =SO, =SO2, =NR19, =CO, =PR19 or =P(O)R19 where R19, R20 and R21 are identical or different and are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a C1-C10-alkyl group, a C1-C10-fluoroalkyl group, a C6-C10-fluoroaryl group, a C6-C10-aryl group, a C1-C10-alkoxy group, a C2-C10-alkenyl group, a C7-C40-arylalkyl group, a C8-C40-arylalkenyl group or a C7-C40-alkylaryl group, or R19 and R20 or R19 and R21, in each case with the atoms connect-ing them, form a ring, and M2 is silicon, germanium or tin, wherein the part of the metallocene molecule formed by M1 and the substituents R16-R17 has C1 symmetry.
2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polymerization is carried out in a liquid cycloolefin monomer, a cycloolefin monomer mixture or in concentrated solutions.
3. The process as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the metallocene of the formula XI is isopropylene(9-fluorenyl)(1-(3-isopropyl)cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride, isopropylene(9-fluorenyl)(1-(3-methyl)-cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride, diphenyl-methylene(9-fluorenyl)(1-(3-methyl)cyclopentadien-yl)zirconium dichloride, methylphenylmethylene(9-fluorenyl)(1-(3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride, dimethylsilyl(9-fluorenyl)(1-(3-methyl)-cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride, diphenyl-silyl(9-fluorenyl)(1-(3-methyl)cyclopentadienyl)-zirconium dichloride, diphenylmethylene(9-fluoren-yl)(1-(3-tert.-butyl)cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride, isopropylene(9-fluorenyl)(1-(3-tert.-butyl)cyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride or a corresponding hafnium dichloride.
4. The process as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 3, wherein the polycyclic olefin is norbornene or tetracyclododecene.
5. The process as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 4, wherein a copolymer of norbornene and ethylene is prepared.
6. The process as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 5, where, in addition to an aluminoxane, a salt-like compound of the formula RXNH4-xBR' 4 or of the formula R3PHBR'4 is used as cocatalyst and where x is 1, 2 or 3, R is identical or different alkyl or aryl, and R' is aryl, which may be fluorinated.
7. A cycloolefin copolymer which is prepared by the process as claimed in one or more of claims 1 to 6.
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| DEP4107682.6 | 1991-03-09 | ||
| DE4107682 | 1991-03-09 |
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| EP (2) | EP0503422B1 (en) |
| JP (2) | JP3773545B2 (en) |
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| AU (1) | AU648389B2 (en) |
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- 1992-03-02 DE DE59209354T patent/DE59209354D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-03-02 AT AT92103538T patent/ATE166895T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-03-02 DE DE59209964T patent/DE59209964D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-03-02 EP EP92103538A patent/EP0503422B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-03-02 EP EP96108898A patent/EP0729977B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-03-02 ES ES92103538T patent/ES2116301T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-03-02 AT AT96108898T patent/ATE223440T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-03-02 ES ES96108898T patent/ES2182929T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-03-06 ZA ZA921686A patent/ZA921686B/en unknown
- 1992-03-06 AU AU11465/92A patent/AU648389B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1992-03-06 CA CA002062201A patent/CA2062201C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-03-09 JP JP05054392A patent/JP3773545B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1993
- 1993-08-09 US US08/103,823 patent/US5324801A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1997
- 1997-04-14 US US08/840,255 patent/US6169052B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2005
- 2005-08-04 JP JP2005226689A patent/JP4044947B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| DE59209964D1 (en) | 2002-10-10 |
| EP0503422A1 (en) | 1992-09-16 |
| EP0729977B1 (en) | 2002-09-04 |
| JP3773545B2 (en) | 2006-05-10 |
| EP0503422B1 (en) | 1998-06-03 |
| EP0729977A2 (en) | 1996-09-04 |
| JP4044947B2 (en) | 2008-02-06 |
| ZA921686B (en) | 1992-10-28 |
| US5324801A (en) | 1994-06-28 |
| ATE166895T1 (en) | 1998-06-15 |
| ES2182929T3 (en) | 2003-03-16 |
| US6169052B1 (en) | 2001-01-02 |
| JPH0517526A (en) | 1993-01-26 |
| ATE223440T1 (en) | 2002-09-15 |
| ES2116301T3 (en) | 1998-07-16 |
| JP2006016403A (en) | 2006-01-19 |
| AU1146592A (en) | 1992-09-10 |
| EP0729977A3 (en) | 1997-12-03 |
| DE59209354D1 (en) | 1998-07-09 |
| AU648389B2 (en) | 1994-04-21 |
| CA2062201A1 (en) | 1992-09-10 |
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