CA2052266A1 - Continuous production of chewing gum using corotating twin screw extruder - Google Patents
Continuous production of chewing gum using corotating twin screw extruderInfo
- Publication number
- CA2052266A1 CA2052266A1 CA2052266A CA2052266A CA2052266A1 CA 2052266 A1 CA2052266 A1 CA 2052266A1 CA 2052266 A CA2052266 A CA 2052266A CA 2052266 A CA2052266 A CA 2052266A CA 2052266 A1 CA2052266 A1 CA 2052266A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- chewing gum
- continuous production
- screw extruder
- twin screw
- corotating twin
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 229940112822 chewing gum Drugs 0.000 title abstract 5
- 235000015218 chewing gum Nutrition 0.000 title abstract 5
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/02—Apparatus specially adapted for manufacture or treatment of chewing gum
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/02—Apparatus specially adapted for manufacture or treatment of chewing gum
- A23G4/04—Apparatus specially adapted for manufacture or treatment of chewing gum for moulding or shaping
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G4/00—Chewing gum
- A23G4/06—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
- A23G4/08—Chewing gum characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds of the chewing gum base
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/022—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/285—Feeding the extrusion material to the extruder
- B29C48/297—Feeding the extrusion material to the extruder at several locations, e.g. using several hoppers or using a separate additive feeding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
- B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
- B29C48/402—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders the screws having intermeshing parts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
- B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
- B29C48/405—Intermeshing co-rotating screws
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G2200/00—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF containing organic compounds, e.g. synthetic flavouring agents
- A23G2200/10—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF containing organic compounds, e.g. synthetic flavouring agents containing amino-acids, proteins, e.g. gelatine, peptides, polypeptides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2200/00—Function of food ingredients
- A23V2200/15—Flavour affecting agent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92009—Measured parameter
- B29C2948/92085—Velocity
- B29C2948/92104—Flow or feed rate
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92009—Measured parameter
- B29C2948/92209—Temperature
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92504—Controlled parameter
- B29C2948/9258—Velocity
- B29C2948/926—Flow or feed rate
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92504—Controlled parameter
- B29C2948/92704—Temperature
Abstract
A method for continuous production of a chewing gum slab in the absence of separate cooling is disclosed. The method includes introducing chewing gum ingredients and gum base into an extruder and extrusion mixing the ingredients with the gum base over a distance to provide a substantially homogeneous chewing gum mass. The mass is also cooled over the distance so that a chewing gum slab is provided which is suitable for rolling and scoring or extruding into a rope without a separate cooling step.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US589,226 | 1990-09-26 | ||
US07/589,226 US5045325A (en) | 1990-09-26 | 1990-09-26 | Continuous production of chewing gum using corotating twin screw extruder |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CA2052266A1 true CA2052266A1 (en) | 1992-03-27 |
CA2052266C CA2052266C (en) | 1997-05-27 |
Family
ID=24357139
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CA002052266A Expired - Fee Related CA2052266C (en) | 1990-09-26 | 1991-09-25 | Continuous production of chewing gum using corotating twin screw extruder |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5045325A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0483054B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3163583B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR920005875A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2052266C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69106838T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK0483054T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2067200T3 (en) |
FI (1) | FI914512A (en) |
GR (1) | GR3015806T3 (en) |
NO (1) | NO913765D0 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA917668B (en) |
Families Citing this family (92)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4039943A1 (en) * | 1990-12-14 | 1992-06-17 | Berstorff Gmbh Masch Hermann | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE UNIFORM, CONTINUOUS MANUFACTURE OF A RUBBER-BASED AND FINISHED MIXTURE FOR VEHICLE TIRES, DRIVE BELTS, TRANSPORT BELTS AND TECHNICAL RUBBER PRODUCTS IN ONLY ONE MIXING DEVICE |
US5135760A (en) * | 1991-04-10 | 1992-08-04 | Marc Degady | Reducing sugar lumps by dual gum base injection in a corotating twin screw extruder |
FR2698820A1 (en) * | 1992-12-07 | 1994-06-10 | Sedepro | Rubber compound contains mixer - gas mixing chambers of rotors within stators with base elastomer fed via volumetric pumps into mixing zone and other constituents fed under press. by dosing volumetric pumps along mixer between input and output end of rotor. |
US5505591A (en) * | 1993-07-30 | 1996-04-09 | Tynan; Daniel G. | Apparatus for processing materials |
US6086925A (en) * | 1993-09-24 | 2000-07-11 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Chewing gum base manufacturing process using plurality of lubricating agents feed inlets |
US6010723A (en) * | 1993-09-24 | 2000-01-04 | The Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Method for manufacturing gum base |
US6004589A (en) * | 1993-09-24 | 1999-12-21 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Chewing gum base manufacturing process using plurality of filler feed inlet locations |
US5419919A (en) * | 1993-10-22 | 1995-05-30 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Continuous gum base manufacture using paddle mixing |
US5397580A (en) * | 1993-10-22 | 1995-03-14 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Continuous gum base manufacture using sequential mixers |
US5562936A (en) * | 1993-09-24 | 1996-10-08 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Continuous chewing gum base manufacturing process using highly distribute mixing |
US5486366A (en) * | 1993-09-24 | 1996-01-23 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Continuous chewing gum base manufacturing process using a mixing-restriction element |
US5543160A (en) * | 1994-09-13 | 1996-08-06 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Total chewing gum manufacture using high efficiency continuous mixing |
US5773053A (en) * | 1993-09-24 | 1998-06-30 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Chewing gum base manufacturing process using plurality of softening agents inlets |
US5626892A (en) * | 1993-11-24 | 1997-05-06 | Nabisco, Inc. | Method for production of multi-flavored and multi-colored chewing gum |
US6030647A (en) * | 1994-09-13 | 2000-02-29 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Continuous chewing gum manufacturing process for gum with controlled flavor release |
CA2199608C (en) * | 1994-09-13 | 2001-10-23 | Joo Song | Method for continuous gum base manufacturing |
WO1996008165A1 (en) * | 1994-09-13 | 1996-03-21 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Continuous chewing gum manufacture from base concentrate |
CA2199704C (en) * | 1994-09-13 | 1999-12-14 | Henry T. Tyrpin | Reduced antioxidant gum base and method of preparation |
KR0159252B1 (en) * | 1995-01-18 | 1998-11-16 | 김규식 | Method for making gum |
DE69530924T3 (en) * | 1995-03-13 | 2013-05-16 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Co. | METHOD FOR PRODUCING LUBRICANT GROUND MATERIAL |
EP0759703B2 (en) | 1995-03-13 | 2010-12-01 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Continuous chewing gum base manufacturing process using polyvinyl acetate and the removal of volatiles |
DK0758848T3 (en) * | 1995-03-13 | 2008-02-25 | Wrigley W M Jun Co | Process for Continuous Production of Rubber Base |
WO1996028045A1 (en) * | 1995-03-13 | 1996-09-19 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Continuous chewing gum base manufacturing process using addition of filler at a plurality of feed inlet locations |
EP0759700A4 (en) * | 1995-03-13 | 1999-01-13 | Wrigley W M Jun Co | Continuous chewing gum base manufacturing process using addition of lubricating agents at a plurality of feed inlet locations |
DK0759701T3 (en) * | 1995-03-13 | 2002-10-07 | Wrigley W M Jun Co | Continuous chewing gum base manufacturing process using the addition of emollients in a plurality of food inlet locations |
US5567450A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1996-10-22 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Gum base manufacturing method |
FR2737113B1 (en) * | 1995-07-28 | 1997-09-05 | Oreal | PROCESS FOR PREPARING A COMPOSITION COMPRISING A HEAT SENSITIVE COMPOUND AND COMPOSITION OBTAINED |
US5976581A (en) * | 1995-09-12 | 1999-11-02 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Continuous chewing gum manufacturing process using rework gum |
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DE69532200T3 (en) | 1995-09-13 | 2012-03-01 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Co. | Production of chewing gum by means of a continuous mixer with high efficiency |
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DK0763327T3 (en) | 1995-09-13 | 2004-09-27 | Wrigley W M Jun Co | Total production of chewing gum using high-efficiency through-mix |
EP0763331B1 (en) | 1995-09-13 | 2003-05-02 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Continuous chewing gum manufacturing process using rework gum |
US6017565A (en) * | 1996-02-21 | 2000-01-25 | Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company | Method for automated continuous production of chewing gum |
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DE102016007290A1 (en) | 2016-06-16 | 2017-12-21 | Entex Rust & Mitschke Gmbh | Starter for devulcanizing old rubber |
DE102017006638A1 (en) | 2017-07-13 | 2019-01-17 | Entex Rust & Mitschke Gmbh | Filling module in planetary roller extruder design |
WO2019166125A1 (en) | 2018-02-28 | 2019-09-06 | Entex Rust & Mitschke Gmbh | Method for producing and processing polymers and polymer mixtures in a modular planetary roller extruder |
CN115399398A (en) * | 2022-09-23 | 2022-11-29 | 杰尼亚(福建)食品有限责任公司 | Automatic gel candy production equipment and production method thereof |
Family Cites Families (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US947635A (en) * | 1907-12-31 | 1910-01-25 | Keystone Trading Company | Manufacture of chewing-gum. |
US1700303A (en) * | 1925-09-24 | 1929-01-29 | Beech Nut Packing Co | Means for and method of forming gum |
US1852005A (en) * | 1931-03-04 | 1932-04-05 | Frank A Garbutt | Method of forming chewing gum |
US1953295A (en) * | 1932-05-31 | 1934-04-03 | Frank A Garbutt | Chewing gum mixing method |
US2256190A (en) * | 1934-04-07 | 1941-09-16 | William Steell Jackson And Son | Method of handling chewing gum |
US2156810A (en) * | 1936-12-28 | 1939-05-02 | Frank A Garbutt | Method of forming sticks or ribbons of chewing gum or the like |
US3455755A (en) * | 1963-12-31 | 1969-07-15 | L A Drevfus Co | Method and apparatus for producing laminated slabs |
US3644169A (en) * | 1963-12-31 | 1972-02-22 | L A Dreyfus Co | Laminated slabs of chewing gum base |
US3854627A (en) * | 1971-06-07 | 1974-12-17 | Wrigley W Co | Method and apparatus for discharging measured amounts of dough |
US3857965A (en) * | 1973-10-11 | 1974-12-31 | Wrigley W Co | Method for making a chewing-gum composition |
US4579738A (en) * | 1984-08-27 | 1986-04-01 | Warner-Lambert Company | Non-staling chewing gum compositions and improved method of preparation |
US4555407A (en) * | 1984-12-24 | 1985-11-26 | General Foods Corporation | Continuous chewing gum method |
US4737366A (en) * | 1984-12-27 | 1988-04-12 | Gerhard Gergely | Chewing gum and production method thereof |
US4940594A (en) * | 1988-04-08 | 1990-07-10 | Nabisco Brands, Inc. | Method for processing chewing gum |
US4975228A (en) * | 1988-07-29 | 1990-12-04 | The Dow Chemical Company | Process for preparing membranes from tetrahalobisphenol polycarbonates |
FR2635441B1 (en) * | 1988-08-18 | 1991-12-27 | Gen Foods France | HIGH POLYMER BASE GUM BASE CONCENTRATES, THEIR PREPARATION PROCESS AND THEIR USE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF CHEWING GUM |
-
1990
- 1990-09-26 US US07/589,226 patent/US5045325A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1991
- 1991-09-20 DK DK91810743.4T patent/DK0483054T3/en active
- 1991-09-20 ES ES91810743T patent/ES2067200T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-09-20 EP EP91810743A patent/EP0483054B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-09-20 DE DE69106838T patent/DE69106838T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-09-25 FI FI914512A patent/FI914512A/en unknown
- 1991-09-25 NO NO913765A patent/NO913765D0/en unknown
- 1991-09-25 JP JP24400891A patent/JP3163583B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-09-25 KR KR1019910016643A patent/KR920005875A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1991-09-25 CA CA002052266A patent/CA2052266C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-09-25 ZA ZA917668A patent/ZA917668B/en unknown
-
1995
- 1995-04-17 GR GR950400936T patent/GR3015806T3/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0483054A1 (en) | 1992-04-29 |
ZA917668B (en) | 1992-06-24 |
DE69106838T2 (en) | 1995-05-18 |
KR920005875A (en) | 1992-04-27 |
JPH04248956A (en) | 1992-09-04 |
US5045325A (en) | 1991-09-03 |
NO913765D0 (en) | 1991-09-25 |
EP0483054B1 (en) | 1995-01-18 |
GR3015806T3 (en) | 1995-07-31 |
ES2067200T3 (en) | 1995-03-16 |
DK0483054T3 (en) | 1995-06-12 |
JP3163583B2 (en) | 2001-05-08 |
CA2052266C (en) | 1997-05-27 |
FI914512A (en) | 1992-03-27 |
DE69106838D1 (en) | 1995-03-02 |
FI914512A0 (en) | 1991-09-25 |
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