CA2033614A1 - Apparatus for removing preservatives from solutions - Google Patents
Apparatus for removing preservatives from solutionsInfo
- Publication number
- CA2033614A1 CA2033614A1 CA 2033614 CA2033614A CA2033614A1 CA 2033614 A1 CA2033614 A1 CA 2033614A1 CA 2033614 CA2033614 CA 2033614 CA 2033614 A CA2033614 A CA 2033614A CA 2033614 A1 CA2033614 A1 CA 2033614A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- container
- fitment
- solution
- preservative
- outlet
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting-in contact lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
- A61F9/0008—Introducing ophthalmic products into the ocular cavity or retaining products therein
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting-in contact lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
- A61J1/00—Containers specially adapted for medical or pharmaceutical purposes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
- A61J1/00—Containers specially adapted for medical or pharmaceutical purposes
- A61J1/14—Details; Accessories therefor
- A61J1/1443—Containers with means for dispensing liquid medicaments in a filtered or sterile way, e.g. with bacterial filters
- A61J1/145—Containers with means for dispensing liquid medicaments in a filtered or sterile way, e.g. with bacterial filters using air filters
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
- A61J1/00—Containers specially adapted for medical or pharmaceutical purposes
- A61J1/14—Details; Accessories therefor
- A61J1/1443—Containers with means for dispensing liquid medicaments in a filtered or sterile way, e.g. with bacterial filters
- A61J1/1456—Containers with means for dispensing liquid medicaments in a filtered or sterile way, e.g. with bacterial filters using liquid filters
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
- A61J1/00—Containers specially adapted for medical or pharmaceutical purposes
- A61J1/14—Details; Accessories therefor
- A61J1/1468—Containers characterised by specific material properties
Abstract
Apparatus for removing preservatives from solutions Abstract of the Disclosure There is presented a device for removing a preservative from ophthalmic and other solutions as the solution is dispensed from a container. The device preferably comprises a container having squeezable sidewalls defining a solution retaining chamber, but may also be an aerosol can or other container.
The container also preferably includes a neck portion and a dispensing head having a container outlet on its end through which the solution is dispensed. Means for removing the preservative from the solution as the solution is dispensed from the chamber through the container outlet are also provided. This removing means preferably comprise scavenging material. The preservative is removed upon, contact with the scavenging material.
The container also preferably includes a neck portion and a dispensing head having a container outlet on its end through which the solution is dispensed. Means for removing the preservative from the solution as the solution is dispensed from the chamber through the container outlet are also provided. This removing means preferably comprise scavenging material. The preservative is removed upon, contact with the scavenging material.
Description
2~33~1~
V7-17907/-/CGC 1~58 Apparatus for removing preservatives from solutions The present invention relates to an apparatus for removing preservatives from solutions, in particular from ophthalmic solutions applied in contact lens care.
Many solutions are available for ma]cing contact lenses more comfortable, safer, and easier to wear. ~or example, wet ing solutions facilitate the wetting of a lens, soa~ing solutions serve zs anti-microbial storage medium and preven~
dehydr2tion and distortion of the lens, and cleaning solutions remove accumulated eye secretions and other contaminants from lenses. A large number of other solution, are also used by contact lens patients. These ophthalmic solutions are typically mar}ceted in squeezable plastic containers or aerosol cans having a nozzle through which the solution is dispensed.
Because these solutions come in contact either directly or indirectly w~ith the eye, it is very important that they be free of microbial growth. To this end, it is common practice for -preservatives to be provided in these solutions. Among the preservatives used in ophthalmic solutions are polymoxin B
sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, chlorobutanol, organic mercurials, p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, and certain phenyls and substituted alcohols.
2033~1~
'~ p~o~iem exists, ho~iever, in ~ha' '_,.e ?reservz~ives used in the oph.~.zlmic solutions can cause eye ir~itaticn i- ~se~
in r~sh ccncent~z,ions ~or example, rerl-z'kcr.iu~ cr.lcride ~
is usea as a pr2serJative in ophthalmic solu_ions and has b--ad ~r~ ac-e-iai and an_i-fungzl ac-iv.~y w..en used with other ~c~ponenls, suc~ as discdium e.hrlene diam--e t2 ~-aacetic 2C'~
(_DT~ .owever, it has been reported that repeated use or can denature the corneal protein and cause irreversible eve damage. Also, ~n addition t~ cheTnical sensitivity, a n~m~e- c cor..zct lens wearers ~.ave allerg~c _eac~icns .o the prese~Jz~ives used ir. ccn'hzlm~'c scluticns, even a~ rela=i~ely 10W
ccncentraticns.
The typical remedy fcr overcoming chemical sensi'i~Ji~
and allersic reactions to preservatives in ophthalmic solutions entails switching the patients to an unpreserved solution.
~owever, unpreserved solutions present problems in marketing, as well as in home storage, in that once the container housing the solution is opened, the solution quickly ~ecomes contaminated and unsuitable for further use. They also tend to be very expensive to produce.
Therefore, there exists a need for an apparatus which removes preservatives, as well as other components, from a solution as the solution is dispensed to a patient.
20336~
~ ~ere e ~ists 2 furth2r -.eod ~ UC;. an app~-~ u ~hich7 -s easily manufactured and economical t~ use.
: ;
T'noro e::lsts a further need for an ~pparatus ~hich may '-e a~'~c-2~ _~ 2 st2ncard solution ccntaln2r.
The present invention provides a device for removing a preservative from ophthalmic and other solutions as the solution is dispensed from a container. The device preferably comprises a container having squeezable sidewalls defining a solution retaining chamber, but may also be an aerosol can or other container. The container also preferably includes a neck portion and a dispensing head having a container outlet on its end through which the solution is dispensed. Means for re-moving the preservative from the solution as the solution is dispensed from the chamber through the container outlet are also provided.
In a first embodiment, the means for removing a preservative from the solution comprise a scavenging material provided within the path of the solution as the solution is dispensed. In this embodiment, the device is a standard solution container housing a solution having the component to be removed, and the scavenging material is held ~ithin the dispensing head.
The scavenging material may have a positive charge for scavenging negatively charged preservatives or it may have a negative charge for scavenging positively charged preserva-tives or it may be a material which selectively scavenges components by a size exclusion mechanism or it or may comprise any other means for removing a component from solution.
` 2~33~1~
Tn an alte-n2tive e~bcdi.~ent, 2 fi_ment ma~l be uti zed having a f-~ment ~od-~ which is releasa~l~y encacable ~ h a stanard solu~ion co._~iner. ~he _ tmen_ inc~udes passage -eans within i-s body fc- allc-~ing ~55`-.~ 0- ' he SOl'~l icn --^-m _he containe- tc a fi~men~ outlet. _n _^is embodiment, _-e me2.-s f_r removing apreservative may comprise a scavenging material provided within the fitment so as to be ~i'h n the path of the solution as the solution is dispensed from the container outlet to the fitment outlet. The fitment has the advantage of beinS able to be adapted to standard solution containers.
Also, means for providing a control of the flow of solution out of the container may be p~ovided. For example, a check valve may be provided within the final dispensing outlet to prevent backflow of solution into the container following use.
Additionally, means for regulating the flow of air into the container, namely, a second check valve, may be placed within the neck portion of a squeezable container for allowing air to flow into a depressed container, thereby restoring the container to ~s o.i~ir.al shape. This embodimenl will minimiz2 the inc-ence of mic~obial gro.ith in the area o~ the ~_spensing he2d p-o~c mate _he f n21 dlspensina outl--t.
~ herefore, i_ is an objec_ o- the p~esent inven~isn to ?-ovide an apparatus .vn-ch e~oves ?-eserJ~tives, as well 25 sther components, frcm a solution as ~he soluticn is dis?ensed to a patient.
~ - is also an object oî 'he present invention to ?rovide such an appzra~us whicn is e2si'~ r2nllf2c= red 2r.G
economical to use.
It is also an object of the p~esent invention to provide such an apparatus which may be adapted tc a standard solution container. These and other o~jects and a~vantages will be more apparent from the following detailed description of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF T~IE DRAWINGS
Figure l is an exploded view of a first embodiment of the present invention in which scavenging material is provided within a container;
~ig-~-e ~ is 3 ~artial cross-section21 -.iew c~
~bodimen~ o- the ~resent inven~ion in which ssavenaing ~zter-al is provided withir. a con_~i..er;
~igu~e 3 is an e:~loded view of a seo^-.Q emnoi-.~er.- o_ ,he p~esen_ inver.ticn in wAich scaver.aing ~a_-e- ~ is ~-3-;id-d . . _ _ _ _ . . _ . .
-.ithin a fit~ent;
F~gure ~ is 2 partial c-oss-sectional vie~" of a s2c^r.~
er~odi~en- o the ~reser.~ inver.tion n wAicA s_2f2r.7i..s -a_Gr-~l is provi~ed wi.hin a ~__ment;
20336~
~ igure 5 is a partial c~oss-sect cnz -; ew or zn e~cdimen. o~ the presen. invention in "hich ~:-e disper.sing ne2G
i5 snap-fitted onto 2 container; and Figure 6 is a partial cross-sectional ~iew of 2n embodiment of the present invention having means for providing one-directional flo. of solution out of a con.ainer.
Referring to the figures, a device lO for removing components, such as preservatives, Erom solutions, such as an ophthalmic solution, is shown. The device 10 incl~des a container 12, preferably constructed of molded plastic, having res lient sidewalis l' .Jhich cerine 2 solution retainir.g c^a-~e ~nc which prefe~ably may be ceformed ~~y inward p~essure _o ?rcduce a ?ressure ~.iithi~ .he con.ain-r '~ cr -sir.c and dis?ensir.g i_s c_nter.ts. The contai-.er 12 is pr~vided ~ . 2n _-s.andina -.ec.~. -orticn ;5 havinc, e~_ernal thre2cs ;3 .herezr_u=.
.~ dis?ensir.g head 20 is prcvi-eu a_c- 'he rec.~ ~-_=i^n 6, e: :-e-~n.eg-ally, as sho~.Jn in Figs. 1-~, by thrëading ensagement, c- ~J
sna?-fitting er.gagement as shown in Figs. 5 and 6. A flange ?o-~ion ~2 is provided bet.Jeen the cis?ensing head ~0 and =~e c~.._air.er nec.; ~ he dis~ensing ,.ead 20 has passage mear.s, s ch as a duc_ cr cther ?assage-.Jay, =:--sugh its i-ngih which ~.
_~rn has a fi-s~ end in communication .~ith the cham`rer and a con.ainer ou,let 24 at the other end.
2033~ 4 In a first embodiment of the present invention, shc~Jn in Figs. 1 and 2, means for removing preservatives or other components zre placed directly ~.~ithin ~he dispenser head 20. In its preferred form, the preservative removing mezns comprise scavenging material 26 provided inter~.ediate the chamber and the container outlet 24, so as to be within the path of the solution as the solution is dispensed from the container 12. The material 26 should be positioned as close as possible to the outlet 2~ to minimize empty space in the uppe- portion of the dispensing head 20. The material 26 may be compressed into a porous mass ~hich is preferably insert molded into the dispensing head 20.
However, any other means of maintaining the material in the path of .:-e solu~icn may ~lso be used. '-l~zrnativei " --s s~os~n i-.
~ig. 2, the material 26 may be in thz _O~I of -' ne partiC12a ~~. ' -eld in ?lace by po-ous sup?ortin~ memDers 2 A~ and Ø ~he ~embers 2~ and .0 ~ay be made from ?orcus ?lasti-, auch 25 ~C~''_S
,oi.-ethylzr.z. ~n either C.~52~ it is i-po_,ant .h~- the solut c..
~ass .hroush the sc ver.ginc; m~terial ~o zs it e~i~s .he conlai~_~
12 aO that the component is removed u~cn contac~ ~Ji~h the scavenging material 26.
~ second embodiment o~ 'he i-venr on, s;-o.~n in Fics. .
~rd ~, includes a fitmen' 32 h~vin~ 2 ~-dv 3~ -;hic;~ ' S a~ abl z c a standar~-size container 12, suc:~ ~s described a-ove bu_ ~ithout the scavenging mate-ial 26 ~ hin i-s cis_ensing head 2^.
The lo~er por'-ion 36 of the fitment 12 is provided ~.rith internal 20336 ~L
threads 38 which complimentarily mate wi'h threzds la on the outer surface of the nec~ portion 15 so th~t the -_.ment 32 mav be releasably matable to the container 12. As seen in Fig. ~, ~hen the fitment 32 is in threaded relationship wi~n the container neck portion 16, an inter-.al flange ~0 of the fitment 32 rests atop the neck portion 16 to provide a seal between the fitment 32 and container 12. The fitment 32 has a fit~ent outle, 42 atop a tapered upper section 44, as well as a passage or duct through its length. The passage is preferably adjacent to and in flow registration with the container outlet 24 at one end and opens to the fitment outlet 42 at its other end. In this alternative embodiment, the scavenging material 26 is provided .~i.hin the _it~ent 3~, and -~moves _he ccmponer.~, such as n.,eserJative, f-cm the sol~icn as the solution p~sses ~~cm ' -container outlet ~ir to t-.e _-ent cu~let ~2. .~5 `' n the first embodi~ent, ~he s_avenger ~z~erial -~6 may be in so~id mass c~
po~;cer o~ other _crm.
. . ... . , .. .. . _ . .
Fig. 6 shows a cevice 10 o~ the present invention ;hi_h includes means for providing one-direc icnal flow o~ solu~ion cu~
of ,he containe~, such as a chec.~ valve 50. ?-ererably, the valve 50 is a defor~aDle, ?oly-,e-ic valve that is _ositioned within the ccn~ainer oulle~ 2~ sc as ~c be in ~-low ccmmunicar cn with the interior portion c- the dispensing head 20 -t one end and with the atmosphere at a second end. In i.s no--al or closed position, the valve 50 does not allow air or solution to flow ~3~
into or out of the container 12. Howeve-, as a result of the pressure exerted onto the container 12 ~urins use, ~he valve 50 ~oves to an open position that allows the solution to pass through to the atmosphere. When the pressure on the container 12 is stopped, the valve 50 closes and any solution re~aining atop the valve 50 cannot be pulled bac~ inside the container 12, thereby minimizing the incidence of orc,anisms reentering the container 12 after use.
Also, when a squeezable container 12 is used, means for drawing air into the container 12 may be provided for returning the container 12 to its original shape. Preferably, a second one way ChQC~ valve 52 is ~-ovi~ec wi_hin the nec~ po-t~oa 1, --~-elor.~ the sc2venging ~aterial ~S. 7;?0n -elease of t:-e C^~ .Q-'2 ~y ~e user, ai~ is drawn i-.'3 ,he container ~2 ~y he ~al-:--2, _hereDy _es.oring the contain2r 12 t~ i_s pro?er s..ape.
`. so '~ecaus2 he val-;e ~2 is o.~.e-di-ectio-.al ~ 501u_- cn --0...
-;i_hin the con~aine~ ~~ ca-.r.07 ~ea-. ^u_ '- =he a=-OSP;-_~Q ~ h _he valve 52. Further~ore, necause the second valve ~2 is .,elc.
the scavenging ~aterial 26, any c.canism which should ha?pen to ''2 Wi ,k.dra~n in_o th2 container ;ill be de~osited into the p~_s2rv2d soluticn an ~ Qd.
Both the cispensinc heas 2~ cf he r-i-sl em~cci en_ a-.~
:-e fit~ent 32 of the second emhodi~ent ~ay ir.clude a closure cap ~6. ~he closure cap 46 may r.ave i-.te~nal threaas ~ ca~able o-2~3361~
Datingly engaging with either the threads 18 of th2 rec~ por~icn15, zs shoun in Fig. 1, or the external threads 50 o '_he fi.mer_ 32, as shown in Fig. 3, and resting on flange 22.
Of course, containers other than squeezable plas~ic types may be utilized. The scavenging material may be placed within an aerosol type dispenser, a solid bottle, or sone other container.
Virtually any type of scavenging material 26 for removing a preservative or other component from solution may be used. For example, removal of benzal~onium chloride or other cuaternary ammonium compounds can be accomplished by 2n ionic e;change mechanism. The scavenging r~aterial 26 would preferably _e an i-.ert ..aterial ~.~ith a negative charge, and the ~ositivelv charged aualernary ammonium co~pound would adhere to 'he material 26 as it flo~s through the fitment 32 o- dispensing head 20, depending on the embodiment. rxamples of products cap2ble or reroving positively charged preservatives such as BA~ include AG-~OX-8, AG-50X-16, BIO-BS-S~2, and BIO REX70, all available rrom BIO-RAD Laboratories, Richmond, Cali~o-r.ia and Ac-opo.
5A-6~0~1. available from Gelrhan Sciences, ~nn Arbor, ~ichigan.
Si~ilarly, negatively charsed components, such as 2ci-s, may be removed by usi..g positively charged scavenging material 26.
Examples of such scavenging material includes AG-l, AG-2X8, and AG-lO Alumina from BIO-RAD Laboratories. For example, it has been found that scavenging material 26 corprising Chelex 100 from 2~33~
Bio Rad will remove Thimerosal from solution. ,~,lternatively, the scavenging material may be pcrous plastic, such as porous polyeth~lene, imbedded with a cross-linked styrene divinyl benzene which is sulfonated to produce either a positively charged hydrogen form or a negatively charged sodium form. Other scavenging materials useful in the Dresent invention are those relating to chemical affinity techniques, such as im~unoassay, active site binding and affinity chromatography.
~s one particular example, it has been found that a scavenging material comprised of a mixture of "Bio Rex 5" and "AG-4", both Bio ~ad p~cducts, in a 7~ to 25 ratio will alrost completely ~emove .1o- sorbic acid from a solution and r~ise _;e FH o_ the solution f_om ~.0 to 7Ø This is lmportant s-r.ce sorbic acid is a commonly used preservative in contact lens solutions. In addition, sorbic acid is normally stcred at pH =
7.0, where it is not stable. At pH = ~.0, i' is very s~able but cannot be instilled into the eye. The present invention will therefore allow solution to be stored at low p~ and the pH raised to an ocularly acceptable ievel as the solution is administe-ed Other preservatives that ~e not di~ec'ly charged, such as chlorhexadine, could also be removed by the present invention.
For example, a size exclusion mechanism may be utilize~ for removing certain types of preservatlve compounds. ~verall, the term "scavenging material" as used herein refers to all ~aterial which will remove or change the nature of preservatives or other components in a solution exiting the container.
2033~1~
From the foregoing description of the invention, it should be seen that the present invention provides the ability to dispense preservative-free solutions from containers housing solutions that are preserved. ~hereas the present invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it should be understood that various changes and modifications will be suggested to one skilled in the art and it is intended that Bio Rad will remove Thimerosal from solution. Alternatively, the scavenging material may be porous plas'ic, such as porous polyethylene, imbedded with a cross-lin~ed styrene divinyl benzene which is sulfonated to produce either a positively charged hydrogen form or a negatively charged sodium form. Other scavënging materials useful in the present invention are those relating to chemical affinity techni~ues, such as im~unoassay, active site binding and affinity chromatography.
As one particular example, it has been found that a scavenging material comprised of a mixture of "Bio Rex 5" and the i-.vention encompzss such chanaes ~nd modifications tha~
fall ~rithi~ the scope c_ the appended claims.
V7-17907/-/CGC 1~58 Apparatus for removing preservatives from solutions The present invention relates to an apparatus for removing preservatives from solutions, in particular from ophthalmic solutions applied in contact lens care.
Many solutions are available for ma]cing contact lenses more comfortable, safer, and easier to wear. ~or example, wet ing solutions facilitate the wetting of a lens, soa~ing solutions serve zs anti-microbial storage medium and preven~
dehydr2tion and distortion of the lens, and cleaning solutions remove accumulated eye secretions and other contaminants from lenses. A large number of other solution, are also used by contact lens patients. These ophthalmic solutions are typically mar}ceted in squeezable plastic containers or aerosol cans having a nozzle through which the solution is dispensed.
Because these solutions come in contact either directly or indirectly w~ith the eye, it is very important that they be free of microbial growth. To this end, it is common practice for -preservatives to be provided in these solutions. Among the preservatives used in ophthalmic solutions are polymoxin B
sulfate, quaternary ammonium compounds, chlorobutanol, organic mercurials, p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, and certain phenyls and substituted alcohols.
2033~1~
'~ p~o~iem exists, ho~iever, in ~ha' '_,.e ?reservz~ives used in the oph.~.zlmic solutions can cause eye ir~itaticn i- ~se~
in r~sh ccncent~z,ions ~or example, rerl-z'kcr.iu~ cr.lcride ~
is usea as a pr2serJative in ophthalmic solu_ions and has b--ad ~r~ ac-e-iai and an_i-fungzl ac-iv.~y w..en used with other ~c~ponenls, suc~ as discdium e.hrlene diam--e t2 ~-aacetic 2C'~
(_DT~ .owever, it has been reported that repeated use or can denature the corneal protein and cause irreversible eve damage. Also, ~n addition t~ cheTnical sensitivity, a n~m~e- c cor..zct lens wearers ~.ave allerg~c _eac~icns .o the prese~Jz~ives used ir. ccn'hzlm~'c scluticns, even a~ rela=i~ely 10W
ccncentraticns.
The typical remedy fcr overcoming chemical sensi'i~Ji~
and allersic reactions to preservatives in ophthalmic solutions entails switching the patients to an unpreserved solution.
~owever, unpreserved solutions present problems in marketing, as well as in home storage, in that once the container housing the solution is opened, the solution quickly ~ecomes contaminated and unsuitable for further use. They also tend to be very expensive to produce.
Therefore, there exists a need for an apparatus which removes preservatives, as well as other components, from a solution as the solution is dispensed to a patient.
20336~
~ ~ere e ~ists 2 furth2r -.eod ~ UC;. an app~-~ u ~hich7 -s easily manufactured and economical t~ use.
: ;
T'noro e::lsts a further need for an ~pparatus ~hich may '-e a~'~c-2~ _~ 2 st2ncard solution ccntaln2r.
The present invention provides a device for removing a preservative from ophthalmic and other solutions as the solution is dispensed from a container. The device preferably comprises a container having squeezable sidewalls defining a solution retaining chamber, but may also be an aerosol can or other container. The container also preferably includes a neck portion and a dispensing head having a container outlet on its end through which the solution is dispensed. Means for re-moving the preservative from the solution as the solution is dispensed from the chamber through the container outlet are also provided.
In a first embodiment, the means for removing a preservative from the solution comprise a scavenging material provided within the path of the solution as the solution is dispensed. In this embodiment, the device is a standard solution container housing a solution having the component to be removed, and the scavenging material is held ~ithin the dispensing head.
The scavenging material may have a positive charge for scavenging negatively charged preservatives or it may have a negative charge for scavenging positively charged preserva-tives or it may be a material which selectively scavenges components by a size exclusion mechanism or it or may comprise any other means for removing a component from solution.
` 2~33~1~
Tn an alte-n2tive e~bcdi.~ent, 2 fi_ment ma~l be uti zed having a f-~ment ~od-~ which is releasa~l~y encacable ~ h a stanard solu~ion co._~iner. ~he _ tmen_ inc~udes passage -eans within i-s body fc- allc-~ing ~55`-.~ 0- ' he SOl'~l icn --^-m _he containe- tc a fi~men~ outlet. _n _^is embodiment, _-e me2.-s f_r removing apreservative may comprise a scavenging material provided within the fitment so as to be ~i'h n the path of the solution as the solution is dispensed from the container outlet to the fitment outlet. The fitment has the advantage of beinS able to be adapted to standard solution containers.
Also, means for providing a control of the flow of solution out of the container may be p~ovided. For example, a check valve may be provided within the final dispensing outlet to prevent backflow of solution into the container following use.
Additionally, means for regulating the flow of air into the container, namely, a second check valve, may be placed within the neck portion of a squeezable container for allowing air to flow into a depressed container, thereby restoring the container to ~s o.i~ir.al shape. This embodimenl will minimiz2 the inc-ence of mic~obial gro.ith in the area o~ the ~_spensing he2d p-o~c mate _he f n21 dlspensina outl--t.
~ herefore, i_ is an objec_ o- the p~esent inven~isn to ?-ovide an apparatus .vn-ch e~oves ?-eserJ~tives, as well 25 sther components, frcm a solution as ~he soluticn is dis?ensed to a patient.
~ - is also an object oî 'he present invention to ?rovide such an appzra~us whicn is e2si'~ r2nllf2c= red 2r.G
economical to use.
It is also an object of the p~esent invention to provide such an apparatus which may be adapted tc a standard solution container. These and other o~jects and a~vantages will be more apparent from the following detailed description of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF T~IE DRAWINGS
Figure l is an exploded view of a first embodiment of the present invention in which scavenging material is provided within a container;
~ig-~-e ~ is 3 ~artial cross-section21 -.iew c~
~bodimen~ o- the ~resent inven~ion in which ssavenaing ~zter-al is provided withir. a con_~i..er;
~igu~e 3 is an e:~loded view of a seo^-.Q emnoi-.~er.- o_ ,he p~esen_ inver.ticn in wAich scaver.aing ~a_-e- ~ is ~-3-;id-d . . _ _ _ _ . . _ . .
-.ithin a fit~ent;
F~gure ~ is 2 partial c-oss-sectional vie~" of a s2c^r.~
er~odi~en- o the ~reser.~ inver.tion n wAicA s_2f2r.7i..s -a_Gr-~l is provi~ed wi.hin a ~__ment;
20336~
~ igure 5 is a partial c~oss-sect cnz -; ew or zn e~cdimen. o~ the presen. invention in "hich ~:-e disper.sing ne2G
i5 snap-fitted onto 2 container; and Figure 6 is a partial cross-sectional ~iew of 2n embodiment of the present invention having means for providing one-directional flo. of solution out of a con.ainer.
Referring to the figures, a device lO for removing components, such as preservatives, Erom solutions, such as an ophthalmic solution, is shown. The device 10 incl~des a container 12, preferably constructed of molded plastic, having res lient sidewalis l' .Jhich cerine 2 solution retainir.g c^a-~e ~nc which prefe~ably may be ceformed ~~y inward p~essure _o ?rcduce a ?ressure ~.iithi~ .he con.ain-r '~ cr -sir.c and dis?ensir.g i_s c_nter.ts. The contai-.er 12 is pr~vided ~ . 2n _-s.andina -.ec.~. -orticn ;5 havinc, e~_ernal thre2cs ;3 .herezr_u=.
.~ dis?ensir.g head 20 is prcvi-eu a_c- 'he rec.~ ~-_=i^n 6, e: :-e-~n.eg-ally, as sho~.Jn in Figs. 1-~, by thrëading ensagement, c- ~J
sna?-fitting er.gagement as shown in Figs. 5 and 6. A flange ?o-~ion ~2 is provided bet.Jeen the cis?ensing head ~0 and =~e c~.._air.er nec.; ~ he dis~ensing ,.ead 20 has passage mear.s, s ch as a duc_ cr cther ?assage-.Jay, =:--sugh its i-ngih which ~.
_~rn has a fi-s~ end in communication .~ith the cham`rer and a con.ainer ou,let 24 at the other end.
2033~ 4 In a first embodiment of the present invention, shc~Jn in Figs. 1 and 2, means for removing preservatives or other components zre placed directly ~.~ithin ~he dispenser head 20. In its preferred form, the preservative removing mezns comprise scavenging material 26 provided inter~.ediate the chamber and the container outlet 24, so as to be within the path of the solution as the solution is dispensed from the container 12. The material 26 should be positioned as close as possible to the outlet 2~ to minimize empty space in the uppe- portion of the dispensing head 20. The material 26 may be compressed into a porous mass ~hich is preferably insert molded into the dispensing head 20.
However, any other means of maintaining the material in the path of .:-e solu~icn may ~lso be used. '-l~zrnativei " --s s~os~n i-.
~ig. 2, the material 26 may be in thz _O~I of -' ne partiC12a ~~. ' -eld in ?lace by po-ous sup?ortin~ memDers 2 A~ and Ø ~he ~embers 2~ and .0 ~ay be made from ?orcus ?lasti-, auch 25 ~C~''_S
,oi.-ethylzr.z. ~n either C.~52~ it is i-po_,ant .h~- the solut c..
~ass .hroush the sc ver.ginc; m~terial ~o zs it e~i~s .he conlai~_~
12 aO that the component is removed u~cn contac~ ~Ji~h the scavenging material 26.
~ second embodiment o~ 'he i-venr on, s;-o.~n in Fics. .
~rd ~, includes a fitmen' 32 h~vin~ 2 ~-dv 3~ -;hic;~ ' S a~ abl z c a standar~-size container 12, suc:~ ~s described a-ove bu_ ~ithout the scavenging mate-ial 26 ~ hin i-s cis_ensing head 2^.
The lo~er por'-ion 36 of the fitment 12 is provided ~.rith internal 20336 ~L
threads 38 which complimentarily mate wi'h threzds la on the outer surface of the nec~ portion 15 so th~t the -_.ment 32 mav be releasably matable to the container 12. As seen in Fig. ~, ~hen the fitment 32 is in threaded relationship wi~n the container neck portion 16, an inter-.al flange ~0 of the fitment 32 rests atop the neck portion 16 to provide a seal between the fitment 32 and container 12. The fitment 32 has a fit~ent outle, 42 atop a tapered upper section 44, as well as a passage or duct through its length. The passage is preferably adjacent to and in flow registration with the container outlet 24 at one end and opens to the fitment outlet 42 at its other end. In this alternative embodiment, the scavenging material 26 is provided .~i.hin the _it~ent 3~, and -~moves _he ccmponer.~, such as n.,eserJative, f-cm the sol~icn as the solution p~sses ~~cm ' -container outlet ~ir to t-.e _-ent cu~let ~2. .~5 `' n the first embodi~ent, ~he s_avenger ~z~erial -~6 may be in so~id mass c~
po~;cer o~ other _crm.
. . ... . , .. .. . _ . .
Fig. 6 shows a cevice 10 o~ the present invention ;hi_h includes means for providing one-direc icnal flow o~ solu~ion cu~
of ,he containe~, such as a chec.~ valve 50. ?-ererably, the valve 50 is a defor~aDle, ?oly-,e-ic valve that is _ositioned within the ccn~ainer oulle~ 2~ sc as ~c be in ~-low ccmmunicar cn with the interior portion c- the dispensing head 20 -t one end and with the atmosphere at a second end. In i.s no--al or closed position, the valve 50 does not allow air or solution to flow ~3~
into or out of the container 12. Howeve-, as a result of the pressure exerted onto the container 12 ~urins use, ~he valve 50 ~oves to an open position that allows the solution to pass through to the atmosphere. When the pressure on the container 12 is stopped, the valve 50 closes and any solution re~aining atop the valve 50 cannot be pulled bac~ inside the container 12, thereby minimizing the incidence of orc,anisms reentering the container 12 after use.
Also, when a squeezable container 12 is used, means for drawing air into the container 12 may be provided for returning the container 12 to its original shape. Preferably, a second one way ChQC~ valve 52 is ~-ovi~ec wi_hin the nec~ po-t~oa 1, --~-elor.~ the sc2venging ~aterial ~S. 7;?0n -elease of t:-e C^~ .Q-'2 ~y ~e user, ai~ is drawn i-.'3 ,he container ~2 ~y he ~al-:--2, _hereDy _es.oring the contain2r 12 t~ i_s pro?er s..ape.
`. so '~ecaus2 he val-;e ~2 is o.~.e-di-ectio-.al ~ 501u_- cn --0...
-;i_hin the con~aine~ ~~ ca-.r.07 ~ea-. ^u_ '- =he a=-OSP;-_~Q ~ h _he valve 52. Further~ore, necause the second valve ~2 is .,elc.
the scavenging ~aterial 26, any c.canism which should ha?pen to ''2 Wi ,k.dra~n in_o th2 container ;ill be de~osited into the p~_s2rv2d soluticn an ~ Qd.
Both the cispensinc heas 2~ cf he r-i-sl em~cci en_ a-.~
:-e fit~ent 32 of the second emhodi~ent ~ay ir.clude a closure cap ~6. ~he closure cap 46 may r.ave i-.te~nal threaas ~ ca~able o-2~3361~
Datingly engaging with either the threads 18 of th2 rec~ por~icn15, zs shoun in Fig. 1, or the external threads 50 o '_he fi.mer_ 32, as shown in Fig. 3, and resting on flange 22.
Of course, containers other than squeezable plas~ic types may be utilized. The scavenging material may be placed within an aerosol type dispenser, a solid bottle, or sone other container.
Virtually any type of scavenging material 26 for removing a preservative or other component from solution may be used. For example, removal of benzal~onium chloride or other cuaternary ammonium compounds can be accomplished by 2n ionic e;change mechanism. The scavenging r~aterial 26 would preferably _e an i-.ert ..aterial ~.~ith a negative charge, and the ~ositivelv charged aualernary ammonium co~pound would adhere to 'he material 26 as it flo~s through the fitment 32 o- dispensing head 20, depending on the embodiment. rxamples of products cap2ble or reroving positively charged preservatives such as BA~ include AG-~OX-8, AG-50X-16, BIO-BS-S~2, and BIO REX70, all available rrom BIO-RAD Laboratories, Richmond, Cali~o-r.ia and Ac-opo.
5A-6~0~1. available from Gelrhan Sciences, ~nn Arbor, ~ichigan.
Si~ilarly, negatively charsed components, such as 2ci-s, may be removed by usi..g positively charged scavenging material 26.
Examples of such scavenging material includes AG-l, AG-2X8, and AG-lO Alumina from BIO-RAD Laboratories. For example, it has been found that scavenging material 26 corprising Chelex 100 from 2~33~
Bio Rad will remove Thimerosal from solution. ,~,lternatively, the scavenging material may be pcrous plastic, such as porous polyeth~lene, imbedded with a cross-linked styrene divinyl benzene which is sulfonated to produce either a positively charged hydrogen form or a negatively charged sodium form. Other scavenging materials useful in the Dresent invention are those relating to chemical affinity techniques, such as im~unoassay, active site binding and affinity chromatography.
~s one particular example, it has been found that a scavenging material comprised of a mixture of "Bio Rex 5" and "AG-4", both Bio ~ad p~cducts, in a 7~ to 25 ratio will alrost completely ~emove .1o- sorbic acid from a solution and r~ise _;e FH o_ the solution f_om ~.0 to 7Ø This is lmportant s-r.ce sorbic acid is a commonly used preservative in contact lens solutions. In addition, sorbic acid is normally stcred at pH =
7.0, where it is not stable. At pH = ~.0, i' is very s~able but cannot be instilled into the eye. The present invention will therefore allow solution to be stored at low p~ and the pH raised to an ocularly acceptable ievel as the solution is administe-ed Other preservatives that ~e not di~ec'ly charged, such as chlorhexadine, could also be removed by the present invention.
For example, a size exclusion mechanism may be utilize~ for removing certain types of preservatlve compounds. ~verall, the term "scavenging material" as used herein refers to all ~aterial which will remove or change the nature of preservatives or other components in a solution exiting the container.
2033~1~
From the foregoing description of the invention, it should be seen that the present invention provides the ability to dispense preservative-free solutions from containers housing solutions that are preserved. ~hereas the present invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments thereof, it should be understood that various changes and modifications will be suggested to one skilled in the art and it is intended that Bio Rad will remove Thimerosal from solution. Alternatively, the scavenging material may be porous plas'ic, such as porous polyethylene, imbedded with a cross-lin~ed styrene divinyl benzene which is sulfonated to produce either a positively charged hydrogen form or a negatively charged sodium form. Other scavënging materials useful in the present invention are those relating to chemical affinity techni~ues, such as im~unoassay, active site binding and affinity chromatography.
As one particular example, it has been found that a scavenging material comprised of a mixture of "Bio Rex 5" and the i-.vention encompzss such chanaes ~nd modifications tha~
fall ~rithi~ the scope c_ the appended claims.
Claims (39)
1. A dispensing device, comprising:
a) a container body defining a solution retaining chamber therein, said container having a container outlet for dispensing said solution from said chamber; and b) means for removing a preservative from said solution as said solution is dispensed from said chamber through said container outlet.
a) a container body defining a solution retaining chamber therein, said container having a container outlet for dispensing said solution from said chamber; and b) means for removing a preservative from said solution as said solution is dispensed from said chamber through said container outlet.
2. The device of Claim 1, wherein said removing means comprise a scavenging material provided within the path of said solution as said solution travels from said chamber to said container outlet.
3. The device of Claim 1, and fur her comprising a dispensing head on said container having passage means therethrough, said passage means having a first end in communication with said chamber and said container outlet being at the other end thereof, said removing means located intermediate said first end and said container outlet.
4. The device of Claim 3, wherein said dispensing head is integrally formed on said container body.
5. The device of Claim 2, wherein said scavenging material has a negative charge and said preservative has a positive charge.
6. The device of Claim 2, wherein said scavenging material has a positive charge and said preservative has a negative charge.
7. The device of Claim 2, wherein said scavenging material is fumed silica and said preservative is a quaternary ammonium compound.
8. The device of Claim 2, wherein said scavenging material is a size exclusion material for selectively removing said preservative based upon the size thereof.
9. The device of Claim 3, wherein said removing means is insert-molded into said dispensing head.
10. The device of Claim 2, wherein said solution is an ophthalmic solution applied in contact lens care.
11. The device of Claim 2, wherein said scavenging material is in the form of a porous mass.
12. The device of Claim 1, and further comprising a fitment releasably engagable with said container body and having a passage therethrough, one end of said passage being in flow communication with said container cutlet and a fitment outlet through which said solution may be dispensed from said container being at the other end of said passage, and wherein said removing means is provided within said passage.
13. The device of Claim 12, wherein said container body has a dispensing head having a duct therethrough, said duct having one end in flow registration with said chamber and said container outlet being at the other end thereof, and wherein said device further comprises means for releasably mating said fitment with said dispensing head.
14. The device of Claim 13, wherein said mating means comprises a threaded neck portion on said dispensing head and wherein said fitment has a threaded base portion complimentarily threaded to said neck portion.
15. The device of Claim 2, wherein said scavenging material is porous plastic embedded with sulfonated cross-linked styrene divinyl benzene.
16. The device of Claim 3, wherein said dispensing head is threadingly matable onto said container body.
17. The device of Claim 3, wherein said dispensing head is snap fittingly engagable onto said container body.
18. The device of Claim 1, wherein said container body is an aerosol can.
19. The device of Claim 1, and further comprising means on said container body for controlling the direction of flow of solution from said container body.
20. The device of Claim 20, wherein said means for controlling the direction of flow of solution from said container body comprise a first check valve provided in said container outlet.
21. The device of Claim 20, and further comprising means on said container body for regulating the flow of air into said chamber below said preservative removing means.
22. The device of Claim 21, wherein said regulating means comprise a second check valve.
23. A fitment for removing a preservative from a solution dispensed from the outlet of a container, comprising:
a) a body portion having one of its ends capable of being in flow communication with said container outlet, a fitment outlet at its other end and a passageway interconnecting said ends;
b) means on said fitment for engaging said fitment to said container; and c) means within said passage for removing a preservative from said solution as said solution passes from said container outlet to said fitment outlet.
a) a body portion having one of its ends capable of being in flow communication with said container outlet, a fitment outlet at its other end and a passageway interconnecting said ends;
b) means on said fitment for engaging said fitment to said container; and c) means within said passage for removing a preservative from said solution as said solution passes from said container outlet to said fitment outlet.
24. The fitment of Claim 23, wherein said removing means comprise scavenging material provided within the path of said solution.
25. The fitment of Claim 24, wherein said scavenging material has a negative charge and said preservative is positively charged.
26. The fitment of Claim 24, wherein said scavenging material has a positive charge and said preservative is negatively charged.
27. The fitment of Claim 24, wherein said scavenging material is fumed silica and said preservative is a quaternary ammonium compound.
28. The fitment of Claim 24, wherein said scavenging material selectively scavenges said preservative by a size exclusion mechanism.
29. The fitment of Claim 23, wherein said container has a dispensing head having said container outlet therethrough, and wherein said fitment body is releasably engagable with said dispensing head.
30. The fitment of Claim 29, wherein said dispensing head has a threaded neck portion and wherein said fitment body has a threaded base portion threadingly matable to said neck portion for engaging said fitment body with said container.
31. The fitment of Claim 23, wherein said solution is an ophthalmic solution.
32. The fitment of Claim 23, wherein said scavenging material is comprised of porous plastic embedded with sulfonated cross-linked styrene divinyl benzene.
33. The fitment of Claim 30, wherein said dispensing head is threadingly matable onto said container.
34. The fitment of Claim 30, wherein said dispensing head is integral with said container.
35. The fitment of Claim 30, wherein said dispensing head is snap fittingly engagable onto said container.
36. The fitment of Claim 23, and further comprising means on said container body for controlling the direction of flow of said solution from said container body.
37. The fitment of Claim 23, wherein said means for controlling the direction of flow of solution from the container body comprises a first check valve provided in said container outlet.
38. The fitment of Claim 23, and further comprising means on said container body for regulating the flow of air into said chamber below said component removing means.
39. The fitment of Claim 38, wherein said regulating means comprise a second check valve.
FO 7.7/
FO 7.7/
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US461,988 | 1990-01-08 | ||
| US07/461,988 US5056689A (en) | 1990-01-08 | 1990-01-08 | Apparatus for removing components from solutions |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2033614A1 true CA2033614A1 (en) | 1991-07-09 |
Family
ID=23834767
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2033614 Abandoned CA2033614A1 (en) | 1990-01-08 | 1991-01-04 | Apparatus for removing preservatives from solutions |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5056689A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0439999B2 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP3247934B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR0167560B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE102008T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU631278B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2033614A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69007071T3 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK0439999T4 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2049963T5 (en) |
| IE (1) | IE64081B1 (en) |
| IL (1) | IL96890A (en) |
| PT (1) | PT96436B (en) |
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-
1990
- 1990-01-08 US US07/461,988 patent/US5056689A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-12-27 DK DK90811034T patent/DK0439999T4/en active
- 1990-12-27 ES ES90811034T patent/ES2049963T5/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-12-27 EP EP19900811034 patent/EP0439999B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-12-27 DE DE1990607071 patent/DE69007071T3/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-12-27 AT AT90811034T patent/ATE102008T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1991
- 1991-01-02 AU AU68607/91A patent/AU631278B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1991-01-04 CA CA 2033614 patent/CA2033614A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-01-07 PT PT96436A patent/PT96436B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-01-07 KR KR1019910000085A patent/KR0167560B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-01-07 IL IL9689091A patent/IL96890A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-01-07 IE IE4891A patent/IE64081B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-01-08 JP JP1150391A patent/JP3247934B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH04297264A (en) | 1992-10-21 |
| EP0439999B1 (en) | 1994-03-02 |
| ATE102008T1 (en) | 1994-03-15 |
| AU631278B2 (en) | 1992-11-19 |
| IE910048A1 (en) | 1991-07-31 |
| DE69007071T2 (en) | 1994-07-14 |
| AU6860791A (en) | 1991-07-11 |
| KR0167560B1 (en) | 1999-01-15 |
| IL96890A0 (en) | 1992-03-29 |
| DK0439999T3 (en) | 1994-03-28 |
| DK0439999T4 (en) | 1999-06-28 |
| KR910014096A (en) | 1991-08-31 |
| PT96436A (en) | 1992-12-31 |
| DE69007071T3 (en) | 1999-04-29 |
| JP3247934B2 (en) | 2002-01-21 |
| PT96436B (en) | 1999-06-30 |
| US5056689A (en) | 1991-10-15 |
| DE69007071D1 (en) | 1994-04-07 |
| EP0439999A1 (en) | 1991-08-07 |
| ES2049963T5 (en) | 1998-12-16 |
| IL96890A (en) | 1993-08-18 |
| ES2049963T3 (en) | 1994-05-01 |
| IE64081B1 (en) | 1995-07-12 |
| EP0439999B2 (en) | 1998-10-21 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |