CA1333153C - Aqueous emulsion for pharmaceutical dosage form - Google Patents
Aqueous emulsion for pharmaceutical dosage formInfo
- Publication number
- CA1333153C CA1333153C CA000596194A CA596194A CA1333153C CA 1333153 C CA1333153 C CA 1333153C CA 000596194 A CA000596194 A CA 000596194A CA 596194 A CA596194 A CA 596194A CA 1333153 C CA1333153 C CA 1333153C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- drug
- emulsion
- wall
- dosage form
- compartment
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
- A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
- A61K9/2806—Coating materials
- A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K9/286—Polysaccharides, e.g. gums; Cyclodextrin
- A61K9/2866—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0002—Galenical forms characterised by the drug release technique; Application systems commanded by energy
- A61K9/0004—Osmotic delivery systems; Sustained release driven by osmosis, thermal energy or gas
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
- A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
- A61K9/2806—Coating materials
- A61K9/2833—Organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K9/284—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone
- A61K9/2846—Poly(meth)acrylates
Abstract
A dosage form is disclosed comprising a cured emulsion coat that surrounds a drug. The emulsion comprises a lower alkyl acrylate-lower alkyl methacrylate copolymer and ethyl cellulose.
The emulsion optionally comprises a hydrophilic polymer. The invention also provides an osmotic device comprising: (a) a wall comprising a cured emulsion, said emulsion comprising a lower alkylacrylate-lower methacrylate wherein the lower alkyl comprises 1 to 7 carbon atoms and ethylcellulose, which wall surrounds;
(b) a compartment; (c) a therapeutically effective amount of drug in the compartment; and, (d) at least one passageway in the wall connecting the exterior with the interior of the device for delivering the drug over time.
The emulsion optionally comprises a hydrophilic polymer. The invention also provides an osmotic device comprising: (a) a wall comprising a cured emulsion, said emulsion comprising a lower alkylacrylate-lower methacrylate wherein the lower alkyl comprises 1 to 7 carbon atoms and ethylcellulose, which wall surrounds;
(b) a compartment; (c) a therapeutically effective amount of drug in the compartment; and, (d) at least one passageway in the wall connecting the exterior with the interior of the device for delivering the drug over time.
Description
5This invention pertains to a pharmaceutical dosage form 6comprising an aqueous emulsion coat and to an aqueous emulsion coat.
9 In Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14th Ed., p 1681, (1970), it is reported that pill coating has been a pharmaceutically 11 accepted technique for well over ten centuries. For instance, Rhazes 12 (850-932 A. D.) in the ninth century used a mucilage for coating pills, 13 and Avicenna (980-1037 A. D.) is credited with the introduction of 14 silver and gold pill coatings into medicine. At one time the coating of pills with finely powdered talcum, called pearl coating, was very 16 popular. The gelatin coating of pills was introduced by Garot in 1838.
17 The first sugar coated pills in the United States were imported from 18 France in about 1842. The first sugar coated pills manufactured in the 19 United States was in 1856 by Warner, a Philadelphia pharmacist. The coating of pills with tolu was done in about 1860 and twenty-four years 21 later Unna introduced the enteric coated pill.
22 Various pharmaceutical articles of manufacture have been 23 coated by the drug dispensing art. For example, tablets were coated to 24 provide a more attractive dosage form, to protect the drug content from moisture and to enhance its taste. Then too, tablets were provided 26 with a coat for releasing a drug by enteric dissolution in the intestine 27 of a warm-blooded animal. Recently, in 1972, Theeuwes and Higuchi 28 coated osmotic dosage forms with a semipermeable rate controlling wall 1 3 ~ 3 1 5 3 67696-137 1 for delivering a drug at a known rate per unit time.
9 In Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14th Ed., p 1681, (1970), it is reported that pill coating has been a pharmaceutically 11 accepted technique for well over ten centuries. For instance, Rhazes 12 (850-932 A. D.) in the ninth century used a mucilage for coating pills, 13 and Avicenna (980-1037 A. D.) is credited with the introduction of 14 silver and gold pill coatings into medicine. At one time the coating of pills with finely powdered talcum, called pearl coating, was very 16 popular. The gelatin coating of pills was introduced by Garot in 1838.
17 The first sugar coated pills in the United States were imported from 18 France in about 1842. The first sugar coated pills manufactured in the 19 United States was in 1856 by Warner, a Philadelphia pharmacist. The coating of pills with tolu was done in about 1860 and twenty-four years 21 later Unna introduced the enteric coated pill.
22 Various pharmaceutical articles of manufacture have been 23 coated by the drug dispensing art. For example, tablets were coated to 24 provide a more attractive dosage form, to protect the drug content from moisture and to enhance its taste. Then too, tablets were provided 26 with a coat for releasing a drug by enteric dissolution in the intestine 27 of a warm-blooded animal. Recently, in 1972, Theeuwes and Higuchi 28 coated osmotic dosage forms with a semipermeable rate controlling wall 1 3 ~ 3 1 5 3 67696-137 1 for delivering a drug at a known rate per unit time.
2 While the above-mentioned dosage forms are useful in the manage-3 ment of health and disease serious disadvantages are associated with 4 them. That is, usually organic solvents are used for applying the coating to the drug and serious, unwanted drawbacks accompany the use 6 of organic solvents. For example, organic solvents generally are toxic 7 to living tissue and they must be substantially pulled from the dosage 8 form to avoid a hazard to the dosage form's recipient. Another serious 9 drawback with the use of organic solvents is that they are flammable thereby possibly providing the danger of fire during the manufacturing 11 process. Also, organic solvents present an environmental problem and 12 the use of such solvents requires complicated recovery systems to avoid 13 contaminating the environment. The recovery systems are expensive to 14 operate and adds to the cost of the final dosage form.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the drug dispensing art 16 that if a coating is provided that is substantially free of organic 17 solvents when coating drugs, drug granules, drug powders, drug dispen-18 sers, and the like, such a coating would have an immediate positive 19 value and, concomitantly, represent an advancement in the drug coating art. Likewise, it will be appreciated-by those versed in the dispen-21 sing art that if a coating that is applied from a non-organic solvent, 22 and the coated delivery device possesses the thermodynamic ability to 23 deliver a beneficial drug at a controlled rate, such a delivery device 24 would have a practical application in the field of human and veterinary medicine.
AIMS OF THE INVENTION
In view of the above presentation this invention seeks to provide a novel and useful coating composition for dosage forms, which coating composition overcomes the disadvantages associated with the prior art.
This invention also seeks to provide a new coating composition comprising pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients, and which coating composition is innocuous and useful for manu-facturing dosage forms.
This invention further seeks to provide a non-toxic coating composition that is substantially free of organic solvents, and which coating composition is useful for making dosage forms by standard manufacturing techniques.
This invention also seeks to providean aqueous based coating composition, which composition is relatively uncomplicated, is capable of application without difficulty, and has a relatively low cost.
The invention further seeks to provide an aqueous polymeric coating composition that exhibits long term stability and is resistant to sedimentation in a fluid environment of use.
This invention seeks to provide an aqueous coating composition that is useful for manufacturing a drug delivery device possessing drug release rate controlling properties.
This invention seeks to provide a drug delivery device that can be manufactured by conventional manufacturing pro-cedures into various sizes, shapes and designs that comprise an improvement in the dispensing art characterized by coating the device with a non-toxic, aqueous coat that surrounds a drug.
This invention also seeks to provide an aqueous-~333153 solvent coating composition that is nonflammable, is not an environmental hazard during formulation and when applied to a drug core.
This invention also seeks to provide a process for applying an aqueous coating onto a drug core thereby providing an orally administrable drug dosage form.
According to the present invention there is provided a coating composition for a drug comprising: an emulsion comprising a lower alkylacrylate-lower alkyl methacrylate copolymer wherein the lower alkyl group comprises 1 to 7 carbon atoms, and ethyl cellulose.
The present invention also provides a therapeutic composition comprising: (a) a drug; and, (b) an emulsion coat surrounding the drug, said emulsion coat comprising a lower alkyl-acrylate-lower alkyl methacrylate copolymer and ethyl cellulose.
Preferably the coating composition comprises a hydrophilic polymer.
The present invention further provides an osmotic device comprising: (a) a wall comprising a cured emulsion, said emulsion comprising a lower alkylacrylate-lower methacrylate wherein the lower alkyl comprises 1 to 7 carbon atoms and ethyl cellulose, which wall surrounds; (b) a compartment; (c) a therapeutically effective amount of drug in the compartment; and, (d) at least one passageway in the wall connecting the exterior with the interior of the device for delivering the drug over time.
The emulsion is preferably a hydrogel.
, ~
The invention further provides an osmotic device comprising:
(a) a wall comprising an aqueous emulsion of a lower alkylacrylate-lower methacrylate wherein the lower alkyl comprises 1 to 7 carbon atoms and an aqueous emulsion of ethyl cellulose, said wall formed by calescence at a temperature up to 65C. for up to 72 hours, which wall surrounds;
(b) a compartment;
(c) a therapeutically effective amount of drug in the compartment; and, (d) at least one passageway in the wall connecting the exterior with the interior of the device for delivering drug over time.
The emulsion preferably comprises a hydrophilic polymer.
Drugs preferably employed include nifedipine and salbutamol.
Other features and advantages of this invention will be more apparent to those versed in the drug dispensing art from 4a the following detailed specification taken in conjunction with `
the drawings and the accompanying claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the drawing figures, which are not drawn to scale but are set forth to illustrate various embodiments of the inven-tion, the drawing figures are as follows:
Figure 1 is an opened view depicting a powdered drug coated with the coating composition provided by this invention;
Figure 2 is an opened view illustrating granules of a beneficial drug coated with the aqueous-carrier based composition provided by this invention;
Figure 3 is a view of an osmotic device designed and shaped for orally administering a dosage amount of a drug to the gastrointestinal tract of a warm-blooded animal;
Figure 4 is an opened view of the osmotic device of Figure 3 depicting the wall of the osmotic device comprising a wall-forming coating composition provided by the invention;
Figure 5 is a view of another osmotic device designed and shaped for orally administering a dosage amount of a drug to the gastrointestinal tract of a warm-blooded animal;
Figure 6 is a view of the osmotic device of Figure 5 in opened section illustrating the osmotic device comprising another embodiment of the wall-forming coating composition provided by the invention;
In the drawings and in the specification like parts in related figures are identified by like number. The terms appear-ing earlier in the description of the drawings, as well as embodiments thereof, are ~b _ g,~_ 1 further described elsewhere in the disclosure.
3 Turning now to the drawing figures in detail, which figures are 4 examples of dosage forms comprising a coating composition provided by this invention, and which examples are not to be considered as limiting 6 the invention, one example of a dosage form is illustrated in Figure 1.
7 In Figure 1 a dosage form 10 comprises a powdered drug 11, generally 8 exhibiting a powder size that passes through a sieve having an opening 9 from 0.074 mm to 0.250 mm, surrounded by a coating composition 12.
Coating composition 12 comprises an aqueous emulsion of ethylacrylate-11 methyl methacrylate and an aqueous latex of ethylcellulose. Coating 12 composition 12 optionally comprises a hydrophilic polymer such as 13 polyvinyl alcohol, and the like.
14 In Figure 2 another embodiment of dosage form 10 is seen in opened view. In Figure 2 dosage form 10 comprises granules 13 of drug. The 16 drug granules generally exhibit a granule size that passes through a 17 sieve having an opening from greater than 0.250 mm to 9.50 mm. Drug 18 granules 13 are surrounded by aqueous applied coating composition 14.
19 Coating composition 14, in a presently preferred embodiment, comprisesan aqueous emulsion of an acrylate-methacrylate polymer exhibiting a 21 glass transition temperature of about 10C, an aqueous latex that 22 is partially miscible with the aqueous emulsion of the acrylate and 23 which latex imports mechanical stability to the acrylate emulsion, 24 and an optional hydrophilic polymer that regulates the water permeability of the aqueous acrylate-latex composition. The wall, or the membrane 26 composition, is formed by coalescence of the latex particles that are Z7 intermingled with the water soluble polymer during a low temperature 28 curing cycle. In a presently preferred embodiment at least one com-1 ponent of the ingredients comprising the blended emulsion exhibits 2 a glass transition temperature lower than the curing temperature so 3 that coalescence occurs during the drying period.
4 In Figure 3 another embodiment of dosage form 10 is illustrated manufactured as an osmotic drug delivery device 10. In Figure 3 6 osmotic dosage form 10 comprises a body 15 comprising a wall 16 that 7 surrounds and forms an internal compartment, not seen in Figure 3.
8 Osmotic dosage form 10 comprises at least one passageway 17 for 9 connecting the interior of dosage form 10 with the exterior of osmotic dosage form 10.
11 In Figure 4 osmotic dosage form 10 is seen in opened section. In 12 Figure 4 osmotic dosage form 10 comprises body member 15, aqueous 13 applied coat wall 16, and exit passageway 17. Wall 16 surrounds and 14 forms an internal compartment 18. Internal compartment 18 comprises a dispensable drug 19 identified by dots, and an optional osmagent 20 16 represented by dashes. Wall 16 is permeable to the passage of an 17 exterior fluid present in the environment of use, and wall 16 is sub-18 stantially impermeable to the passage of drug 19. In Figure 4 wall 16 19 comprises (a) an aqueous emulsion of ethylacrylatemethyl methacrylate, a 70/30 % copolymer having a molecular weight of about 800,000 and a 21 glass transition temperature of about 10C, and (b) an aqueous latex of 22 ethyl cellulose having a particle size of 0.1 to 0.3 microns average.
23 In Figure 5 another embodiment of dosage form 10 is illustrated 24 made as an osmotic drug delivery device 10. In Figure 5 osmotic dosage form 10 comprises a body member 21 comprising a wall 22 that surrounds 26 and forms an internal compartment, not seen in Figure 5. Dosage for 10 27 comprises at least one or more passageways 23 formed during the manufac-28 ture of dosage form 10, or passageway 23 optionally is formed when 1 dosage form 10 is in a fluid environment of use. Passageway 23 con-2 nects the interior of dosage form 10 with the exterior for delivering a 3 drug to a biological environment of use.
4 In Figure 6, dosage form 10 is an opened view of dosage form 10 of Figure 5. In Figure 6 dosage form 10 comprises body member 21, aqueous 6 coated annealed wall 22 and exit ports 23. Wall 22 surrounds and forms 7 an internal compartment 24. Internal compartment 24 comprises a first 8 composition comprising a drug identified by dots 25, and an optional 9 osmagent or optional dispensable osmopolymer identified by dashes 26.
Compartment 24 comprises a second composition identified by vertical 11 lines 27, comprising an expandable hydrogel. First composition 25 and 12 second composition 27 are in laminar arrangement, and they cooperate 13 with wall 22 for the effective delivery of drug 25 through exit pass-14 ageway 23. In Figure 6, wall 22 is a three component composition comprising (a) an aqueous emulsion of ethylacrylate methyl methacrylate, 16 (b) an aqueous latex of ethyl cellulose and (c) a hydrophilic polymer 17 such as polyvinyl alcohol.
18 While Figures 1 through 6 illustrate various embodiments of dosage 19 form 10 that can be coated with the coatings of this invention, it is to be understood the coating composition can be applied to a wide 21 variety of dosage forms that have various shapes and sizes. The coating 22 composition czn be applied to devices including buccal, implant, arti-23 fical gland, cervical, intrauterine, nasal, vaginal, anal-rectal, osmotic, 24 diffusion, elastomeric, and the like. In these forms the dosage form is coated with the coat of the invention and it can be adapted for 26 administering a beneficial medicine to animals, warm-blooded mammals, 27 humans, farm and zoo animals, avians, reptiles, and the like.
13~31~3 2 In accordance with the practice of this invention a drug, or a 3 drug delivery device, is provided by coating or forming a wall with the 4 coating composition provided by this invention. The coating composition comprises an aqueous emulsion of an alkyl-acrylate-alkyl methacrylate.
6 This aqueous synthetic polymer emulsion is made by emulsion polymeriza-7 tion. In an emulsion polymerization process the monomers are finely 8 distributed by the addition of an emulsifier in water. The emulsifier 9 accumulate at the boundary between the monomer droplets and the water,but they also form miscelles in the aqueous phase, in which the monomer 11 molecules are solubilized. Before the start of the polymerization one 12 milliliter of such an emulsion contains, in addition to the monomers in 13 solution, about 1018 miscelles with solubilized monomers and 101 14 monomer droDlets stabilized by the emulsifier.
Polymerization is started by the addition of water soluble initia-16 tor, generally a radical initiator to be dissolved in the monomers 17 reaction vessel first. The activated monomers or oligomers migrate 18 into the miscelles and lead to the polymerization of the solubilized 19 monomers. As a latex particle is formed from the miscelle, this parti-cle then swells and takes up more monomer from the aqueous phase.
21 Monomer molecules migrate from the monomer droplets through the water 22 phase into the latex particles until all monomer droplets are dissolved 23 and all the monomer is converted to macromolecules. In this process 24 the latex particles gradually increase in size until the polymerization is complete. A milliliter of the final dispersion generally contains 26 1014 latex particles, each consisting of several hundred monomolecules.
27 The macromolecules comprise 103 to 104 monomer structural units 28 resulting in a molecular weight of 105 to 1o6. The emulsion comprises 1 polyacrylates-methacrylates of the following structure:
R R
C - CH C
C=O C=O
1R~ OR' 7 wherein R jS the hydrogen or a lower alkyl of 1 to 7 carbons such as 8 methyl, ethyl, and the like, and R' is a lower alkyl radical of 1 to 7 9 carbons such as methyl, ethyl, and the like. Procedures for manu-facturing polyacrylate-methacrylate emulsions are described in Drugs 11 Made in GermanY, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp 126-36, (1973). The emulsions are 12 commercially available as Eudragit from Rohm Pharma, Weiterstadt, West 13 Germany, and from Rohm Tech, Inc., Malden, MA. The emulsions are 14 available as Eudragit-E30D, a copolymerization product based on poly-1~ acrylic and methacrylic acid esters, and as Eudragit~-L30D a copolymer-16 ization product based on methacrylic and acrylic acid esters.
17 The coating composition comprises also an aqueous polymeric dis-18 persion of ethyl cellulose. An aqueous emulsion comprising ethyl 19 cellulose is prepared by a polymer emulsification process. The processcomprises dispersing a liquified water insoluble polymer phase in an 21 aqueous liquid medium phase containing at least one nonionic, anionic 22 or cationic emulsifying agent in the presence of a compound selected 23 from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbyl alcohols, 24 ethers, alcohol esters, amines, halides and carboxylic acid esters that are inert, non-volatile, water insoluble, liquid and contain a terminal 26 aliphatic hydrocarbyl group of at least 8 carbons, and mixtures thereof, 27 and subjecting the resulting emulsion to a comminuting force sufficient 28 to enable the production of an aqueous emulsion containing polymer 1 particles averaging less than about 0.5 micron in size.
2 An aqueous latex of ethyl cellulose having a 0.1 to 0.3 micron 3 particle size is prepared as follows: first, sodium lauryl sulfate and 4 cetyl alcohol are dissolved in deionized water. Then a solution of ethyl cellulose comprising ethyl cellulose in toluene-methyl alcohol-6 methylene chloride is added to the sodium lauryl sulfate-cetyl alcohol 7 water phase to form an emulsion. The emulsion is next homogenized by 8 passing it through a submicron dispenser operated at about 6000 psi.
9 The homogenized emulsion next is placed into a rotating flask and the solvents evaporated by slowly rotating the flask at about 50C and at 11 100 mmHg vacuum to remove all the solvent and to concentrate the 12 polymer emulsion. The evaporation is continued for about three hours 13 to provide a stable ethyl cellulose latex comprising 18X solids.
14 Procedures for preparing ethyl cellulose emulsions are disclosed in U.
S. Patent No. 4,177,177. Emulsions comprising ethyl cellulose are 16 commercially available from FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, PA.
17 The coating composition provided by the invention also comprises a 18 hydrophilic polymer. Representative polymers include polyvinyl alcohol 19 that is 99% hydrolyzed and has a molecular weight of about 100,000;
polyvinyl pyrrolidone having a molecular weight of about 100,000 to 21 360,000; hydroxypropylmethylcellulose having a molecular weight of 22 9,200 to 5,000,000; hydroxypropylcellulose, acidic carboxy polymers 23 having a molecular weight of 450,000 to 4,000,000; polyethylene oxide 24 having a molecular weight of 100,000 to 5,000,000, and the like.
The coating composition provided by the invention generally com-26 prises (a) about lO to 60 weight percent (wt %) of an aqueous emulsion 27 of the alkylacrylate methacrylate, (b) from 10 to 60 wt % of the 28 aqueous emulsion of ethyl cellulose and, optionally, (c) from 0 to 1 60 wt % of a hydrophilic polymer, with the amount of all ingredients 2 equal to 100 wt %. For example, in more specific embodiments a coating 3 composition comprises (d) 40 wt % of an aqueous emulsion of ethylacrylate 4 methyl methacrylate wherein the monomers are present in a 70/30 ratio in the copolymer, 40 wt % of an aqueous emulsion of ethyl cellulose, 6 and 20 wt % of polyvinyl pyrrolidone; a coating comprising (e) 36 wt %
7 of the emulsion of ethylacrylate methyl methacrylate, 24 wt % of the 8 emulsion of ethyl cellulose and 40 wt % of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 9 exhibiting a molecular weight of 9,200; a coating composition comprising (f) 36 wt % of the emulsion of ethylacrylate methyl meth-11 acrylate, 24 wt % of the aqueous emulsion of ethyl cellulose, and 12 40 wt % polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of about 50,000;
13 a composition comprising (g) 31 wt % of an aqueous emulsion of methyl-14 acrylate ethyl methacrylate, 29 wt % of an aqueous emulsion of ethyl cellulose and 40 wt % of an acidic carboxyvinyl polymer; and a compos-16 tion comprising (h) 36 wt % of an aqueous emulsion of ethylacrylate 17 methyl methacrylate, 24 wt % of an aqueous emulsion of ethylcellulose 18 and 40 wt % of polyvinyl alcohol having a molecular weight of 19 4,000,000.
The coating composition can be applied to a drug or to a compressed 21 drug core by standard manufacturing procedures. For example, one manu-22 facturing procedure that can be used for coating a drug substrate is 23 the air suspension technique. The air suspension technique consists in 24 suspending and tumbling a drug, or a compressed drug core to be coated, in a current of air comprising the coating composition until a coat is 26 applied to the drug or to the drug core. The air suspension procedure 27 is known in U. S. Patent No. 3,207,824; in J. Am. Pharm. Assoc., Vol.
28 48, pp 451-59, (1959); and in ibid, Vol. 49, pp 82-84, (1960). A drug 1 3331 ~3 ARC 1017 1 or a drug core can be coated or surrounded with the wall forming 2 composition in a Wurster~ air suspension coater, or in an Aeromatic0 3 air suspension coater. Other coating procedures such as pan coating 4 can be used for applying the coat. Generally the coat that surrounds adrug, or a drug core, will have a thickness of 1 to 25 mils, usually 4 6 to 12 mils thick.
7 The drug coated product generally is annealed or cured at a 8 temperature of about 35C to 65C, usually for 24 to 72 hours. More 9 specifically, in a preferred embodiment, the coated manufacture is dried at 50C for 30 hours in a forced air oven to yield the final 11 product.
12 The expression, "exit passageway," as used in Figures 3 through 6, 13 for a drug delivery device comprising a coated composition as provided14 by this invention, denotes means and methods suitable for the controlled, metered release of a drug from a drug delivery device or 16 from a drug dosage form. The exit means comprises at least one 17 passageway, orifice, or the like, through the coated wall of a dosage 18 form. The expression, "at least one passageway," embraces aperture, l9 orifice, bore, pore, porous element, through which pores a drug can travel, a hollow fiber, capillary tube, porous overlay, porous insert, 21 and the like. The expression also includes a material that erodes or 22 is leached from a wall in a fluid environment of use to produce at 23 least one passageway of controlled releasing dimensions. Represen-24 tative materials for forming a passageway or two passageways, or a multiplicity of passageways in an environment of use, include an erod-26 ible innocuous poly(glycolic acid), or poly(lactic acid) member in the 27 wall, a gelatinous filament, a particle of polyvinyl alcohol leachable 28 materials such as fluid removable pore forming polysaccharide, l2 1 salt, oxide, polyhydric alcohol, and the like. A passagewty or a 2 plurality of passageways of governed dimensions for the controlled 3 release of drug can be formed by leaching a passageway forming material, 4 such as sorbitol, from the wall. The passageway can have any shape such as round, triangular, square, elliptical, irregular, and the like, for 6 assisting in the metered release of a drug from a dosage form. A
7 dosage form can comprise one or more than one passageway in spaced 8 apart relations which are, optionally, on more than a single surface of 9 a dosage form. The passageways and equipment for forming a passageway are disclosed in U. S. Patents No. 3,845,770; 3,916,889; 4,063,064;
11 and in 4,088,864. Representative passageways formèd by the governed 12 leaching of a pore former to produce a pore of precontrolled rate 13 releasing size are disclosed in U. S. Patents No. 4,200,098 and 14 4,285,987.
The expression, "therapeutically active drug," as used herein, 16 denotes a beneficial medicine neat, or a composition comprising a 17 beneficial drug. ~n the specification and in the accompanying claims, 18 the term, "medicine and drug," are used as equivalents, and these terms 19 include any physiologically or pharmacologically active substance that produces a local or a systemic effect in animals, including warm-21 blooded mammals, primates and humans. The terms, "physiologically and 22 pharmacologically," are defined in Stedman's Medical Dictionarv, 23 (1966), published by Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. The active 24 drug that can be coated, or the drug that can be placed into a drug delivery device coated with the composition of this invention, comprise 26 inorganic and organic drugs that include, without limitation, drugs 27 that act on the central nervous system, depressants, hypnotics, 28 sedatives~ psychic energizers, tranquilizers, anticonvulsants, muscle 1 333 ~ 5~ ARC 1017 1 relaxants, anti-Parkinsons, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, local 2 anesthetics, muscle contractants, anti-microbials, anti-malarials, 3 hormones, contraceptives, sympathomimetics, diuretics, paraciticides, 4 neoplastics, hypoglycemics, ophthalmics, electrolytes and cardiovascular S drugs. These drugs and the daily dosage is known to the art in 6 Pharmaceutical Sciences, edited by Remington, 16th Ed., (1980), 7 published by Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA.
8 The drug can be in various pharmaceutically acceptable forms, such 9 as uncharged molecules, molecular complexes, pharmacologically accept-able salts such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, laurylate, 11 palmitate, phosphate, nitrate, borate, acetate, maleate, tartrate, 12 oleate and salicylate; for acidic medicines such as salts of metals, 13 amines or organic cations, for example quaternary ammonium can be used.
14 Derivatives of medicine such as an ester, ether and amides can be used for the purpose of this invention. Also, a medicine that is water 16 insoluble can be used in a form that is a water soluble derivative 17 thereof to serve as a solute, and on its release from a dosage form it 18 is converted by enzymes, hydrolyzed by the body pH, or by other meta-19 bolic process, to the originally biologically active form.
The osmopolymer 27 used for making the osmotic device of Figure 6 21 comprises a homopolymer that exhibits an osmotic pressure gradient 22 across a fluid permeable wall, imbibes fluid into dosage form 10, 23 expands and pushes drug 25 through passageway 23 to the exterior of 24 device 10. The osmopolymers are hydrophilic polymers comprising noncross-linked hydrogels and lightly cross-linked hydrogels, such as 26 cross-linked by covalent or ionic bonds. The hydrophilic hydrogels 27 usually exhibit a 2 to 50 fold volume increase comprising acidic carboxy 28 polymers having a molecular weight of 450,000 to 4,000,000;
l4 1 3:7.31 53 1 poly(hydroxyalkyl methacrylate) polymers having a molecular weight of 2 30,000 to 5,000,000; poly(vinylpyrrolidone) having a molecular weight 3 of 10,000 to 360,000; polyacrylic acid having a molecular weight of 4 80,000 to 200,000; polyethylene oxide polymers having a molecular weight of 100,000 to 5,000,000, and the like. Representative polymers 6 that form hydrogels are known to the prior art in U. S. Patent Nos.
7 3,865,108 issued to Hartop; 4,002,173 issued to Manning; 4,207,893 8 issued to Michaels; 4,327,725 issued to Cortese et al, and in Handbook 9 of Common PolYmers, by Scott and Roff, published by Chemical Rubber Company, Cleveland, OH.
11 Osmagent 20 as seen in Figure 4, and osmagent 26 as seen in 12 Figure 6, are osmotically effective compounds that exhibit an osmotic 13 pressure gradient across a wall against a fluid. Osmagents are known 14 also as osmotically effective solutes. Representative osmagents include magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, lithium 16 chloride, potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate, lithium sulfate, potassium 17 chloride, sodium sulfate, mannitol, urea, sorbitol, inositol, raffinose, 18 sucrose, glycose, and the like. The osmagents are known in U. S.
19 Patent No. 4,327,725.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLES
21 The following examples are merely illustrative of the present 22 invention and they should not be considered as limiting the scope of 23 the invention in any way, as these examples and other equivalents 24 thereof will become more apparent to those skilled in the drug delivery art in the light of the present disclosure, the drawings and the 26 accompanying claims.
28 A drug delivery dosage form adapted, designed and shaped as an 1 osmotic delivery system is manufactured as follows: first, 98.7 wt %
2 potassium chloride, 1.2 wt % silicon dioxide and 0.1 wt % stearic acid 3 are added to a blender to produce a homogeneous blend. Then the blend 4 is compressed into potassium chloride drug cores.
The drug cores are coated with an aqueous emulsion. The cores 6 weigh 500 mg and they are added to an Aeromatic coater. The coating 7 composition comprises 36 wt % of aqueous emulsion ethylacrylate methyl 8 methacrylate copolymer, 24 wt % aqueous emulsion of ethyl cellulose and 9 40 wt % polyvinyl alcohol.
The aqueous emulsion coat is applied in an Aeromatic air suspen-11 sion coater at a process air temperature of 42C, an atomizing air 12 pressure of 2.4 atm, a coating solution pumping rate of 15 milliliters 13 per minute, and possessing a solid content of copolymer of about 10 wt %.
14 The coated systems next were cured in a forced air oven for 30 hours at 50C. The systems were cooled to room temperature and a 16 0.037 mm exit port was laser drilled through the dry coated wall that 17 surrounds the core of potassium chloride.
19 An emulsion coat is prepared by taking (a) 40 wt % methylacrylate ethyl methacrylate copolymer, pigment, lactose and water and blending 21 with (b) 40 wt % ethyl cellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate and water, 22 and blending all ingredients with 20 wt % polyvinyl alcohol with 23 vigorous stirring for 40 minutes to yield the blended emulsion. The 24 emulsion is applied as an external wall to a drug core for providing Z5 osmotic dosage forms.
26 The osmotic dosage forms are manufactured for oral administration 27 and comprise the following: a first composition is prepared by passing 28 through a 40 mesh screen 74.40 wt % polyethylene oxide having a molecular 1 weight of 200,000. Then 20.10 wt % of nifedipine and 5.00 wt % of 2 hydroxypropylmethylcellulose having an average molecular weight of 3 11,200 is added to the polyethylene oxide and the three ingredients 4 mixed for about lO minutes in a conventional mixer. While the three ingredients are mixing, 300 ml of denatured anhydrous ethanol is added 6 slowly to the mixer and the mixing continued for an additional five 7 minutes. The wet granulation is passed through a 20 mesh screen, dried 8 at room temperature for 16 hours and passed again through a 20 mesh 9 screen. Finally, 1.5 wt % of magnesium stearate is added to the granulation and all the ingredients mixed on a roller mill for one to 11 three minutes.
12 A second composition is prepared by mixing 64.30 wt % of 13 polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of 5,000,000 with 14 29.20 wt % sodium chloride and the mix passed through a 40 mesh screen.
The just prepared mixture is mixed with 5.00 wt % hydroxypropylmethyl-16 cellulose having a number average molecular weight of 9,200 and with 17 1.00 wt % of ferric oxide for 10 minutes in the mixer. Then, 300 ml of 18 denatured anhydrous ethanol is added slowly to the blending mixture and 19 all the ingredients mixed for an additional five minutes. The freshlyprepared wet granulation is passed through a 20 mesh screen, allowed to 21 dry at room temperature for 16 hours, and again passed through a 20 22 mesh screen. The screened granulation is mixed with 0.50 wt %
23 magnesium stearate in a roller mill for 10 minutes.
24 A drug core is prepared by adding 328 mg of the first composition to a tablet press and tamped, then 164 mg of the second composition is 26 added to the press and the two compositions pressed into a two-layered 27 drug core. The compressed two-layered drug core is coated with a 28 coating composition and the coat cured with the aid of heat as des-l7 1 3 ~3 1 5 3 ARC 1017 1 cribed in Example 1. Finally, a 20 mil orifice is drilled through the 2 coated wall to provide the final dosage form.
4 An emulsion coat is prepared by blending 60 wt % of an aqueous emulsion of ethyl acrylate methyl methacrylate titanium, lactose and 6 water, known also as Eudragit-E30D, with 40% of an aqueous emulsion of 7 ethyl cellulose, dibutyl sebacate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and 8 water, also known as Aquacoat coat, to produce a uniform homogeneous 9 emulsion.
Next, a drug core weighing 323.23 mg is prepared comprising 11 5.96 wt % salbutamol hemisulfate, 89.01 wt % sodium chloride, 20 wt %
12 polyvinyl pyrrolidone, 2 wt % cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellu 13 lose and 1.0 wt X magnesium stearate. The drug core is coated with the14 emulsion, annealed, and a 20 mil passageway drilled through the freshly prepared wall of the dosage form to provide an osmotic delivery device.
16 An embodiment of the invention pertains to a method for adminis-17 tering a drug to the gastrointestinal tract to establish a drug blood 18 level. The method comprises the steps of: (A) admitting into the 19 gastrointestinal tract an osmotic dosage form comprising: (1) a wall comprising a non-toxic emulsion that is permeable to the passage of 21 fluid and substantially impermeable to the passage of drug, which wall22 forms: (2) a compartment comprising a gastrointestinal administrable 23 drug; and (3) at least one exit passageway in the emulsion-based wall 24 that connects the exterior of the dosage form with the interior of thedosage form; (B) imbibing fluid through the wall into the compartment 26 at a rate determined by the permeability of the wall and the osmotic 27 pressure gradient across the wall to form, in the compartment, a dis-28 pensable composition that is hydrodynamically and osmotically pumped sts3 1 through the passageway from the dosage form; (C) thereby delivering 2 the drug in a therapeutically effective amount to the gastrointestinal 3 tract for passing into the blood circulation for established a blood 4 level over a prolonged period of time from 4 hours to 24 hours.
The invention pertains to an dosage form comprising an emulsion 6 coat or wall for delivering a drug at a controlled rate over time.
7 While there has been described and pointed out the novel features of 8 the invention as applied to presently preferred embodiments, those 9 skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, changesand omissions in the invention disclosed and claimed can be made with-11 out departing from the spirit of the invention.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the drug dispensing art 16 that if a coating is provided that is substantially free of organic 17 solvents when coating drugs, drug granules, drug powders, drug dispen-18 sers, and the like, such a coating would have an immediate positive 19 value and, concomitantly, represent an advancement in the drug coating art. Likewise, it will be appreciated-by those versed in the dispen-21 sing art that if a coating that is applied from a non-organic solvent, 22 and the coated delivery device possesses the thermodynamic ability to 23 deliver a beneficial drug at a controlled rate, such a delivery device 24 would have a practical application in the field of human and veterinary medicine.
AIMS OF THE INVENTION
In view of the above presentation this invention seeks to provide a novel and useful coating composition for dosage forms, which coating composition overcomes the disadvantages associated with the prior art.
This invention also seeks to provide a new coating composition comprising pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients, and which coating composition is innocuous and useful for manu-facturing dosage forms.
This invention further seeks to provide a non-toxic coating composition that is substantially free of organic solvents, and which coating composition is useful for making dosage forms by standard manufacturing techniques.
This invention also seeks to providean aqueous based coating composition, which composition is relatively uncomplicated, is capable of application without difficulty, and has a relatively low cost.
The invention further seeks to provide an aqueous polymeric coating composition that exhibits long term stability and is resistant to sedimentation in a fluid environment of use.
This invention seeks to provide an aqueous coating composition that is useful for manufacturing a drug delivery device possessing drug release rate controlling properties.
This invention seeks to provide a drug delivery device that can be manufactured by conventional manufacturing pro-cedures into various sizes, shapes and designs that comprise an improvement in the dispensing art characterized by coating the device with a non-toxic, aqueous coat that surrounds a drug.
This invention also seeks to provide an aqueous-~333153 solvent coating composition that is nonflammable, is not an environmental hazard during formulation and when applied to a drug core.
This invention also seeks to provide a process for applying an aqueous coating onto a drug core thereby providing an orally administrable drug dosage form.
According to the present invention there is provided a coating composition for a drug comprising: an emulsion comprising a lower alkylacrylate-lower alkyl methacrylate copolymer wherein the lower alkyl group comprises 1 to 7 carbon atoms, and ethyl cellulose.
The present invention also provides a therapeutic composition comprising: (a) a drug; and, (b) an emulsion coat surrounding the drug, said emulsion coat comprising a lower alkyl-acrylate-lower alkyl methacrylate copolymer and ethyl cellulose.
Preferably the coating composition comprises a hydrophilic polymer.
The present invention further provides an osmotic device comprising: (a) a wall comprising a cured emulsion, said emulsion comprising a lower alkylacrylate-lower methacrylate wherein the lower alkyl comprises 1 to 7 carbon atoms and ethyl cellulose, which wall surrounds; (b) a compartment; (c) a therapeutically effective amount of drug in the compartment; and, (d) at least one passageway in the wall connecting the exterior with the interior of the device for delivering the drug over time.
The emulsion is preferably a hydrogel.
, ~
The invention further provides an osmotic device comprising:
(a) a wall comprising an aqueous emulsion of a lower alkylacrylate-lower methacrylate wherein the lower alkyl comprises 1 to 7 carbon atoms and an aqueous emulsion of ethyl cellulose, said wall formed by calescence at a temperature up to 65C. for up to 72 hours, which wall surrounds;
(b) a compartment;
(c) a therapeutically effective amount of drug in the compartment; and, (d) at least one passageway in the wall connecting the exterior with the interior of the device for delivering drug over time.
The emulsion preferably comprises a hydrophilic polymer.
Drugs preferably employed include nifedipine and salbutamol.
Other features and advantages of this invention will be more apparent to those versed in the drug dispensing art from 4a the following detailed specification taken in conjunction with `
the drawings and the accompanying claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the drawing figures, which are not drawn to scale but are set forth to illustrate various embodiments of the inven-tion, the drawing figures are as follows:
Figure 1 is an opened view depicting a powdered drug coated with the coating composition provided by this invention;
Figure 2 is an opened view illustrating granules of a beneficial drug coated with the aqueous-carrier based composition provided by this invention;
Figure 3 is a view of an osmotic device designed and shaped for orally administering a dosage amount of a drug to the gastrointestinal tract of a warm-blooded animal;
Figure 4 is an opened view of the osmotic device of Figure 3 depicting the wall of the osmotic device comprising a wall-forming coating composition provided by the invention;
Figure 5 is a view of another osmotic device designed and shaped for orally administering a dosage amount of a drug to the gastrointestinal tract of a warm-blooded animal;
Figure 6 is a view of the osmotic device of Figure 5 in opened section illustrating the osmotic device comprising another embodiment of the wall-forming coating composition provided by the invention;
In the drawings and in the specification like parts in related figures are identified by like number. The terms appear-ing earlier in the description of the drawings, as well as embodiments thereof, are ~b _ g,~_ 1 further described elsewhere in the disclosure.
3 Turning now to the drawing figures in detail, which figures are 4 examples of dosage forms comprising a coating composition provided by this invention, and which examples are not to be considered as limiting 6 the invention, one example of a dosage form is illustrated in Figure 1.
7 In Figure 1 a dosage form 10 comprises a powdered drug 11, generally 8 exhibiting a powder size that passes through a sieve having an opening 9 from 0.074 mm to 0.250 mm, surrounded by a coating composition 12.
Coating composition 12 comprises an aqueous emulsion of ethylacrylate-11 methyl methacrylate and an aqueous latex of ethylcellulose. Coating 12 composition 12 optionally comprises a hydrophilic polymer such as 13 polyvinyl alcohol, and the like.
14 In Figure 2 another embodiment of dosage form 10 is seen in opened view. In Figure 2 dosage form 10 comprises granules 13 of drug. The 16 drug granules generally exhibit a granule size that passes through a 17 sieve having an opening from greater than 0.250 mm to 9.50 mm. Drug 18 granules 13 are surrounded by aqueous applied coating composition 14.
19 Coating composition 14, in a presently preferred embodiment, comprisesan aqueous emulsion of an acrylate-methacrylate polymer exhibiting a 21 glass transition temperature of about 10C, an aqueous latex that 22 is partially miscible with the aqueous emulsion of the acrylate and 23 which latex imports mechanical stability to the acrylate emulsion, 24 and an optional hydrophilic polymer that regulates the water permeability of the aqueous acrylate-latex composition. The wall, or the membrane 26 composition, is formed by coalescence of the latex particles that are Z7 intermingled with the water soluble polymer during a low temperature 28 curing cycle. In a presently preferred embodiment at least one com-1 ponent of the ingredients comprising the blended emulsion exhibits 2 a glass transition temperature lower than the curing temperature so 3 that coalescence occurs during the drying period.
4 In Figure 3 another embodiment of dosage form 10 is illustrated manufactured as an osmotic drug delivery device 10. In Figure 3 6 osmotic dosage form 10 comprises a body 15 comprising a wall 16 that 7 surrounds and forms an internal compartment, not seen in Figure 3.
8 Osmotic dosage form 10 comprises at least one passageway 17 for 9 connecting the interior of dosage form 10 with the exterior of osmotic dosage form 10.
11 In Figure 4 osmotic dosage form 10 is seen in opened section. In 12 Figure 4 osmotic dosage form 10 comprises body member 15, aqueous 13 applied coat wall 16, and exit passageway 17. Wall 16 surrounds and 14 forms an internal compartment 18. Internal compartment 18 comprises a dispensable drug 19 identified by dots, and an optional osmagent 20 16 represented by dashes. Wall 16 is permeable to the passage of an 17 exterior fluid present in the environment of use, and wall 16 is sub-18 stantially impermeable to the passage of drug 19. In Figure 4 wall 16 19 comprises (a) an aqueous emulsion of ethylacrylatemethyl methacrylate, a 70/30 % copolymer having a molecular weight of about 800,000 and a 21 glass transition temperature of about 10C, and (b) an aqueous latex of 22 ethyl cellulose having a particle size of 0.1 to 0.3 microns average.
23 In Figure 5 another embodiment of dosage form 10 is illustrated 24 made as an osmotic drug delivery device 10. In Figure 5 osmotic dosage form 10 comprises a body member 21 comprising a wall 22 that surrounds 26 and forms an internal compartment, not seen in Figure 5. Dosage for 10 27 comprises at least one or more passageways 23 formed during the manufac-28 ture of dosage form 10, or passageway 23 optionally is formed when 1 dosage form 10 is in a fluid environment of use. Passageway 23 con-2 nects the interior of dosage form 10 with the exterior for delivering a 3 drug to a biological environment of use.
4 In Figure 6, dosage form 10 is an opened view of dosage form 10 of Figure 5. In Figure 6 dosage form 10 comprises body member 21, aqueous 6 coated annealed wall 22 and exit ports 23. Wall 22 surrounds and forms 7 an internal compartment 24. Internal compartment 24 comprises a first 8 composition comprising a drug identified by dots 25, and an optional 9 osmagent or optional dispensable osmopolymer identified by dashes 26.
Compartment 24 comprises a second composition identified by vertical 11 lines 27, comprising an expandable hydrogel. First composition 25 and 12 second composition 27 are in laminar arrangement, and they cooperate 13 with wall 22 for the effective delivery of drug 25 through exit pass-14 ageway 23. In Figure 6, wall 22 is a three component composition comprising (a) an aqueous emulsion of ethylacrylate methyl methacrylate, 16 (b) an aqueous latex of ethyl cellulose and (c) a hydrophilic polymer 17 such as polyvinyl alcohol.
18 While Figures 1 through 6 illustrate various embodiments of dosage 19 form 10 that can be coated with the coatings of this invention, it is to be understood the coating composition can be applied to a wide 21 variety of dosage forms that have various shapes and sizes. The coating 22 composition czn be applied to devices including buccal, implant, arti-23 fical gland, cervical, intrauterine, nasal, vaginal, anal-rectal, osmotic, 24 diffusion, elastomeric, and the like. In these forms the dosage form is coated with the coat of the invention and it can be adapted for 26 administering a beneficial medicine to animals, warm-blooded mammals, 27 humans, farm and zoo animals, avians, reptiles, and the like.
13~31~3 2 In accordance with the practice of this invention a drug, or a 3 drug delivery device, is provided by coating or forming a wall with the 4 coating composition provided by this invention. The coating composition comprises an aqueous emulsion of an alkyl-acrylate-alkyl methacrylate.
6 This aqueous synthetic polymer emulsion is made by emulsion polymeriza-7 tion. In an emulsion polymerization process the monomers are finely 8 distributed by the addition of an emulsifier in water. The emulsifier 9 accumulate at the boundary between the monomer droplets and the water,but they also form miscelles in the aqueous phase, in which the monomer 11 molecules are solubilized. Before the start of the polymerization one 12 milliliter of such an emulsion contains, in addition to the monomers in 13 solution, about 1018 miscelles with solubilized monomers and 101 14 monomer droDlets stabilized by the emulsifier.
Polymerization is started by the addition of water soluble initia-16 tor, generally a radical initiator to be dissolved in the monomers 17 reaction vessel first. The activated monomers or oligomers migrate 18 into the miscelles and lead to the polymerization of the solubilized 19 monomers. As a latex particle is formed from the miscelle, this parti-cle then swells and takes up more monomer from the aqueous phase.
21 Monomer molecules migrate from the monomer droplets through the water 22 phase into the latex particles until all monomer droplets are dissolved 23 and all the monomer is converted to macromolecules. In this process 24 the latex particles gradually increase in size until the polymerization is complete. A milliliter of the final dispersion generally contains 26 1014 latex particles, each consisting of several hundred monomolecules.
27 The macromolecules comprise 103 to 104 monomer structural units 28 resulting in a molecular weight of 105 to 1o6. The emulsion comprises 1 polyacrylates-methacrylates of the following structure:
R R
C - CH C
C=O C=O
1R~ OR' 7 wherein R jS the hydrogen or a lower alkyl of 1 to 7 carbons such as 8 methyl, ethyl, and the like, and R' is a lower alkyl radical of 1 to 7 9 carbons such as methyl, ethyl, and the like. Procedures for manu-facturing polyacrylate-methacrylate emulsions are described in Drugs 11 Made in GermanY, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp 126-36, (1973). The emulsions are 12 commercially available as Eudragit from Rohm Pharma, Weiterstadt, West 13 Germany, and from Rohm Tech, Inc., Malden, MA. The emulsions are 14 available as Eudragit-E30D, a copolymerization product based on poly-1~ acrylic and methacrylic acid esters, and as Eudragit~-L30D a copolymer-16 ization product based on methacrylic and acrylic acid esters.
17 The coating composition comprises also an aqueous polymeric dis-18 persion of ethyl cellulose. An aqueous emulsion comprising ethyl 19 cellulose is prepared by a polymer emulsification process. The processcomprises dispersing a liquified water insoluble polymer phase in an 21 aqueous liquid medium phase containing at least one nonionic, anionic 22 or cationic emulsifying agent in the presence of a compound selected 23 from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbyl alcohols, 24 ethers, alcohol esters, amines, halides and carboxylic acid esters that are inert, non-volatile, water insoluble, liquid and contain a terminal 26 aliphatic hydrocarbyl group of at least 8 carbons, and mixtures thereof, 27 and subjecting the resulting emulsion to a comminuting force sufficient 28 to enable the production of an aqueous emulsion containing polymer 1 particles averaging less than about 0.5 micron in size.
2 An aqueous latex of ethyl cellulose having a 0.1 to 0.3 micron 3 particle size is prepared as follows: first, sodium lauryl sulfate and 4 cetyl alcohol are dissolved in deionized water. Then a solution of ethyl cellulose comprising ethyl cellulose in toluene-methyl alcohol-6 methylene chloride is added to the sodium lauryl sulfate-cetyl alcohol 7 water phase to form an emulsion. The emulsion is next homogenized by 8 passing it through a submicron dispenser operated at about 6000 psi.
9 The homogenized emulsion next is placed into a rotating flask and the solvents evaporated by slowly rotating the flask at about 50C and at 11 100 mmHg vacuum to remove all the solvent and to concentrate the 12 polymer emulsion. The evaporation is continued for about three hours 13 to provide a stable ethyl cellulose latex comprising 18X solids.
14 Procedures for preparing ethyl cellulose emulsions are disclosed in U.
S. Patent No. 4,177,177. Emulsions comprising ethyl cellulose are 16 commercially available from FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, PA.
17 The coating composition provided by the invention also comprises a 18 hydrophilic polymer. Representative polymers include polyvinyl alcohol 19 that is 99% hydrolyzed and has a molecular weight of about 100,000;
polyvinyl pyrrolidone having a molecular weight of about 100,000 to 21 360,000; hydroxypropylmethylcellulose having a molecular weight of 22 9,200 to 5,000,000; hydroxypropylcellulose, acidic carboxy polymers 23 having a molecular weight of 450,000 to 4,000,000; polyethylene oxide 24 having a molecular weight of 100,000 to 5,000,000, and the like.
The coating composition provided by the invention generally com-26 prises (a) about lO to 60 weight percent (wt %) of an aqueous emulsion 27 of the alkylacrylate methacrylate, (b) from 10 to 60 wt % of the 28 aqueous emulsion of ethyl cellulose and, optionally, (c) from 0 to 1 60 wt % of a hydrophilic polymer, with the amount of all ingredients 2 equal to 100 wt %. For example, in more specific embodiments a coating 3 composition comprises (d) 40 wt % of an aqueous emulsion of ethylacrylate 4 methyl methacrylate wherein the monomers are present in a 70/30 ratio in the copolymer, 40 wt % of an aqueous emulsion of ethyl cellulose, 6 and 20 wt % of polyvinyl pyrrolidone; a coating comprising (e) 36 wt %
7 of the emulsion of ethylacrylate methyl methacrylate, 24 wt % of the 8 emulsion of ethyl cellulose and 40 wt % of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 9 exhibiting a molecular weight of 9,200; a coating composition comprising (f) 36 wt % of the emulsion of ethylacrylate methyl meth-11 acrylate, 24 wt % of the aqueous emulsion of ethyl cellulose, and 12 40 wt % polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of about 50,000;
13 a composition comprising (g) 31 wt % of an aqueous emulsion of methyl-14 acrylate ethyl methacrylate, 29 wt % of an aqueous emulsion of ethyl cellulose and 40 wt % of an acidic carboxyvinyl polymer; and a compos-16 tion comprising (h) 36 wt % of an aqueous emulsion of ethylacrylate 17 methyl methacrylate, 24 wt % of an aqueous emulsion of ethylcellulose 18 and 40 wt % of polyvinyl alcohol having a molecular weight of 19 4,000,000.
The coating composition can be applied to a drug or to a compressed 21 drug core by standard manufacturing procedures. For example, one manu-22 facturing procedure that can be used for coating a drug substrate is 23 the air suspension technique. The air suspension technique consists in 24 suspending and tumbling a drug, or a compressed drug core to be coated, in a current of air comprising the coating composition until a coat is 26 applied to the drug or to the drug core. The air suspension procedure 27 is known in U. S. Patent No. 3,207,824; in J. Am. Pharm. Assoc., Vol.
28 48, pp 451-59, (1959); and in ibid, Vol. 49, pp 82-84, (1960). A drug 1 3331 ~3 ARC 1017 1 or a drug core can be coated or surrounded with the wall forming 2 composition in a Wurster~ air suspension coater, or in an Aeromatic0 3 air suspension coater. Other coating procedures such as pan coating 4 can be used for applying the coat. Generally the coat that surrounds adrug, or a drug core, will have a thickness of 1 to 25 mils, usually 4 6 to 12 mils thick.
7 The drug coated product generally is annealed or cured at a 8 temperature of about 35C to 65C, usually for 24 to 72 hours. More 9 specifically, in a preferred embodiment, the coated manufacture is dried at 50C for 30 hours in a forced air oven to yield the final 11 product.
12 The expression, "exit passageway," as used in Figures 3 through 6, 13 for a drug delivery device comprising a coated composition as provided14 by this invention, denotes means and methods suitable for the controlled, metered release of a drug from a drug delivery device or 16 from a drug dosage form. The exit means comprises at least one 17 passageway, orifice, or the like, through the coated wall of a dosage 18 form. The expression, "at least one passageway," embraces aperture, l9 orifice, bore, pore, porous element, through which pores a drug can travel, a hollow fiber, capillary tube, porous overlay, porous insert, 21 and the like. The expression also includes a material that erodes or 22 is leached from a wall in a fluid environment of use to produce at 23 least one passageway of controlled releasing dimensions. Represen-24 tative materials for forming a passageway or two passageways, or a multiplicity of passageways in an environment of use, include an erod-26 ible innocuous poly(glycolic acid), or poly(lactic acid) member in the 27 wall, a gelatinous filament, a particle of polyvinyl alcohol leachable 28 materials such as fluid removable pore forming polysaccharide, l2 1 salt, oxide, polyhydric alcohol, and the like. A passagewty or a 2 plurality of passageways of governed dimensions for the controlled 3 release of drug can be formed by leaching a passageway forming material, 4 such as sorbitol, from the wall. The passageway can have any shape such as round, triangular, square, elliptical, irregular, and the like, for 6 assisting in the metered release of a drug from a dosage form. A
7 dosage form can comprise one or more than one passageway in spaced 8 apart relations which are, optionally, on more than a single surface of 9 a dosage form. The passageways and equipment for forming a passageway are disclosed in U. S. Patents No. 3,845,770; 3,916,889; 4,063,064;
11 and in 4,088,864. Representative passageways formèd by the governed 12 leaching of a pore former to produce a pore of precontrolled rate 13 releasing size are disclosed in U. S. Patents No. 4,200,098 and 14 4,285,987.
The expression, "therapeutically active drug," as used herein, 16 denotes a beneficial medicine neat, or a composition comprising a 17 beneficial drug. ~n the specification and in the accompanying claims, 18 the term, "medicine and drug," are used as equivalents, and these terms 19 include any physiologically or pharmacologically active substance that produces a local or a systemic effect in animals, including warm-21 blooded mammals, primates and humans. The terms, "physiologically and 22 pharmacologically," are defined in Stedman's Medical Dictionarv, 23 (1966), published by Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. The active 24 drug that can be coated, or the drug that can be placed into a drug delivery device coated with the composition of this invention, comprise 26 inorganic and organic drugs that include, without limitation, drugs 27 that act on the central nervous system, depressants, hypnotics, 28 sedatives~ psychic energizers, tranquilizers, anticonvulsants, muscle 1 333 ~ 5~ ARC 1017 1 relaxants, anti-Parkinsons, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, local 2 anesthetics, muscle contractants, anti-microbials, anti-malarials, 3 hormones, contraceptives, sympathomimetics, diuretics, paraciticides, 4 neoplastics, hypoglycemics, ophthalmics, electrolytes and cardiovascular S drugs. These drugs and the daily dosage is known to the art in 6 Pharmaceutical Sciences, edited by Remington, 16th Ed., (1980), 7 published by Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA.
8 The drug can be in various pharmaceutically acceptable forms, such 9 as uncharged molecules, molecular complexes, pharmacologically accept-able salts such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, laurylate, 11 palmitate, phosphate, nitrate, borate, acetate, maleate, tartrate, 12 oleate and salicylate; for acidic medicines such as salts of metals, 13 amines or organic cations, for example quaternary ammonium can be used.
14 Derivatives of medicine such as an ester, ether and amides can be used for the purpose of this invention. Also, a medicine that is water 16 insoluble can be used in a form that is a water soluble derivative 17 thereof to serve as a solute, and on its release from a dosage form it 18 is converted by enzymes, hydrolyzed by the body pH, or by other meta-19 bolic process, to the originally biologically active form.
The osmopolymer 27 used for making the osmotic device of Figure 6 21 comprises a homopolymer that exhibits an osmotic pressure gradient 22 across a fluid permeable wall, imbibes fluid into dosage form 10, 23 expands and pushes drug 25 through passageway 23 to the exterior of 24 device 10. The osmopolymers are hydrophilic polymers comprising noncross-linked hydrogels and lightly cross-linked hydrogels, such as 26 cross-linked by covalent or ionic bonds. The hydrophilic hydrogels 27 usually exhibit a 2 to 50 fold volume increase comprising acidic carboxy 28 polymers having a molecular weight of 450,000 to 4,000,000;
l4 1 3:7.31 53 1 poly(hydroxyalkyl methacrylate) polymers having a molecular weight of 2 30,000 to 5,000,000; poly(vinylpyrrolidone) having a molecular weight 3 of 10,000 to 360,000; polyacrylic acid having a molecular weight of 4 80,000 to 200,000; polyethylene oxide polymers having a molecular weight of 100,000 to 5,000,000, and the like. Representative polymers 6 that form hydrogels are known to the prior art in U. S. Patent Nos.
7 3,865,108 issued to Hartop; 4,002,173 issued to Manning; 4,207,893 8 issued to Michaels; 4,327,725 issued to Cortese et al, and in Handbook 9 of Common PolYmers, by Scott and Roff, published by Chemical Rubber Company, Cleveland, OH.
11 Osmagent 20 as seen in Figure 4, and osmagent 26 as seen in 12 Figure 6, are osmotically effective compounds that exhibit an osmotic 13 pressure gradient across a wall against a fluid. Osmagents are known 14 also as osmotically effective solutes. Representative osmagents include magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, lithium 16 chloride, potassium sulfate, sodium sulfate, lithium sulfate, potassium 17 chloride, sodium sulfate, mannitol, urea, sorbitol, inositol, raffinose, 18 sucrose, glycose, and the like. The osmagents are known in U. S.
19 Patent No. 4,327,725.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLES
21 The following examples are merely illustrative of the present 22 invention and they should not be considered as limiting the scope of 23 the invention in any way, as these examples and other equivalents 24 thereof will become more apparent to those skilled in the drug delivery art in the light of the present disclosure, the drawings and the 26 accompanying claims.
28 A drug delivery dosage form adapted, designed and shaped as an 1 osmotic delivery system is manufactured as follows: first, 98.7 wt %
2 potassium chloride, 1.2 wt % silicon dioxide and 0.1 wt % stearic acid 3 are added to a blender to produce a homogeneous blend. Then the blend 4 is compressed into potassium chloride drug cores.
The drug cores are coated with an aqueous emulsion. The cores 6 weigh 500 mg and they are added to an Aeromatic coater. The coating 7 composition comprises 36 wt % of aqueous emulsion ethylacrylate methyl 8 methacrylate copolymer, 24 wt % aqueous emulsion of ethyl cellulose and 9 40 wt % polyvinyl alcohol.
The aqueous emulsion coat is applied in an Aeromatic air suspen-11 sion coater at a process air temperature of 42C, an atomizing air 12 pressure of 2.4 atm, a coating solution pumping rate of 15 milliliters 13 per minute, and possessing a solid content of copolymer of about 10 wt %.
14 The coated systems next were cured in a forced air oven for 30 hours at 50C. The systems were cooled to room temperature and a 16 0.037 mm exit port was laser drilled through the dry coated wall that 17 surrounds the core of potassium chloride.
19 An emulsion coat is prepared by taking (a) 40 wt % methylacrylate ethyl methacrylate copolymer, pigment, lactose and water and blending 21 with (b) 40 wt % ethyl cellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate and water, 22 and blending all ingredients with 20 wt % polyvinyl alcohol with 23 vigorous stirring for 40 minutes to yield the blended emulsion. The 24 emulsion is applied as an external wall to a drug core for providing Z5 osmotic dosage forms.
26 The osmotic dosage forms are manufactured for oral administration 27 and comprise the following: a first composition is prepared by passing 28 through a 40 mesh screen 74.40 wt % polyethylene oxide having a molecular 1 weight of 200,000. Then 20.10 wt % of nifedipine and 5.00 wt % of 2 hydroxypropylmethylcellulose having an average molecular weight of 3 11,200 is added to the polyethylene oxide and the three ingredients 4 mixed for about lO minutes in a conventional mixer. While the three ingredients are mixing, 300 ml of denatured anhydrous ethanol is added 6 slowly to the mixer and the mixing continued for an additional five 7 minutes. The wet granulation is passed through a 20 mesh screen, dried 8 at room temperature for 16 hours and passed again through a 20 mesh 9 screen. Finally, 1.5 wt % of magnesium stearate is added to the granulation and all the ingredients mixed on a roller mill for one to 11 three minutes.
12 A second composition is prepared by mixing 64.30 wt % of 13 polyethylene oxide having a molecular weight of 5,000,000 with 14 29.20 wt % sodium chloride and the mix passed through a 40 mesh screen.
The just prepared mixture is mixed with 5.00 wt % hydroxypropylmethyl-16 cellulose having a number average molecular weight of 9,200 and with 17 1.00 wt % of ferric oxide for 10 minutes in the mixer. Then, 300 ml of 18 denatured anhydrous ethanol is added slowly to the blending mixture and 19 all the ingredients mixed for an additional five minutes. The freshlyprepared wet granulation is passed through a 20 mesh screen, allowed to 21 dry at room temperature for 16 hours, and again passed through a 20 22 mesh screen. The screened granulation is mixed with 0.50 wt %
23 magnesium stearate in a roller mill for 10 minutes.
24 A drug core is prepared by adding 328 mg of the first composition to a tablet press and tamped, then 164 mg of the second composition is 26 added to the press and the two compositions pressed into a two-layered 27 drug core. The compressed two-layered drug core is coated with a 28 coating composition and the coat cured with the aid of heat as des-l7 1 3 ~3 1 5 3 ARC 1017 1 cribed in Example 1. Finally, a 20 mil orifice is drilled through the 2 coated wall to provide the final dosage form.
4 An emulsion coat is prepared by blending 60 wt % of an aqueous emulsion of ethyl acrylate methyl methacrylate titanium, lactose and 6 water, known also as Eudragit-E30D, with 40% of an aqueous emulsion of 7 ethyl cellulose, dibutyl sebacate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and 8 water, also known as Aquacoat coat, to produce a uniform homogeneous 9 emulsion.
Next, a drug core weighing 323.23 mg is prepared comprising 11 5.96 wt % salbutamol hemisulfate, 89.01 wt % sodium chloride, 20 wt %
12 polyvinyl pyrrolidone, 2 wt % cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellu 13 lose and 1.0 wt X magnesium stearate. The drug core is coated with the14 emulsion, annealed, and a 20 mil passageway drilled through the freshly prepared wall of the dosage form to provide an osmotic delivery device.
16 An embodiment of the invention pertains to a method for adminis-17 tering a drug to the gastrointestinal tract to establish a drug blood 18 level. The method comprises the steps of: (A) admitting into the 19 gastrointestinal tract an osmotic dosage form comprising: (1) a wall comprising a non-toxic emulsion that is permeable to the passage of 21 fluid and substantially impermeable to the passage of drug, which wall22 forms: (2) a compartment comprising a gastrointestinal administrable 23 drug; and (3) at least one exit passageway in the emulsion-based wall 24 that connects the exterior of the dosage form with the interior of thedosage form; (B) imbibing fluid through the wall into the compartment 26 at a rate determined by the permeability of the wall and the osmotic 27 pressure gradient across the wall to form, in the compartment, a dis-28 pensable composition that is hydrodynamically and osmotically pumped sts3 1 through the passageway from the dosage form; (C) thereby delivering 2 the drug in a therapeutically effective amount to the gastrointestinal 3 tract for passing into the blood circulation for established a blood 4 level over a prolonged period of time from 4 hours to 24 hours.
The invention pertains to an dosage form comprising an emulsion 6 coat or wall for delivering a drug at a controlled rate over time.
7 While there has been described and pointed out the novel features of 8 the invention as applied to presently preferred embodiments, those 9 skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, changesand omissions in the invention disclosed and claimed can be made with-11 out departing from the spirit of the invention.
Claims (6)
1. An osmotic device comprising:
(a) a wall comprising a cured emulsion, said emulsion comprising a lower alkylacrylate-lower methacrylate wherein the lower alkyl comprises 1 to 7 carbon atoms and ethyl cellulose, which wall surrounds;
(b) a compartment;
(c) a therapeutically effective amount of drug in the compartment; and, (d) at least one passageway in the wall connecting the exterior with the interior of the device for delivering the drug over time.
(a) a wall comprising a cured emulsion, said emulsion comprising a lower alkylacrylate-lower methacrylate wherein the lower alkyl comprises 1 to 7 carbon atoms and ethyl cellulose, which wall surrounds;
(b) a compartment;
(c) a therapeutically effective amount of drug in the compartment; and, (d) at least one passageway in the wall connecting the exterior with the interior of the device for delivering the drug over time.
2. The osmotic device according to claim 1, wherein the emulsion comprises a hydrogel.
3. An osmotic device comprising:
(a) a wall comprising an aqueous emulsion of a lower alkylacrylate-lower methacrylate wherein the lower alkyl comprises 1 to 7 carbon atoms and an aqueous emulsion of ethyl cellulose, said wall formed by coalescence at a temperature up to 65°C. for up to 72 hours, which wall surrounds;
(b) a compartment;
(c) a therapeutically effective amount of drug in the compartment; and, (d) at least one passageway in the wall connecting the exterior with the interior of the device for delivering drug over time.
(a) a wall comprising an aqueous emulsion of a lower alkylacrylate-lower methacrylate wherein the lower alkyl comprises 1 to 7 carbon atoms and an aqueous emulsion of ethyl cellulose, said wall formed by coalescence at a temperature up to 65°C. for up to 72 hours, which wall surrounds;
(b) a compartment;
(c) a therapeutically effective amount of drug in the compartment; and, (d) at least one passageway in the wall connecting the exterior with the interior of the device for delivering drug over time.
4. The osmotic device according to claim 3, wherein the emulsion comprises a hydrophilic polymer.
5. The osmotic device according to claim 3, wherein the drug is nifedipine.
6. The osmotic device according to claim 3, wherein the drug is salbutamol.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/184,478 US5019397A (en) | 1988-04-21 | 1988-04-21 | Aqueous emulsion for pharmaceutical dosage form |
| US07/184,478 | 1988-04-21 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1333153C true CA1333153C (en) | 1994-11-22 |
Family
ID=22677043
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000596194A Expired - Fee Related CA1333153C (en) | 1988-04-21 | 1989-04-10 | Aqueous emulsion for pharmaceutical dosage form |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5019397A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0347024B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2664243B2 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE80798T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1333153C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE68902954T2 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK191189A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2034617T3 (en) |
| GR (1) | GR3005942T3 (en) |
| IE (1) | IE61865B1 (en) |
| PT (1) | PT90343B (en) |
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-
1988
- 1988-04-21 US US07/184,478 patent/US5019397A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-04-04 ES ES198989303290T patent/ES2034617T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-04-04 EP EP89303290A patent/EP0347024B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-04-04 AT AT89303290T patent/ATE80798T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-04-04 DE DE8989303290T patent/DE68902954T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-04-07 IE IE111589A patent/IE61865B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-04-10 CA CA000596194A patent/CA1333153C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-04-19 DK DK191189A patent/DK191189A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-04-20 JP JP1101505A patent/JP2664243B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-04-21 PT PT90343A patent/PT90343B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1992
- 1992-10-12 GR GR920402262T patent/GR3005942T3/el unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE68902954T2 (en) | 1993-04-15 |
| EP0347024A2 (en) | 1989-12-20 |
| DE68902954D1 (en) | 1992-10-29 |
| IE61865B1 (en) | 1994-11-30 |
| DK191189A (en) | 1989-10-22 |
| JP2664243B2 (en) | 1997-10-15 |
| IE891115L (en) | 1989-10-21 |
| US5019397A (en) | 1991-05-28 |
| DK191189D0 (en) | 1989-04-19 |
| PT90343B (en) | 1994-04-29 |
| ES2034617T3 (en) | 1993-04-01 |
| GR3005942T3 (en) | 1993-06-07 |
| JPH026411A (en) | 1990-01-10 |
| EP0347024A3 (en) | 1990-03-07 |
| ATE80798T1 (en) | 1992-10-15 |
| EP0347024B1 (en) | 1992-09-23 |
| PT90343A (en) | 1989-11-10 |
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| MKLA | Lapsed |