CA1274339A - Synthesis and application of high molecular weight polyanhydrides - Google Patents
Synthesis and application of high molecular weight polyanhydridesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1274339A CA1274339A CA000542618A CA542618A CA1274339A CA 1274339 A CA1274339 A CA 1274339A CA 000542618 A CA000542618 A CA 000542618A CA 542618 A CA542618 A CA 542618A CA 1274339 A CA1274339 A CA 1274339A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- molecular weight
- dicarboxylic acids
- polyanhydride
- aromatic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G67/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing oxygen or oxygen and carbon, not provided for in groups C08G2/00 - C08G65/00
- C08G67/04—Polyanhydrides
Abstract
SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF
HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYANHYDRIDES
Abstract of the Disclosure High molecular weight polyanhydrides, defined as polyanhydrides having a molecular weight average greater than 20,000 or an intrinsic viscosity of greater than 0.3 dl/g in an organic solvent at room temperature, are formed by melt polycondensation of highly pure isolated prepolymers under optimized reaction conditions, particularly time and temperature with removal of the condensation product. Higher molecular weights are obtained by inclusion of a catalyst with the prepolymers in the melt polymerization. Catalysts used for transterfication, ring opening polymerization and related polymerizations may be utilized.
The high molecular weight polyanhydrides have improved physico-mechanical properties and are especially well suited for biomedical applications, particularly in controlled release devices for drug delivery.
HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYANHYDRIDES
Abstract of the Disclosure High molecular weight polyanhydrides, defined as polyanhydrides having a molecular weight average greater than 20,000 or an intrinsic viscosity of greater than 0.3 dl/g in an organic solvent at room temperature, are formed by melt polycondensation of highly pure isolated prepolymers under optimized reaction conditions, particularly time and temperature with removal of the condensation product. Higher molecular weights are obtained by inclusion of a catalyst with the prepolymers in the melt polymerization. Catalysts used for transterfication, ring opening polymerization and related polymerizations may be utilized.
The high molecular weight polyanhydrides have improved physico-mechanical properties and are especially well suited for biomedical applications, particularly in controlled release devices for drug delivery.
Description
.274~3~
8ackqround o~ the Invent}on This invontlon i~ in the ar~a o~ organic synthesis and i~ in particula~ a m~thod for synthesi-~ o~ high mol~cular ~oiqh~
polyanhydrid~3.
Synth~sis of aromatic polyanhydride~ was first reported in 1909. In ~he 1930's, Carothers and ~ill prepared a se~ies o aliphatic polyanhydrides intended as substitute3 for poly~ster~
in textil~ appllcations, as raported in J. Am. Chemr Soc., 52, 4110 ~1930), and J. Am. Chem. Soc., 54, 1569 tl932). In the late 19S0'$, ~. ConLx r~portad poly[bis(p-ca~boxy~honoxy) ~lkan~
anhyd~idesl havinq a much improved hydrolyt~o rQ~istance as woll a~ excellent ~il~ and fiber-orming p~oQartias, in Makromol.
Chem., 24, 76 ~195?), and PoLYm. Sci., 2~, 343 (1958~. Th~
po1ymo~ a~o in~olublo in comm~n oryanic ~lvent, how~vs~, 30 they cannot b~ 301Yen~ ca~t. Subsequent ~tudi~ ~xamin~d ~
numb~r o~ a~o~tic and hst~rocycl~c p~lyanhydrid~s. ~ncluding coQoLym~r~, ove~ one hundr~d polyanhydride3 had b~n pr~par~d by 1965. ~owov~r~ th~s~ poly~nhydrid~s w~ neve~ commerelaliæ~d, pra3umably due to th~ ~roblem o~ hydrolytic in tabil~ty.
~ iqh ~ol~cYlar woight ~olyanhydrid~a are ~s~antial ~or blom~dlcal ap~lication~ whor~ ~uporior phy~ico-~echanieaL
Fro~ti~ including ~ o~lng, hi~h ~en~ ngth, yield of ~r~ak and im~act ar~ ~equ~d. Although synth~Yi~ o~ :
~lyanhydrid~ i w~ll dccu~nt~d~ QoLyanhydrida3 ha~inq a .~
8ackqround o~ the Invent}on This invontlon i~ in the ar~a o~ organic synthesis and i~ in particula~ a m~thod for synthesi-~ o~ high mol~cular ~oiqh~
polyanhydrid~3.
Synth~sis of aromatic polyanhydride~ was first reported in 1909. In ~he 1930's, Carothers and ~ill prepared a se~ies o aliphatic polyanhydrides intended as substitute3 for poly~ster~
in textil~ appllcations, as raported in J. Am. Chemr Soc., 52, 4110 ~1930), and J. Am. Chem. Soc., 54, 1569 tl932). In the late 19S0'$, ~. ConLx r~portad poly[bis(p-ca~boxy~honoxy) ~lkan~
anhyd~idesl havinq a much improved hydrolyt~o rQ~istance as woll a~ excellent ~il~ and fiber-orming p~oQartias, in Makromol.
Chem., 24, 76 ~195?), and PoLYm. Sci., 2~, 343 (1958~. Th~
po1ymo~ a~o in~olublo in comm~n oryanic ~lvent, how~vs~, 30 they cannot b~ 301Yen~ ca~t. Subsequent ~tudi~ ~xamin~d ~
numb~r o~ a~o~tic and hst~rocycl~c p~lyanhydrid~s. ~ncluding coQoLym~r~, ove~ one hundr~d polyanhydride3 had b~n pr~par~d by 1965. ~owov~r~ th~s~ poly~nhydrid~s w~ neve~ commerelaliæ~d, pra3umably due to th~ ~roblem o~ hydrolytic in tabil~ty.
~ iqh ~ol~cYlar woight ~olyanhydrid~a are ~s~antial ~or blom~dlcal ap~lication~ whor~ ~uporior phy~ico-~echanieaL
Fro~ti~ including ~ o~lng, hi~h ~en~ ngth, yield of ~r~ak and im~act ar~ ~equ~d. Although synth~Yi~ o~ :
~lyanhydrid~ i w~ll dccu~nt~d~ QoLyanhydrida3 ha~inq a .~
-2~
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' ' - ,: . - ' 1: 1 t mol~cular w~ight a~ora~e ln ~xce~s o~ 15,000 to 20,000 and an ~ntrinsi~ viScostty in organlc solv~nt-~ o~ gr~at~r than 0.3 dl/g ars not 3ynthe~ized us~ng any of the known m~thods. Pr~vio~
r~ports of polyanhyd~ide~ havinq hi~h~r mol~cula~ w~ight~ wers ba~d on est~;ma~d mol~cular w~iqht3. Controlled ~udies using in~trumen~ation not availabl~ when th~se r~p~rts w~r~ mad~ hav~
~hown ~hat th~ polyanhydr~des produced by soluticn polymeriza~ion and melt polymerization have a molecular weight averag~ o~ a few thousand up to at most 20,000.- Th~ low ~olecular w~ight poly~nhydrid~ polymers ar~ limited by their low mol~cu~ar weight Igenorally 12,5~0 mw) and corresponding low intr~ns~c viscosity in ~olution ~ap~roxima~ely 0.1 to 0.3 dl/~ in organic ~olv~nts a~
ro~m t~mperatur~). ALthough polyanhydride~ ar~ u~e~uL in controlled ~lease drug d~liv~ry sy~tems du~ to thei~ hydrolytic in3tability and tha ~act that they degrade lnto monomeric diacids ~fhich are~ hiyhly biocompatlbl~, as showQ by ~is3ue~ re~p~n~e and .toxicoloqical ~udiQ~, th~ ra~ o~ degradation ~ ~o~ rapid for many aeplicatian~
Fur'ch~r, tho manufactu~ of controll~d ~Rleal~e~ devie~
nited ~inc~ th~ devic~:~ inco~porating th~ lo~ molecula~
w~iyht Qolyanhydride~ can only b~ manufactuE~d in l:wo ~ay~: by ~xing th~ ~owder~d 5~olyanhyd~do with th~ biozlcti~o ~t~bstanc~
and then Qr~ ins~ tho mix~usel~ ingo d~v~co~ o~ by m~ ng th~
p~lyanhydrid~ and ~ioact~ vo ~b~tance~ a~ ~ r~lativ~ly high teEn~?e~atuE~,, The ~ ho~ ~relqu~n~ly r~ul t ln 8 .
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non-homogenaous mixture o~ p~or r~lea3e kinetics and the ~econd caus~s degradation ot ~he incorpcrat~d drugs or a r~action b~tween tha d~ugs and th~ polyanhydride~.
I~ iS de~irabl~ to b~ abl~ to solvent çast th~
polyanhydrides to for~n films ~or the manu~acEure ol~ biom~dical d~vices. Increas~ng th~ aroma~tc content and~or th~ mol~cular wei~ht of ~heqe polyanhydrides would impart film ~o~min~
properties to tha polymers. Fllms have a numher o~ advantag~
includin~ a mor~ homogeReous distribut~on o~ bioactive matQrial, the ability t~ be ca~t as a ~heet at amhlent tempe~atur~ or cuteing up in~o th~ de~ir~d ~izes and ~hapes and deYirabl~
rel~as~ kin~tics for controlled r~lease o~ bioactiv~ mat2rial~
rn r~cen~ y~ar~, much re3Qareh ha be~n direc~ed to d~v~loping polym~ric composi~ion~ and dQliv~ry ~y tem~ fo~ ~he programm~d r~l0a~e of biologically activs a~ent3, 0~p~cially druq~, ov~r ~eselec~d poriod~ of ~ . The purpo~e of th~e programm~d r~l~as~ ~ystsm~ i. to di~p~ns3 th~ biologically a~tlve ~ub~eancR a~ a cont~oll~d and, ~r~e~ablyi constant rato a~t~ in vi~o implan~ation in~o a pæ~i~nt. On~ appLication o~ the~
~ygt~ i3 an i~ov~d ~horap~utic r~gimQn wh~reln a ~har macQutically ac~i~o drug is ~el~a~d ~n a b~na~icial and ~liabl~
mann~r w~th ~h~ minimum pot~neial ~or comQlicat~on~ or ~ailur~ to provid~ ad~qua~ do~ag~.
Alth~ugh controll~d ~lea~ o~ biologiG~lly actlvo ~u~tance~ hag b~n accompli3h~d ~n ~v~al wayQ; ~h~ ~e~err3d :
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mechanis~ i~ to utLliz~ an implanted poLymeric mat~ix which d~gradss in ivo into solubls qegradation product3. Tha di~t~nct advantag~ Oe this method i~ th~ ination oC th~ nQad for su~ical r~moval o~ th~ articl~ at a later date. D~plte th~
desLrability o~ ~uch a mechanism, howe~r, th~ development of polymeric matrix system~ usin~ biocrodible polym~rs ~or controll~d ralea~e of active agents has not ~rogre~se~ quickly.
In ~act, ~ew bioerodibl2 polym~rs have b~en dev~loped ~or biomedical o~ Ln vivo use; 0~ thes~, a ew polymerlc formulations wer~ designed speci~ically for ~he r~lease o~
biologically active substancas. Examples of u~eful polycarbonate and polyorthoester polym~ric COmQO~itiOnS arQ descrLb~d in U.S.
Patent No. 4,070,347. Polylatic acid and polylatic~glycolio acid copolym~rs ar~ comm~rciaLly a~allabl~ substance3 u-Rad ~o~
controll~d r~l~as~ at biologically activ~ 3ub~tanco~.
For a ~olrm~r to b~ usa~ul a~ a matrix fo~ sontroll~d rsloa~a of a biologically-ac~ive ~ubstance, -~urfac~ erosion o~
th~ poly~r 3hould b~ the determin~ng facto~ ~or r~ s~ o~ ~h~
~ntrap~ed .~ubstane~. Fu~th~r, to b~ ~uita~la ~o~ u~ in vivo, th~ ~oly~eric ~atrix ComQo~iOn mus~ d~grad~ ineo low mol~eul~r w~ght, non-toxic ~roduc~ doally, the p~lymorie ~t~ix o~od~$
a~ ~ p~3~le~Qd, ~on~tant ra~ and tho biolog~cally ~c~i~o ~ubYtanc~ alea~d at a z~o-~rd~r ~at~, uithout r~gard to th~
conc~n~ration o~ any otho~ ehamical component. ~o obtain a zero-ord~ ~318as9 ~ac~ion o~ actlv0 ~ubstanc~ o~ the matr~x~
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' ' ' -' ' ~ ': '': -it i5 nec~ssary to U~ i2~ a matrix g~emetry which do~s not chang~ sub3tantsally ~n ~ur~ac~ a~ea a3 a functlon o~ tim~, To be us~ul a~ a ma~rix for conerolled r~leas~ oE a b~ologically activa 3ubstanc~, th~ compo~ition ~u~t al~o nol:
undergo bulk erosion which o~ten occur~ in addition to, or in place of, surface ero~ion, rendering the entir~ polym~r composition spongs-like and causing broakup oE ~h~ ma~rix~ To orodo heterQgeneously, the polymer ~houl.d be hydrophobic yet contain water labile linkag~s. Bulk ~rosion iq dir~ctly due to th~ hydrophilic nature o~ most bioerodiblet polym~ric compc~sitions. Hydrophilic bLoerodible pc~lymer~ lncorporate wat~r which i~s drawn ir~to th~ c~nter o~! the matrix. Polymee~s which undergo bulk erosion includ~ pc7lylactic: acid, E~olyglu~amic acid.
polycaprolactonQ and lactic~glycolie acid copoly~ers.
Qne hyd~ophobic composition which is u~e~ul ~or dalivo~y o~ biolegicaLly ac~ve sub~tanc~ polyo~hoe~ters.
An advantage to ~he~ir use i~ ~hat, hydrolyais o~ orth~estsr i~
~n~itiv~ ~nd p~ may ~:h~r~for~ b~ u~d ~or r~gulation o~ ~he~
r~laa~e of the activ~ sub~itancs. ~Io~av~r, all p~lyoethoester~
synthesiz~d to dat~ ar0 o~e~n ~oo hydrolyé~ cally stabl~ ~or U319 ~n con~rolled r~}~aY~- sy~t~m-~ w~thout acld cataly$t~ ~ncL~Ideld w~'ch~n the matrix ~o promot~ bio~rosion. A~ a con equenc~, th~
I?olyorthoe~t~r ~olym~ dd~.t~ve~ ~yst~ ~we~ll substanti~lly wh~n attempty a~ m~d~ to suppre3~ de57rada~ion ~n the 1n~rior o~ the .~-.. . ~6--.
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matrix, the rate of swelling often dominating and a~fecting the rate of release for the active substances more -than the rate of erosion itself.
Other compositions shown for example is U.S. patent 4,891,225 which are useful as hydrophobic polymeric matrices for the controlled release of biologically active substances after implantation are polyanhydride polymers prepared by a modification of the melt polycondensation synthesis method of Conix, described in Macro Synth. 2, 95-98 tl966)~
in which the prepolymer is recrystallized initially to provide a more pure, higher molecular weight unit for polyme-rization. Selected polyanhydrides completely degrade to their monomers under physiological conditions at rates useful for drug delivery. Degradation rates are high in polymers or copolymers of sebacic acid. Erosion rates are highly dependent on the number of methylene groups. As with the other reported polyanhydrides, these polymers also have low molecular weight (up to 15,000) and intrinsic viscosities (up to 0.3 dl/g). As a result, their physico-mechanical properties and release kinetics are less than is desired.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a method for synthesizing high molecular weight polyanhydride polymers.
It is another object of the invention to provide :..
less hydrophobic high molecular weight polyanhydride polymers . ~
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for use in biomedical applications, especially con-trolled release of biologically-active substances in vivo - 7a -.
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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
_ The present invention is a method for synthesizing high molecular weight polyanhydride~ wherein a high molecular weight polyanhydride i9 defined as having a ~olecular weight average in excess of 30.000 and is characterized by an intrinsic viscosity of greather than 0.3 dl/g in organic solvent at room temperature.
- According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a high molecular weight polyanhydride having a weight avera~e molecular weight of greater than 20,000 and an intrinsic viscosity of greater than 0.3 dl/g in chloroform at 23C., said polyanhydride produced from at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of:
aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
HOOC-H2C-R-CH2-COOH;
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
HOOC ~ R ~ COOH;
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
: HOOC ~ COOH;
: . :, -. , :
, . . ,:
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aliphatic-aromatic dicarboxylic acidq having the f Qrmul a:
HOOC-H C-R ~ COOH;
- aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
~ (CH )n~
HOOC-Rl ~ 2~--'R2CH
X
wherein X is selected from the yroup consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and n is an integer between : 1 and 3; and aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic -~ acids of the above formula in combination with at least : one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting ~-. of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic-aliphatic dicar-boxylic acids, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids having more - than one phenyl group; wherein the R groups are divalent organic radical group~.
According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided A high molecular weight polyanhydride synthesized by: polymerizing at least one highly pure pre-D~
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polymer produced from a mixture of anhydrides prepared from at least one highly pure dicarboxylic acid at a tem-perature and for a reaction time to form a polyanhydride having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000;
removing the polyanhydride condensation product having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000 formed by said polymerization; and stopping said polymerization before said polyanhydride condensation product decreases in molecular weight.
According to a third aspect of the invention there is provided A composition comprising a high molecular weight polyanhydride having a weight average molecular weight of greater than 20,000 and an intrinsic viscosity of greater than 0.3 dl/g in chloroform at 23C., said polyan-hydride produced from at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of:
aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
HOOC-H2C-R-CH2-COOH;
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
' ~
;;~ HOOC ~ R ~ COOH;
: ` ' , ' , , ' ' ' .
~:7~3~
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
HOOC ~ COOH;
aliphatic aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
HOOC-H C-R ~ COOH;
aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
/--(CH2)n ~
HOOC--Rl -~ X J'R2COOH
wherein X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur and n is an integer between ~- 1 and 3; and aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids of the above formula in combination with at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic-aliphatic dicar~
`: :
1~74339 boxylic acids, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids having more than one phenyl group, wherein R groups are divalent organic radical groups.
According to a fourth aspect of the invention there is provided A high molecular weight polyanhydride having a weight average molecular weight of greater than 20,000 and an intrinsic viscosity of greater than 0.3 dl/g in chloroform at 23C., wherein said polyanhydride i9 produced ~rom at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of sebacic acid, ~,4'-[a,w-alkanediylbis (oxy~]bis[benzoic acid], isophthalic acid, dodecanedioic acid, 2,2'-[1,4-phenylenebis(oxy)~biqacetic acid, l,~-bis (carboxymethyl)benzene, 2,2'-[(1-methylethylidene)bis(4,1-phenyleneoxy)]bisacetic acid, 2,2-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)pro-pane; terephthalic acid; 1,4 phenylene dipropionic acid;
4,4'-(n-alkylidene)bis[benzoic acid]; and cyclohexane dicarboxylic acids.
According to a fifth aspect of the invention there is provided A method for synthesizing a high molecular weight polyanhydride comprising; polymerizing at least one highly pure prepolymer prepared from at least one highly pure dicarboxylic acid at a temperature and for a reaction time to form a polyanhydride having a weight average molecu-lar weight in excess of 20,000; removing the polyanhydride condensation product having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000 formed by said polymerization;
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and stopping said polymerization before said polyanhydride condensation product decreases in molecular weight.
In the preferred method, the high molecular weight polyanhydrides are synthesized by melt polycondensation of highly pure dicarboxylic acid monomers converted to the mixed anhydride by reflux in acetic anhydride for 15 to 30 minutes; isolation and purification of the isolated prepolymers by recrystallization; and melt polymerization under low pressure (10-4mm) with a dry ice/acetone trap at a temperature between 140C and 250C, more preferably 180C, for between 10 and 300 minutes, more preferably 90 minutes Higher molecular weights are obtained by inclusion of a catalyst which increases the rate of anhydride interchain exhange. Catalysts which are useful include any catalysts active in transesterification, ring opening polymerization and related polymerizations. The preferred catalysts are heterogenic coordination catalysts, such as Cd(CH3C00)2, earth metal oxides , ~
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; . 3L27~39 such as CaO, BaO and CaCO3, and coml?lexo~ o~ 2nE~2 and hydroxylated ~olooule~
In tho oxampl~s, his~her molecular weight polyanhydrides a~ p~oduc~d ~om moncm~r~ ~uch Ae~ Qbacic ac:id ~SA), bis (p-carboxy-phenoxy) p~opan~ ~CPP), i-~oE~h~halic ac~d IIph), and dodecanedioic acid (~Dj. Exampl~s a~ also inc1uded of controlled r~led~e in vivo and in vitro ~rom d~vises form~d of h igh molecul~r we i~ht polymerY .
~r~e~ ûes~:riptien of ~he Drawi_~s ~ iy. l~a~ ~3 2 determinatlon o~ tha molecular weight distrJ.bution og C~?P:~A ~20:80) poly~n~r~
F~g. l(b) i~ a graph oC e~ molecular woigh~ ~x10-3) of CPP:YA ~ ~0:80) a~ a ~unction o~ tim~ (min) o~ polymerization a~
18 0 ~ C ( Mw a wa igh~ av~ rage ) .
Fig.. 2 i2 a graQh of the molecular weight ( x10-3 ) of CPP:SA ~20:80) a~ a function o~ t~mp~ra~ur~ (150G, 180'C~ 220~C) ov~r ~:~,me (~in)O
.
Fig. 3 i~ a graph of th~ mol~cular welght ~x10~3) og :~ CPE':SA (20:8Q~ poly~ne~ Qolysn~r~2ed by malt polycond~nsation in th~ ~r~onc~ o~ no cataly~t o~ 2 mol~ ~ cataly~t: calcium oxida, bartu~a ox~d~, calc~ earbe~na~o and cad~niu~ aeeta~
gunetion o~ time~ o~ pol~ization (lain)~
,.0 :, - . .
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; ~7~339 ~ i~. 4 is a graph Oe th~ t~ns~ trensth (k~/cm2~ of ~oly(CPP:SA) f~ a3 a ~unction o~ tha Qercent CPP ~nd mol~cular w~ight.
~ ig. S i~ a graph o~ th~ Qerc2nt colchicine releas~d in vitro from one mm polyCPP:SA(30:7Q) film at p~ ~.4 and ~H 2~0 ove~ time Ih~).
Fis. fi Ls a graph of th~.p~rcent insulin r~leased in vitro over tlme Ihr) ~rom 300 mlcron polyCPP:SA(20:80) microsphe~es ~n pH 7.4 buff~r at 37C.
Fig.7a Ls a ~raph o~ ~luco~e ~mg/dl~ ln urine over time ~day~) demonstrating ths ef~ct of in ViYo r~lea~e og insulin in rats rom 300 micron microshper~ ~ormed o~ polyCP~:SA120:80~ oE
5~ in~ulin loading.
.~ ~ig. 7b is a graph of ylucos~ (mq/dl) ln blood ov~r ~im~ (~ay~ demonstrating the ~f~ect o~ in viv~ relea~e in ~at~
o~ ~n~ulin ~o~ 305 ~ic~on ~icros~h~e~ ~orm~d Oe ~olyC~P:SA(20:8~) o~ 5~ in~uLin loading~
Fig. 8 is ~ qraph o~ ~luco~ Img/dl) ln blood ov~ m~
-(dayY) demon~a~ing ths e~ct o~ in ~ivo ~naulin ~elea~ ~n rats fro~ ~ 0.5 ~ ~olyCPP:SA(20:80) ~ of ~ in~ulin loading.
Detailed D~criDtion o~ th~ rnv~n~ion Th~ ~re~nt inv~ntion ~ a m~thod ~or ~yn~h~si2in~ high ~11`
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~.~7~339 molecul~r w~i~ht polyanhy~rite~ wh~r~in high mol~ular ~el~hts polyanhydrides (HMW PA) ~r~ defin~d ~ polyanhydrid~ hav~n~ a mol~cular w~i~h~ in ~XC~33 0~ 20,000 or a~ havin~ ~ high ~ntrinsic visco~ity in ~xc~ o~ 0.3 dl~q }n organic solvQne~ at ro~ temperature. Th~ HMW PA ar~ pareicularly us~ful in biomedical applications, such a~ in controlled r~leasa drug d~livery ~yst~m Th~ m~thod for synth~s~ing the HMW PA consist3 oE:
selecting highly pure prepolymers conslst~ng of mixed anhydr~d~s prepared from highly pur~ dLcarboxyllc ac~ds wh~r~in th~ anhydrides ar~ formed by refluxing thQ diacids in acetic ~nhydride, propionic anhydri~e, or other shor~ aliphatic anhydrid~s or by r~c~ing ths diacids with ac~yl chlorid~ or other short aliphatic ~cid chlorid~ in ~he pr~senc~ o~ an organiG base such as tristhylamins, Qoly~rizin~ tho highly pure prepolym~r~ ~t a .
temp~rature and ~or a tim~ ~uch that ~ hiqh moleGular w~ight p~lyanhydride i~ form~d, generally in th0 rang~ o~ 14GC to ZSO~C, ~or a ~r~ of lO to 300 m~ut~ ~or ~ho ~r~f~rred ~ono~r~, ~ emovin~ th~ condQn~ation product orm~d by th~
~lym~iz~tio~O ~r~rably by mean~ o~ a chill~d tEap und~r v~cu~ and ~ toQ~inq tho rYaction at the point befor~ th~ HMW 2A
b~gin ~o d~g~ade ~r ~orm~ng an in~lubl~ g~l.
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1, ~, Th~ time and tempe~atur~ of th~ polymcrizatlon act ~n cooperation to yi~ld a HMW compound~ Th~ ~olymer co~npo~ition L~
al~o importantO In thc~ ~ollowing ~xa~pl~, polymer~zin5~ the.
pr~olym~r3 for batw~n 6û and 120 minute~, most pcQ~rably 90 minute~, a~ a temp~ature~ o~ betwa~n lSO-C and 220-C, mo$t pre~errably~l8~C, wa3 foun~ eo yi~ld th~ hiyh3st molecular weiqhtY fo~ yolym~rs compo~ed o~ ssbacic acid, bi . (p-carboxyphenoxy)propaner isophthalic acid and dodecanedioic ~c id .
Polymers may b~ ~ynthesi2ed l~ro-n hiqhly pure isolat~d p re po Lyme rs f o ~med f ro~:
aliphaeic dicarboxylic acids, a~ de~in~d by tho eormula2 HOClC-~2C-R-C~2-COOtI;
aroma~lc dicarboxylic acid3, a~ de~in~d by thQ
f o~mula~ 2 ~O~C~OaH or HOOC-~--Ct~OH, aroma~iG-aliphatlc dicarboxylic acid, a~ d~in~d by éhe ~ormula: ~o~C--~ 2C-~COO~ ;
combination~ o~ a~om2ltic, aliphatic and roma t ic-aliphat ic dicarboxyl ic ac id~;
aromatic and aliphatie h~erocyclic dlca~b~xylic as:id~
d~in~d by thQ fonnula:
( C~ n X
..
.
: : - : ~ . ` . . . ;
- . :
. : - . ~ . : . .. . . .
L2~4339 whe~ Ln X ~ O, N o~ S
n ~ 1 to 3;
and ar~matic and aliphatic h~terocyclic dicarboxyLlc acids in co~binataon with ~liphatic dicarboxylie acid~, a~omatlc-aliphael~ dicarboxyllc ~cid~, and aromatic dicarbo~cylic ac:ids of mo~ th~n on~ phe~nyl y~oup . Th~ ~orrnula~ ar~ to b~ conq tru~d to inelude ~ubsti~utions on the aro~atic ~roups Oe th~ dicar~xylic ac id .
ln addition to th~ m~nom~r3 used to form th~ copolym~rs n the ~xamples, th~ followin~ monomer~ are preferred for use in .synthesizing copolymers ~or biomedical applicatioQs:
bis~-carboxypheno~y)alkane~: Hydroyuinon~-O,U' diac~ic acid;
1,4-bis-carboxy~ehyl ben2~ne;
2,2-bi~4-hydroxphenyl)~ropane-0,0' diac~tic ~cid;
2,2-bic(4-ca~boxy~h~nyl)propane; te~ph~halic acid;
bis~4-carboxyph~nyL)~lkane~; 1,4 phenylsn~ dipropionic acid; and cycloh~xane diear~oxy1ic acid~.
; Th~ m~lecular woi9ht o~ th~ poly~r3 ~an b~
siynifieantly ~ncr~as~d by ineluding a cataly~ with th~
pr~p~lymor~ in th~ m~lt ~ol~rization. Any cataly~t~ u~d for tran~t0ri~ie~tie~n, rin~ oQening ~olymeri~ation and r~latod polym~Ei~a~lon~ a~elt u~ul ~n tha di3clo~ed ~xample~ acld~ ba~0 and co<~rdina~ion cataly~t~, 3uch a 6d~CH3Cos:~2, ~aE~th m~tal oxide~ lnclud~ng Cao, ~0, ~nd CaCo3, ~nd Zn¢t2-H20 ~r~ u ~-..
~; , .~
. , - ` '': '' - `: ~ :
` ; ~Zq7~3;~9-.
H~t~rog~nic coordinatlon catalys~3 ar~ pr~e~red ~lnce th~
cataly~t can be ~a~ily ~emo~ed from th~ polym~r for biomedical U3~3 -~ i~h molecular w~i~ht ~olyanhydride~ ~r~ ynthesized by m~lt polycondensation with two Lmportant m~dificatlon~: p~r~
isolat~d ~r~polym~r~ a~e u~sd in th~ polymeziza~ion reaction and the raaction condition~ ar~ car0fully con~rolled.
In the pr~erred method, th~ dicarboxylic acid monomers ara ~onv~rted to tho mix~d ~nhydrid~ by total r~lux in ac~tic anhydrido. Caution must be taken to avoid cxces.~iv~ r~aceion.
_ Polyanhydride~ compcsed o~ the monomer3: sebacic acid (SA), bis~-ca~baxy~h~noxy)propan~ tCPP), iYophthalic acid trPh~, and dodacanedioic acid ~DD~ a~e used in ~h~ followiny ~xampl~.
S~bacic acid, dodacan~dioic acid, (9~ ~ld~ich Ch~mical Co., Milwauke~, WI) w~r~ rQcrys~alllzed ~hree ~i~e~ ~ro~ ~thanol.
--8is~p-carboxy~hQnxy) yropan~ wa synth~ized a~cording to th~
~thod o~ Conix, ~acro ~ . 2, 95 ~8 (19~6). ~o~hthal~e acid 199~, Ald~ichl wa3 reo~y$t~11i2ed twic~ ~rom ~thanol, All solv~nts w0r~ ~nalytical g~ada.
Th~ ~ol}owing cataly~t~ calc~um oxid~ c~lciu~
ca~b~naee, di~hyl æ~nc (15 wt ~ solution ln tolu~n~)~ cad~iu~
~c~a~o hydra~ ~Aldrich), barium ox~do I EM ~ciene~, N~w E30y) ~ W~E~ r~due~d to l~a~ than S0 mie~on ~a~lele ~lz~ ha~o~
u . ~. ".
'. . ' ._ .
. .
. . . . - . ,:. - ~ . .
. .
.i ~3~
Th~ polymer6 and prepolym~r~ wero charac~iz~d by infrar~d ~p~ctroscopy, th~rmal analy~i~, m~lting ~oint, viscoslty, ~tres~-~train and GPC.
~ n~rar~d spectroscopy wa~ per~orm~d on a PQrk~n-@lm~r Spectrophotomet~r Model 1430. Polymeric ~ampL~ wer~ film ca~t onto NaCl plates from solution~ o~ th~ polym~ in chloro~orm.
Pr~polymer samples w~re eith~r pr~ssed into KBr pellet~ or dispersed in nujol onto UaCl plat~sO
Thermal analysis o~ polymer~ wa~ dete~mined on a Perkin-Elmer DSC-2 differ~ntial Scannin~ Calorimeter employiny a hoatinq rat~ of 20~/min. The meltin~ point of pr~polym~r~ wa~
detormined on a Fish~r John~ m~ltin~ ~oint apparaeus. Th~
molacula~ w~ight of thQ polym~r~ and pr~Qolymers wo~ e~timated on a Per~in-Elmer GPC ~y5t~m con~iseing o~ the ~eri~ 10 pum~, tho 600 Daea Sta~ion and ~h~ L~B 214 - rapid p~otral d~tector a~ 254 nm. ~ampl~ wore ol~t~d in chlo~o~or~ th~ough two P~ Gel column (Polym~r Labora~orl~; 100 Ang~troms ~nd ~000 Ang~trom~
QOr~ ~iZQ~) in o~ie at a flow ~ate o@ l.S ml~in. Polystyrene (P~ly~ci~nc~ PA) wa~ used a~ eh~ calibrat~on ~tandaxd. Th~
vi~co-~ity o~ the p~lym~r~ wa~ m~a ur~d ~n an Ubbelohd~ Viscom~t~r ~cann~n 753 a~ 23C u3ing 1, 0.5 and 0O25 ~ wJ~ pol~r in chlorofor~ solution~ NMR spec~ra w~ze run on ~ 8ruke~ AM-2S0 ~pectromet~ ln CDC13. Th~ mechanical p~o~erties o~
comp~d of C~:SA co~olym~ t~ b~lo~) w~ro det~n~in~d on an - .
.
'' ' ' - . ' ,' .
t74~3~3~
.
rn3tron ~n~trument Mod~l 1122 ~tr~ss-~t~ain t~ster at an inltial ~tra~n rat~ o~ O.Q5 mm/min following th~ ASTM de~snation D882-81 ~or t~n3il~ prope~t~es cha~act~rization o~ thin pLaqtic ~heetin~.
Polymer films of 0.8 0m thickn~s wo~o p~par~d by a ~olvent casting m~thod as ~ollow~. Solu~ion3 o~ CPP:SA
copolym~r~ t2a~ w/v) in dichlorom~thane wer~ ~a~t on glass yetri dishes~ ThQ dishe~ wers plac~d cn dry ice or stored ~t -20C or solvent evaporation. Stron~ and flaxibl~ ~ilms ~0.8 mm thiek) wero obtained. The films w~re ~tored under vacuum in CaCl~ desiccator.
Tha composit~on of CPP:SA copolymerY wa3 det~rmined by 'H-NMR from the ~atio o~ ths peak3 integration S#1.3 P~M ~8H, s~bacic acid) and ~6.9 8.2 PPM t8~, CPP). Th2 degr~ o~
oligom~rization of th~ ,or~polymers wa~ det~rmin~d fro~ the integration of a representativQ p~ak o~ the repeating unit and the m~hyl ter~inals p~ak o~ th~ ac~ic ~ix~d anhydrid~ ~nd group.
~ olyanhydride3 w~re ~ynth~izad by ~lt palycond~nsation, ~od~fying ~o th~ m~thad d~crib~d by ~ll and Carothe~ in Jc ~m. Chem. Soc., 54, 1569 ~1932) and 55, 5023 ._ .
t1933) by u~ng hiyhly ~uro i~olated ~repolym~r~ and oQt~izing th~ ~aotion condition~ (t~Mp~ratu~ im~, r~mov~l o~
cond~nsation product).
:, . ' ..
.
.~ . .~ . -~2~a~3;~
Aliphatic prepolym~ w~ pr~pa~d by ~o~lux;n~ the dicarboxylic acid monomor~ t40 g) Ln acotic ~nhydride (500 ml) for 20 minutes. ~he exc~ s ac~t~c ~nhydrid~ was removed to dryne~ und~ vacuum~ at SOC~ The crudQ p~epolymer was recry~tallizs~ ~rom dry tolu~n~. Th~ c~y~ al~ w~re thon LmmQr~d in a 1:1 miXture o~ dry petrol ~her and ~hyl ~the~ overnight to ~xtract trac~s of acetic anhydrid~ and toluene. The pur~
crystal~ were dried undec vacuum o~r calcium chloride (75 88~
yiald). Aromatic monome~s were ~fluxed ~or 15 minutes, then the unreacted diacid ~10-2n~ ) was remo~ed b~ filtration. The ~olution was concentrated to 150 ml and allow~d to crystalliz~
overnight at O~C~ Th~ crystals were then imm~rsed in dry ether ( soa ml) ov~rniuht with ~tirring to ~x~ract traces o~ acetLc anhydrid~. C~P pr~polymer wa~ recry~tallized ~r~m a 1:10 mixture o~ DMF and ~thyl ~thar a-~ eollow~: pr~olymer tlO ~) wa.
diasolv~d in warm dry DMP ~30 ~11. 2?0 ~1 of d~y ~thQc wa~ then added to the solution wi~h stirring. Th~ solu~ion wa~ then allow~d to cEystallize~ at 0C ~Cor 3 days. Th~ pu~i~L~d prepolym~r wa. ~a~h~d wieh dry sth~ ~3 x 100 m~.) and dried under vacuum ove~r calcium chlo~ido (42-S0~ y~21d). The pr~polym~r~
w~r~ eh3~acte~riz~d by GPC, ' H N}tR ~nd TR analy ~3.
-. ' ' ' .
M~lt ~olycond~n3ation o~ th~Ee~olym~rs W2S a~ in th~
~ollowing ty~ical ~3action: CPP propolym~r (2~0 ~, S mmol~ wa~
mix~d with 3ebacic acid p~ep~lym~ ~1.15 ~. 5 mm~ in ~ gla~
tub~, 2 x 20 c~, tRimax) with ~ ~id~ ar~ ~uipp~d with a - , . - ,'' ' . ' ~ . ~' " . ., ' , - . .: . . .
~ 127433~3 .
capillary ni~rogRn inle~. Tho tub~ was lmme~r~ed in an oll b~th at 180~C. After th~ propoLymQrs w~ melte~d ~1 minut~), h~sJh vacuum (10-4 ~ Hs~) wa~ a~p~ d through the~ 3ido ar~n. Th~
condQnsation product ~ac~c ar.hydrld~) wa$ coll~ct~d in an aceton~/dry ic:o ~rzlp. D~rin~ ths polymeri2ation a stron~
nitro~n swe~p wi~h vigorou3 agitation o~ the melt ~a~ performed for 30 ~conds 2very lS ~inutes.
Th~ crud~ ~olymsr was puri~ied by precipitaton in dry petroleum ethec from dichloromethane solution. The precipitate was th~n extracted with anhydrous ether ~or ~everal hour3 at room temperatu~e .
Whan cat~ly3t~ wer~ us~d, 2 molar perGent catalyst wa~
mixed with the prepolym~r~ p~ior to Qolymeri2ation. Th~
in~olublo het~rog~n~cu~ ca~aly~t~ wer~ removed ~rom the polym~ar -qolution by filtration.
1~h~ mol~cular w~ight av~ragel, visco~ity, and m~l~ing ~oint o~ polyanhydridel ~yn~ch~z~d usinq thel m~thod o thel Qr~ ant inv~ntion ar~ ~hown in Tabl~ 1. Th~ mc~lecula~ w~i~ht av~raS;~ o~ ths3~ polym~r~ ranged from 87,900 up to 122,800. Th~
numb~r av~ray~ lool~ular woight th~t wa~ obtairt~d wa<% ~n th~
..
ranq~ of 20,û00 eo 35,000.
Fiq. la ~how~ khff Mw dl~tribu~ion o~ CFP:SAt 20:80) poly~ns~ as a ~unction of tim~ of ~iolyme~rization u . ins~ th~ method .
~L9~ :
:, : : :
.
- , . ~ .
.
- 1.27~3~39 of th~ pr~nt in~ntion. Two period3 can bq de~ine~d in tha polymsrization ~coc~s3, th~ s~ up to 45 minute~ and the s~cond up ~o gO minu~s. ~n th~ s~cond Q~riod, ehe~ molecular w~igh~
~ncr~ase~ w~thc:u~ any ~hift o~ the ma1n ~ràctlon. Thi~ c~n be exl?lained by th~ ~ormation of a r~lativ~ly ho~cgenic mol~cular wsiyht di~ribution, which then couples, partially yieldiny a high mol~cula~ w~ ht ~raction. ~ig. lb ~hows th~ ~w o~
CPP~ 0:80) ~s a function of tim~ o~ polymerizationO
Fig. 2 is a graph of the molecular weiqht average o~
CPP:SA~20:80) at variou~ temperaturQs: 150C, 180C and 220C;
a~ a ~unction o~ tima o polymerization (minutes~. It i~ clear from thi~ graph that tha time ~nd temQel:atUre can b~ optimized for each polyT~er compo i~ion to maximize moi~cular ~ight.
--ZO--.
-.. .
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` ~LZ7~339 .
- Sabl~ 1: Molec~lar wolqht o~ ~elvanhydrid~3 ~
- PolYm~r M~locul~r ~l5~ cositv~ Melt. Pt.
.. . . . .. . _ _, Mw ~ C
polyS~ 104,a~0 0.~4 ~2 ~oly(CPP~SA)~20:80~116,800 0.92 ~2-74 poly(CPP:S~)t35s65)81,90~ 0.86 126 poly( rph s~) 121,100 0.93 72 polylDD) 12~,800 1~11 94 ~oly(CPP:DD)(20:80)120,~00 1.05 7 Polymerization und~r 180, 50 minutes GPC - Callbrated wltA Polystyrene ~tandards ~*~ Chloro~orm, 23C
~ h~ molecular weiqht av~age o th~ high molecular w~ight ~olyanhydride~ can bo ~igni~icantly lncr~aY~d by ~ix~ng M
cataly~t in~o th~ pr~p~lymer3 and ~h~n m~lt polym~ri2inq und~r optimum condi~ion~. Ca~aly~t~ w~e ~ound ~o havs a minoP ~ ct on th~ numbar averags molecular w~igh~. Tabl~ 2 compa~3s t~
vi~co~it~ and molecular w~ht ~v~ra~e for CPP~SA ~20:80) polymer melt-poly~riz~d at 180~e u-~ing 2 mol~ ~ coo~dination cataly~t~ ni~icantly high~ molecular w~ight in ~hort~r t~ma3 w~r~ achielv~d with Cd(Ct~3coo)2, ~ag~.h matal oxid~, c~Llciu~
ca~bonate~ and ZnEt2-H20. Th~ M~ o~ CPl?:SA(20180) inc~s~d up to 240,133 ~dit~ ca~aly~t, ~n com~a~i~on ~o a P~w ~ 116,800 wiehout catalyst3. Thes~ cataly~t~ are ~r~~rr~d sinc~ th~ re~ction typ~;
i3 het~rog~nic, r~3ul~ing lr, ~a~y ~ ra~ion o~ th~ cataLyst, ~ :
"
.
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~27~3~
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r~uirQm~nt ~or U50 of th~ polym~r ~ n vo or in cathor med~cal application .
Table 2 Ptelt Poly~ ization of CPP-S~ ~20:80) polym~rization ~risco~ity~ molecular w~i~htb*~
catalYst tim~ Imin) ~n~ (dl/~) Mw . .
no ca~alys~ 90 0.9~ 116,800 barium oxid~ 30 0 . 9~5 185, 226 cadmium acetate 31 1.15 2~0,133 calcium oxide 20 0.83 140,935 calci~L~ carbonate 28 0.81 128,763 2nEt2-H20 ~1:1) 6~) 1.18 Ig9t060 2 mol~ ~
Chlorofor~, 23-C
*~. GPC - calibrated with poly3~y~en~ ~tandard.
The mol~cuLar w~ights o~ CPP:SA ~29:80) ~olym~E~z6!ld w~ th 2 mol~ ataly~t ar~ d~ict~d in F$g. 3 a a ~unct3.on o~
tim~ o Qolymar~2ation l~in). Calciu70 oxld~, barlu~ oxids, c:alc~um ca~bonate, and cadmium aceltate we~re usad a~s tha ca~alyst$. Th~l M~ and polym~riza~ ion t~ma ~or th~ pc:lymeri2a~ion o~ polyanhydrid~ at 180"C ~ith the~ catalyst cadmium ac~a~e (2 mol~ ca~niu~ ace~at~: 10 ra m~ pol~EI ~ t~d ir Tabl~ 3.
` ` 12~a~3~9 Tabl~ 3- Polymerizat$on of polyanhydrid~3 u~in~L cadmium ac~eate as cataly~
polyme~i~ation P~rPh:SAl (20:80) 40 17~,100 P(~Ph:S~) (50:50) 35 87,850 -- ~ ( CPP: DD) ~ 20 80 ) 35 184, 900 ~CPP:O~) ~50:50~ 4û 61iO50 DD 60 134,200 SA 60 138 ,SUO
Th~s~ result~ d~monstrate that high molecular weiyht polyanhydrides can be~ synthesi~ed from pura solat~d pr~polymers by ntelt-condeln~ation under optimum condition~. Xn the ~xam~le~, -thcs~ condition~s welre within a na~ow ran~o, b~tw~n 150~C and 220C, pref~ahly 180~C, for a t~ne o~ ~ro~ 60 to 12û minutss, ~` ~ p~ferably 90 m~n. Th~ ~ol~cula~ w~iqh~ o~ ~h~se ~olyToers can b~
- ~ ~igni ican~ly inc:~as~d by includinç~ ~ catalys~, p~ferably a ` coordina~ion cataly~ uch a~ Cd Ace~ate, an ~arth m~tal oxid0, - alciu~ carbona~e~ o~ compl~x ~ 2nEt2-hydroxyla~d compound. Tho ~oly!n~r3 ~oe-m~d u51n~ ~ho:~ melthod3 lncluding ~lyTn~r~ ~orm~d f~om s~bacLc a~id, dc~doca~edloic aci~, bi~ carboxyph~noxy) ~opan~ sophthal~c ~eid, ~nd eombin~tion~ r~o~, having mol~cula~ w~ights u~ to 2~0,133 ar.d int~n~ic vi~c~3ity G~ Up to 1. 18 dl~g.
Th- hlgh sool~cula~ woight ~olyanhydr~Q~ havel improved Qhy~ico~chan~eal ~70c~cti0~ a~: shown in P~g. a,, ~ig.
: `
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.:
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33~
graph of th~ t~nsilQ ~renyth o~' ftlm3 mad~ of C~P eopolym~r3 a~
a ~unctisn o~ perc~nt CPP and a3 a ~unction of mol~cular W~i~ht !~ncr~a $n~ eith~r th~ perc~nt C~P or th~ mole~ula~ weight .'~norua~q t~n~ tr~ng~h.
Th~sa polymers hava many use~ul application~, ~articularly in the biomedical area. For oxampl~, ~hey may be i sed to form a bioerodi~le m~trix for controlled rolease o~ a 'bioactive compound such as nutrients, drugs, ~nd compounds ha~ing gricultural applioations. They are a1so us~eul in th~
manufactura o~ sutur~s, protectivo coverings, for example, to ~eplace skin on burn pa~ients: to se~ur~ wound~, as patcha~
follo~iny surgery; ~nd a~ ab~orbabls bonQ replac~mon~s.
Tho following oxampl~3 demonstrat~ th~ u~ of HMW PA
~synthesiz~d according to th~ m~thod o~ th2 pres~nt invent;on.
!Example 1: In vitro r~leaso o~ oolchicin~ ~rom a polyCPP:SA(30:70) ~1m of 5~ colchicin~ loadin~
¦ The in vit~o ~510a5~ rat~ ~or a r~pr~s~ntativ~ drug, jcolchicin~ (40a mw1, fro~ a polyCEtPoS~t30.70) ~ilm i~ ~hown in Pi~. 5 a~ th~ percent r~l~as~ ~v~r ~im~ thr) a~ 37 e in bu~fer~d solutions having ~ p~ of 2.0 and 7.4. Th~ one mm ~hlck ~il~ wa~
form~O by olv~nt sa3ting tho S% colchic~n~ - polyCPP:S~l30~70) ~301ut ion mixtuE~.
I The ro~ult~ da~on3trat~ ~h~ a cQntro11sd rel~a~
,occurs ovo~ a p~iod o~ at l~a~t Rix d~ys a~ ~ 7.4 du~ to '' ' ~24-~ ' .
.
.
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~2~433~ -3ur~aco ~rosion of th~ polym~r. Sinc3 ~h~ polyme~ i r~lativ~ly tabls a~ pH 2.0, ther~ i3 no l~achlny of the colchiein~ out o~
th~ fllm du~ to oth~r factort.
ExamplQ 2: In vivo r~lea~ o~ in~ulin ~rom 300 miCron The in vivo release rate o~ lnsulin, a polypeptide hormone o app~oxima~ely 6000 mol~cula~ w~i~ht, from 300 ~icron polyCPP:SA(20:80) microsph~res i~ 3hown in ~i~. 6. Th~ per~ent r~Leas~ of insulin into 0.1 M phosphate bufer pH 7.4 at 37C
clearly establishes that zero ordcr release is o~curring ov~r a period of approximately two weeks.
Th~ polyCPP:SA(20:80j has a mol~cular welght average of 92,000.
Exampl~ 3: In vivo release of insulin in rat from 300 ~iCron . ' ;~
Th~ effeceiv~nes~ o~ insulin releas~ ~ vivo in ra~
(av~rag~ 200 9) from 300 micron polyCPP:SA(20:~0) m1c~o~ph2re~
of 5~ insulin loadinq demonstra~ed in ~i~. 7a and 7b. Fig~ 7a is a graph of glucosc tmg/dl) in urin~ ovar ~ght d~y~. Fi~. 7b i3 graph of glu~o~e (mg~dl) in blood over ~ight ~ayg. ~h~ ~nsulin i~ r21ea~d o~er ~ p~riod o~ eev~ral days, with an ~~cti~eQ~ 3 of fou~ to fiv~ days at th~ loading in ~icro~phsr~ o thl~
~iza and compo~ition. Th~ m~cro~ph~r~g ~otally d~3a~a~ a~r ~ven day~.
.
` " ~ ' ;2~-~ . . .
. .
., lZ743;3~3 -ThQ polyCPP:SA~20:8~) polymor~ forming injec~ibl~
microsph~r~s of 300 miCron~ hev~ a molscular we~igh~ of 92,000. PolyCPP:SA(20:80) polymer~ formed u~ing th~ p~io~ art mothods hav~ ~ mole~cular weight of 12,000. Although not diractly comparabl~, larg~r non~in~ctibls ~iz~ ~icrc~ph~ras ~orm~d o~
the low mol3cular w~ight polyC~P:SA~20:80) of approximately 800 microns ~n diameter, o~ 5~ insulin loading ar~ r~quired ko obtain an effecti~ release over a period o~ three days.
Exampl~ 4: In vivo release o~ insulin in rats from a 0.5 mm thick polyCPP-SA(20:80) film Fig. 8 show~ th~ c~activeness of in vivo insulin ~olease in rats over a p~riod of sev~ral days from a polyCPP:SA(20-30) film o~ 5% insulin loading. Th~ 0.5 m~ thick ~ilm is pr~pared by ~u~pending the insulin in the polym~r dissolv~d in chloroform and ~a~t}ng. A~r r~moval of th~
solv~nt, th~ 200 mg film i~ sur~ically lmplanted under kh~ skin of the rat~ ( 200 g ~verage ) .
R~l~aso o~ the insul~n fro~ ~h~ ~llm~ is eff~c~iv~ in controLlng blocd glucos~ l~vol~ ~o~ approxima~Rly ~ive daysr ~lightly lonqer than rQl~a~o ~rom th~ 300 micron ~iero~phere o~
5~ in~ulin lo~din~ o~ ~xampl~ 3. Bow~v~r, ~ilm~ hav~ an ~ven more important ~dvantag~ ov~r tho inj4ctable micro~ph~r~ in th3t thoy may b~ surglcally E~mov~d if th~r~ i3 ~ ~robl~m wlth th~ drug boing rel~asQd, Du~ to thoir par~icular natur~ and ~cat~ring, r~oval of miero~pho~ x~rem~ly d~f~ieult.
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~4339 This invention has been described with reference to its preferred embodiments. Variations and modifications of the method and high molecular weight polyanhydrides produced thereby will be obvious to those skilled in the art. It is intended that all of these variations and modif-ications be included within the scope of the appended claims.
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- - - . ~
' ' - ,: . - ' 1: 1 t mol~cular w~ight a~ora~e ln ~xce~s o~ 15,000 to 20,000 and an ~ntrinsi~ viScostty in organlc solv~nt-~ o~ gr~at~r than 0.3 dl/g ars not 3ynthe~ized us~ng any of the known m~thods. Pr~vio~
r~ports of polyanhyd~ide~ havinq hi~h~r mol~cula~ w~ight~ wers ba~d on est~;ma~d mol~cular w~iqht3. Controlled ~udies using in~trumen~ation not availabl~ when th~se r~p~rts w~r~ mad~ hav~
~hown ~hat th~ polyanhydr~des produced by soluticn polymeriza~ion and melt polymerization have a molecular weight averag~ o~ a few thousand up to at most 20,000.- Th~ low ~olecular w~ight poly~nhydrid~ polymers ar~ limited by their low mol~cu~ar weight Igenorally 12,5~0 mw) and corresponding low intr~ns~c viscosity in ~olution ~ap~roxima~ely 0.1 to 0.3 dl/~ in organic ~olv~nts a~
ro~m t~mperatur~). ALthough polyanhydride~ ar~ u~e~uL in controlled ~lease drug d~liv~ry sy~tems du~ to thei~ hydrolytic in3tability and tha ~act that they degrade lnto monomeric diacids ~fhich are~ hiyhly biocompatlbl~, as showQ by ~is3ue~ re~p~n~e and .toxicoloqical ~udiQ~, th~ ra~ o~ degradation ~ ~o~ rapid for many aeplicatian~
Fur'ch~r, tho manufactu~ of controll~d ~Rleal~e~ devie~
nited ~inc~ th~ devic~:~ inco~porating th~ lo~ molecula~
w~iyht Qolyanhydride~ can only b~ manufactuE~d in l:wo ~ay~: by ~xing th~ ~owder~d 5~olyanhyd~do with th~ biozlcti~o ~t~bstanc~
and then Qr~ ins~ tho mix~usel~ ingo d~v~co~ o~ by m~ ng th~
p~lyanhydrid~ and ~ioact~ vo ~b~tance~ a~ ~ r~lativ~ly high teEn~?e~atuE~,, The ~ ho~ ~relqu~n~ly r~ul t ln 8 .
` . ~ .
.
7 ~;3~ ~
non-homogenaous mixture o~ p~or r~lea3e kinetics and the ~econd caus~s degradation ot ~he incorpcrat~d drugs or a r~action b~tween tha d~ugs and th~ polyanhydride~.
I~ iS de~irabl~ to b~ abl~ to solvent çast th~
polyanhydrides to for~n films ~or the manu~acEure ol~ biom~dical d~vices. Increas~ng th~ aroma~tc content and~or th~ mol~cular wei~ht of ~heqe polyanhydrides would impart film ~o~min~
properties to tha polymers. Fllms have a numher o~ advantag~
includin~ a mor~ homogeReous distribut~on o~ bioactive matQrial, the ability t~ be ca~t as a ~heet at amhlent tempe~atur~ or cuteing up in~o th~ de~ir~d ~izes and ~hapes and deYirabl~
rel~as~ kin~tics for controlled r~lease o~ bioactiv~ mat2rial~
rn r~cen~ y~ar~, much re3Qareh ha be~n direc~ed to d~v~loping polym~ric composi~ion~ and dQliv~ry ~y tem~ fo~ ~he programm~d r~l0a~e of biologically activs a~ent3, 0~p~cially druq~, ov~r ~eselec~d poriod~ of ~ . The purpo~e of th~e programm~d r~l~as~ ~ystsm~ i. to di~p~ns3 th~ biologically a~tlve ~ub~eancR a~ a cont~oll~d and, ~r~e~ablyi constant rato a~t~ in vi~o implan~ation in~o a pæ~i~nt. On~ appLication o~ the~
~ygt~ i3 an i~ov~d ~horap~utic r~gimQn wh~reln a ~har macQutically ac~i~o drug is ~el~a~d ~n a b~na~icial and ~liabl~
mann~r w~th ~h~ minimum pot~neial ~or comQlicat~on~ or ~ailur~ to provid~ ad~qua~ do~ag~.
Alth~ugh controll~d ~lea~ o~ biologiG~lly actlvo ~u~tance~ hag b~n accompli3h~d ~n ~v~al wayQ; ~h~ ~e~err3d :
" $ f~''' . - . ~ , , .
- - ' - - ;-~ . : ' ' . ' ' . : `
12~4J4339 t~ .
.
mechanis~ i~ to utLliz~ an implanted poLymeric mat~ix which d~gradss in ivo into solubls qegradation product3. Tha di~t~nct advantag~ Oe this method i~ th~ ination oC th~ nQad for su~ical r~moval o~ th~ articl~ at a later date. D~plte th~
desLrability o~ ~uch a mechanism, howe~r, th~ development of polymeric matrix system~ usin~ biocrodible polym~rs ~or controll~d ralea~e of active agents has not ~rogre~se~ quickly.
In ~act, ~ew bioerodibl2 polym~rs have b~en dev~loped ~or biomedical o~ Ln vivo use; 0~ thes~, a ew polymerlc formulations wer~ designed speci~ically for ~he r~lease o~
biologically active substancas. Examples of u~eful polycarbonate and polyorthoester polym~ric COmQO~itiOnS arQ descrLb~d in U.S.
Patent No. 4,070,347. Polylatic acid and polylatic~glycolio acid copolym~rs ar~ comm~rciaLly a~allabl~ substance3 u-Rad ~o~
controll~d r~l~as~ at biologically activ~ 3ub~tanco~.
For a ~olrm~r to b~ usa~ul a~ a matrix fo~ sontroll~d rsloa~a of a biologically-ac~ive ~ubstance, -~urfac~ erosion o~
th~ poly~r 3hould b~ the determin~ng facto~ ~or r~ s~ o~ ~h~
~ntrap~ed .~ubstane~. Fu~th~r, to b~ ~uita~la ~o~ u~ in vivo, th~ ~oly~eric ~atrix ComQo~iOn mus~ d~grad~ ineo low mol~eul~r w~ght, non-toxic ~roduc~ doally, the p~lymorie ~t~ix o~od~$
a~ ~ p~3~le~Qd, ~on~tant ra~ and tho biolog~cally ~c~i~o ~ubYtanc~ alea~d at a z~o-~rd~r ~at~, uithout r~gard to th~
conc~n~ration o~ any otho~ ehamical component. ~o obtain a zero-ord~ ~318as9 ~ac~ion o~ actlv0 ~ubstanc~ o~ the matr~x~
.
.
' ' ' -' ' ~ ': '': -it i5 nec~ssary to U~ i2~ a matrix g~emetry which do~s not chang~ sub3tantsally ~n ~ur~ac~ a~ea a3 a functlon o~ tim~, To be us~ul a~ a ma~rix for conerolled r~leas~ oE a b~ologically activa 3ubstanc~, th~ compo~ition ~u~t al~o nol:
undergo bulk erosion which o~ten occur~ in addition to, or in place of, surface ero~ion, rendering the entir~ polym~r composition spongs-like and causing broakup oE ~h~ ma~rix~ To orodo heterQgeneously, the polymer ~houl.d be hydrophobic yet contain water labile linkag~s. Bulk ~rosion iq dir~ctly due to th~ hydrophilic nature o~ most bioerodiblet polym~ric compc~sitions. Hydrophilic bLoerodible pc~lymer~ lncorporate wat~r which i~s drawn ir~to th~ c~nter o~! the matrix. Polymee~s which undergo bulk erosion includ~ pc7lylactic: acid, E~olyglu~amic acid.
polycaprolactonQ and lactic~glycolie acid copoly~ers.
Qne hyd~ophobic composition which is u~e~ul ~or dalivo~y o~ biolegicaLly ac~ve sub~tanc~ polyo~hoe~ters.
An advantage to ~he~ir use i~ ~hat, hydrolyais o~ orth~estsr i~
~n~itiv~ ~nd p~ may ~:h~r~for~ b~ u~d ~or r~gulation o~ ~he~
r~laa~e of the activ~ sub~itancs. ~Io~av~r, all p~lyoethoester~
synthesiz~d to dat~ ar0 o~e~n ~oo hydrolyé~ cally stabl~ ~or U319 ~n con~rolled r~}~aY~- sy~t~m-~ w~thout acld cataly$t~ ~ncL~Ideld w~'ch~n the matrix ~o promot~ bio~rosion. A~ a con equenc~, th~
I?olyorthoe~t~r ~olym~ dd~.t~ve~ ~yst~ ~we~ll substanti~lly wh~n attempty a~ m~d~ to suppre3~ de57rada~ion ~n the 1n~rior o~ the .~-.. . ~6--.
.. . .
. - ~ ~ , : . . .
. ~
~ 7~
matrix, the rate of swelling often dominating and a~fecting the rate of release for the active substances more -than the rate of erosion itself.
Other compositions shown for example is U.S. patent 4,891,225 which are useful as hydrophobic polymeric matrices for the controlled release of biologically active substances after implantation are polyanhydride polymers prepared by a modification of the melt polycondensation synthesis method of Conix, described in Macro Synth. 2, 95-98 tl966)~
in which the prepolymer is recrystallized initially to provide a more pure, higher molecular weight unit for polyme-rization. Selected polyanhydrides completely degrade to their monomers under physiological conditions at rates useful for drug delivery. Degradation rates are high in polymers or copolymers of sebacic acid. Erosion rates are highly dependent on the number of methylene groups. As with the other reported polyanhydrides, these polymers also have low molecular weight (up to 15,000) and intrinsic viscosities (up to 0.3 dl/g). As a result, their physico-mechanical properties and release kinetics are less than is desired.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a method for synthesizing high molecular weight polyanhydride polymers.
It is another object of the invention to provide :..
less hydrophobic high molecular weight polyanhydride polymers . ~
-, - , ' ~
,. . .
for use in biomedical applications, especially con-trolled release of biologically-active substances in vivo - 7a -.
- , . ' :
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
_ The present invention is a method for synthesizing high molecular weight polyanhydride~ wherein a high molecular weight polyanhydride i9 defined as having a ~olecular weight average in excess of 30.000 and is characterized by an intrinsic viscosity of greather than 0.3 dl/g in organic solvent at room temperature.
- According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a high molecular weight polyanhydride having a weight avera~e molecular weight of greater than 20,000 and an intrinsic viscosity of greater than 0.3 dl/g in chloroform at 23C., said polyanhydride produced from at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of:
aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
HOOC-H2C-R-CH2-COOH;
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
HOOC ~ R ~ COOH;
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
: HOOC ~ COOH;
: . :, -. , :
, . . ,:
. . , , -~' ': ' ' . ' . ~, ~.27~33~
aliphatic-aromatic dicarboxylic acidq having the f Qrmul a:
HOOC-H C-R ~ COOH;
- aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
~ (CH )n~
HOOC-Rl ~ 2~--'R2CH
X
wherein X is selected from the yroup consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and n is an integer between : 1 and 3; and aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic -~ acids of the above formula in combination with at least : one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting ~-. of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic-aliphatic dicar-boxylic acids, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids having more - than one phenyl group; wherein the R groups are divalent organic radical group~.
According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided A high molecular weight polyanhydride synthesized by: polymerizing at least one highly pure pre-D~
I D, - 8~ -.
- . ~ . , .. : ,~ .
.
polymer produced from a mixture of anhydrides prepared from at least one highly pure dicarboxylic acid at a tem-perature and for a reaction time to form a polyanhydride having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000;
removing the polyanhydride condensation product having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000 formed by said polymerization; and stopping said polymerization before said polyanhydride condensation product decreases in molecular weight.
According to a third aspect of the invention there is provided A composition comprising a high molecular weight polyanhydride having a weight average molecular weight of greater than 20,000 and an intrinsic viscosity of greater than 0.3 dl/g in chloroform at 23C., said polyan-hydride produced from at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of:
aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
HOOC-H2C-R-CH2-COOH;
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
' ~
;;~ HOOC ~ R ~ COOH;
: ` ' , ' , , ' ' ' .
~:7~3~
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
HOOC ~ COOH;
aliphatic aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
HOOC-H C-R ~ COOH;
aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
/--(CH2)n ~
HOOC--Rl -~ X J'R2COOH
wherein X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur and n is an integer between ~- 1 and 3; and aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids of the above formula in combination with at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic-aliphatic dicar~
`: :
1~74339 boxylic acids, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids having more than one phenyl group, wherein R groups are divalent organic radical groups.
According to a fourth aspect of the invention there is provided A high molecular weight polyanhydride having a weight average molecular weight of greater than 20,000 and an intrinsic viscosity of greater than 0.3 dl/g in chloroform at 23C., wherein said polyanhydride i9 produced ~rom at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of sebacic acid, ~,4'-[a,w-alkanediylbis (oxy~]bis[benzoic acid], isophthalic acid, dodecanedioic acid, 2,2'-[1,4-phenylenebis(oxy)~biqacetic acid, l,~-bis (carboxymethyl)benzene, 2,2'-[(1-methylethylidene)bis(4,1-phenyleneoxy)]bisacetic acid, 2,2-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)pro-pane; terephthalic acid; 1,4 phenylene dipropionic acid;
4,4'-(n-alkylidene)bis[benzoic acid]; and cyclohexane dicarboxylic acids.
According to a fifth aspect of the invention there is provided A method for synthesizing a high molecular weight polyanhydride comprising; polymerizing at least one highly pure prepolymer prepared from at least one highly pure dicarboxylic acid at a temperature and for a reaction time to form a polyanhydride having a weight average molecu-lar weight in excess of 20,000; removing the polyanhydride condensation product having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000 formed by said polymerization;
fB 9 . ~ . ` . . - .
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~ 27~33~
and stopping said polymerization before said polyanhydride condensation product decreases in molecular weight.
In the preferred method, the high molecular weight polyanhydrides are synthesized by melt polycondensation of highly pure dicarboxylic acid monomers converted to the mixed anhydride by reflux in acetic anhydride for 15 to 30 minutes; isolation and purification of the isolated prepolymers by recrystallization; and melt polymerization under low pressure (10-4mm) with a dry ice/acetone trap at a temperature between 140C and 250C, more preferably 180C, for between 10 and 300 minutes, more preferably 90 minutes Higher molecular weights are obtained by inclusion of a catalyst which increases the rate of anhydride interchain exhange. Catalysts which are useful include any catalysts active in transesterification, ring opening polymerization and related polymerizations. The preferred catalysts are heterogenic coordination catalysts, such as Cd(CH3C00)2, earth metal oxides , ~
.
' ~` :
.
; . 3L27~39 such as CaO, BaO and CaCO3, and coml?lexo~ o~ 2nE~2 and hydroxylated ~olooule~
In tho oxampl~s, his~her molecular weight polyanhydrides a~ p~oduc~d ~om moncm~r~ ~uch Ae~ Qbacic ac:id ~SA), bis (p-carboxy-phenoxy) p~opan~ ~CPP), i-~oE~h~halic ac~d IIph), and dodecanedioic acid (~Dj. Exampl~s a~ also inc1uded of controlled r~led~e in vivo and in vitro ~rom d~vises form~d of h igh molecul~r we i~ht polymerY .
~r~e~ ûes~:riptien of ~he Drawi_~s ~ iy. l~a~ ~3 2 determinatlon o~ tha molecular weight distrJ.bution og C~?P:~A ~20:80) poly~n~r~
F~g. l(b) i~ a graph oC e~ molecular woigh~ ~x10-3) of CPP:YA ~ ~0:80) a~ a ~unction o~ tim~ (min) o~ polymerization a~
18 0 ~ C ( Mw a wa igh~ av~ rage ) .
Fig.. 2 i2 a graQh of the molecular weight ( x10-3 ) of CPP:SA ~20:80) a~ a function o~ t~mp~ra~ur~ (150G, 180'C~ 220~C) ov~r ~:~,me (~in)O
.
Fig. 3 i~ a graph of th~ mol~cular welght ~x10~3) og :~ CPE':SA (20:8Q~ poly~ne~ Qolysn~r~2ed by malt polycond~nsation in th~ ~r~onc~ o~ no cataly~t o~ 2 mol~ ~ cataly~t: calcium oxida, bartu~a ox~d~, calc~ earbe~na~o and cad~niu~ aeeta~
gunetion o~ time~ o~ pol~ization (lain)~
,.0 :, - . .
.
~::
: ::
; ~7~339 ~ i~. 4 is a graph Oe th~ t~ns~ trensth (k~/cm2~ of ~oly(CPP:SA) f~ a3 a ~unction o~ tha Qercent CPP ~nd mol~cular w~ight.
~ ig. S i~ a graph o~ th~ Qerc2nt colchicine releas~d in vitro from one mm polyCPP:SA(30:7Q) film at p~ ~.4 and ~H 2~0 ove~ time Ih~).
Fis. fi Ls a graph of th~.p~rcent insulin r~leased in vitro over tlme Ihr) ~rom 300 mlcron polyCPP:SA(20:80) microsphe~es ~n pH 7.4 buff~r at 37C.
Fig.7a Ls a ~raph o~ ~luco~e ~mg/dl~ ln urine over time ~day~) demonstrating ths ef~ct of in ViYo r~lea~e og insulin in rats rom 300 micron microshper~ ~ormed o~ polyCP~:SA120:80~ oE
5~ in~ulin loading.
.~ ~ig. 7b is a graph of ylucos~ (mq/dl) ln blood ov~r ~im~ (~ay~ demonstrating the ~f~ect o~ in viv~ relea~e in ~at~
o~ ~n~ulin ~o~ 305 ~ic~on ~icros~h~e~ ~orm~d Oe ~olyC~P:SA(20:8~) o~ 5~ in~uLin loading~
Fig. 8 is ~ qraph o~ ~luco~ Img/dl) ln blood ov~ m~
-(dayY) demon~a~ing ths e~ct o~ in ~ivo ~naulin ~elea~ ~n rats fro~ ~ 0.5 ~ ~olyCPP:SA(20:80) ~ of ~ in~ulin loading.
Detailed D~criDtion o~ th~ rnv~n~ion Th~ ~re~nt inv~ntion ~ a m~thod ~or ~yn~h~si2in~ high ~11`
' ~ . ' , . - . -- , .
~.~7~339 molecul~r w~i~ht polyanhy~rite~ wh~r~in high mol~ular ~el~hts polyanhydrides (HMW PA) ~r~ defin~d ~ polyanhydrid~ hav~n~ a mol~cular w~i~h~ in ~XC~33 0~ 20,000 or a~ havin~ ~ high ~ntrinsic visco~ity in ~xc~ o~ 0.3 dl~q }n organic solvQne~ at ro~ temperature. Th~ HMW PA ar~ pareicularly us~ful in biomedical applications, such a~ in controlled r~leasa drug d~livery ~yst~m Th~ m~thod for synth~s~ing the HMW PA consist3 oE:
selecting highly pure prepolymers conslst~ng of mixed anhydr~d~s prepared from highly pur~ dLcarboxyllc ac~ds wh~r~in th~ anhydrides ar~ formed by refluxing thQ diacids in acetic ~nhydride, propionic anhydri~e, or other shor~ aliphatic anhydrid~s or by r~c~ing ths diacids with ac~yl chlorid~ or other short aliphatic ~cid chlorid~ in ~he pr~senc~ o~ an organiG base such as tristhylamins, Qoly~rizin~ tho highly pure prepolym~r~ ~t a .
temp~rature and ~or a tim~ ~uch that ~ hiqh moleGular w~ight p~lyanhydride i~ form~d, generally in th0 rang~ o~ 14GC to ZSO~C, ~or a ~r~ of lO to 300 m~ut~ ~or ~ho ~r~f~rred ~ono~r~, ~ emovin~ th~ condQn~ation product orm~d by th~
~lym~iz~tio~O ~r~rably by mean~ o~ a chill~d tEap und~r v~cu~ and ~ toQ~inq tho rYaction at the point befor~ th~ HMW 2A
b~gin ~o d~g~ade ~r ~orm~ng an in~lubl~ g~l.
. ~ .
. -12~
: . .
`' ' ' ', ' .: " ' ~.~7~3~
1, ~, Th~ time and tempe~atur~ of th~ polymcrizatlon act ~n cooperation to yi~ld a HMW compound~ Th~ ~olymer co~npo~ition L~
al~o importantO In thc~ ~ollowing ~xa~pl~, polymer~zin5~ the.
pr~olym~r3 for batw~n 6û and 120 minute~, most pcQ~rably 90 minute~, a~ a temp~ature~ o~ betwa~n lSO-C and 220-C, mo$t pre~errably~l8~C, wa3 foun~ eo yi~ld th~ hiyh3st molecular weiqhtY fo~ yolym~rs compo~ed o~ ssbacic acid, bi . (p-carboxyphenoxy)propaner isophthalic acid and dodecanedioic ~c id .
Polymers may b~ ~ynthesi2ed l~ro-n hiqhly pure isolat~d p re po Lyme rs f o ~med f ro~:
aliphaeic dicarboxylic acids, a~ de~in~d by tho eormula2 HOClC-~2C-R-C~2-COOtI;
aroma~lc dicarboxylic acid3, a~ de~in~d by thQ
f o~mula~ 2 ~O~C~OaH or HOOC-~--Ct~OH, aroma~iG-aliphatlc dicarboxylic acid, a~ d~in~d by éhe ~ormula: ~o~C--~ 2C-~COO~ ;
combination~ o~ a~om2ltic, aliphatic and roma t ic-aliphat ic dicarboxyl ic ac id~;
aromatic and aliphatie h~erocyclic dlca~b~xylic as:id~
d~in~d by thQ fonnula:
( C~ n X
..
.
: : - : ~ . ` . . . ;
- . :
. : - . ~ . : . .. . . .
L2~4339 whe~ Ln X ~ O, N o~ S
n ~ 1 to 3;
and ar~matic and aliphatic h~terocyclic dicarboxyLlc acids in co~binataon with ~liphatic dicarboxylie acid~, a~omatlc-aliphael~ dicarboxyllc ~cid~, and aromatic dicarbo~cylic ac:ids of mo~ th~n on~ phe~nyl y~oup . Th~ ~orrnula~ ar~ to b~ conq tru~d to inelude ~ubsti~utions on the aro~atic ~roups Oe th~ dicar~xylic ac id .
ln addition to th~ m~nom~r3 used to form th~ copolym~rs n the ~xamples, th~ followin~ monomer~ are preferred for use in .synthesizing copolymers ~or biomedical applicatioQs:
bis~-carboxypheno~y)alkane~: Hydroyuinon~-O,U' diac~ic acid;
1,4-bis-carboxy~ehyl ben2~ne;
2,2-bi~4-hydroxphenyl)~ropane-0,0' diac~tic ~cid;
2,2-bic(4-ca~boxy~h~nyl)propane; te~ph~halic acid;
bis~4-carboxyph~nyL)~lkane~; 1,4 phenylsn~ dipropionic acid; and cycloh~xane diear~oxy1ic acid~.
; Th~ m~lecular woi9ht o~ th~ poly~r3 ~an b~
siynifieantly ~ncr~as~d by ineluding a cataly~ with th~
pr~p~lymor~ in th~ m~lt ~ol~rization. Any cataly~t~ u~d for tran~t0ri~ie~tie~n, rin~ oQening ~olymeri~ation and r~latod polym~Ei~a~lon~ a~elt u~ul ~n tha di3clo~ed ~xample~ acld~ ba~0 and co<~rdina~ion cataly~t~, 3uch a 6d~CH3Cos:~2, ~aE~th m~tal oxide~ lnclud~ng Cao, ~0, ~nd CaCo3, ~nd Zn¢t2-H20 ~r~ u ~-..
~; , .~
. , - ` '': '' - `: ~ :
` ; ~Zq7~3;~9-.
H~t~rog~nic coordinatlon catalys~3 ar~ pr~e~red ~lnce th~
cataly~t can be ~a~ily ~emo~ed from th~ polym~r for biomedical U3~3 -~ i~h molecular w~i~ht ~olyanhydride~ ~r~ ynthesized by m~lt polycondensation with two Lmportant m~dificatlon~: p~r~
isolat~d ~r~polym~r~ a~e u~sd in th~ polymeziza~ion reaction and the raaction condition~ ar~ car0fully con~rolled.
In the pr~erred method, th~ dicarboxylic acid monomers ara ~onv~rted to tho mix~d ~nhydrid~ by total r~lux in ac~tic anhydrido. Caution must be taken to avoid cxces.~iv~ r~aceion.
_ Polyanhydride~ compcsed o~ the monomer3: sebacic acid (SA), bis~-ca~baxy~h~noxy)propan~ tCPP), iYophthalic acid trPh~, and dodacanedioic acid ~DD~ a~e used in ~h~ followiny ~xampl~.
S~bacic acid, dodacan~dioic acid, (9~ ~ld~ich Ch~mical Co., Milwauke~, WI) w~r~ rQcrys~alllzed ~hree ~i~e~ ~ro~ ~thanol.
--8is~p-carboxy~hQnxy) yropan~ wa synth~ized a~cording to th~
~thod o~ Conix, ~acro ~ . 2, 95 ~8 (19~6). ~o~hthal~e acid 199~, Ald~ichl wa3 reo~y$t~11i2ed twic~ ~rom ~thanol, All solv~nts w0r~ ~nalytical g~ada.
Th~ ~ol}owing cataly~t~ calc~um oxid~ c~lciu~
ca~b~naee, di~hyl æ~nc (15 wt ~ solution ln tolu~n~)~ cad~iu~
~c~a~o hydra~ ~Aldrich), barium ox~do I EM ~ciene~, N~w E30y) ~ W~E~ r~due~d to l~a~ than S0 mie~on ~a~lele ~lz~ ha~o~
u . ~. ".
'. . ' ._ .
. .
. . . . - . ,:. - ~ . .
. .
.i ~3~
Th~ polymer6 and prepolym~r~ wero charac~iz~d by infrar~d ~p~ctroscopy, th~rmal analy~i~, m~lting ~oint, viscoslty, ~tres~-~train and GPC.
~ n~rar~d spectroscopy wa~ per~orm~d on a PQrk~n-@lm~r Spectrophotomet~r Model 1430. Polymeric ~ampL~ wer~ film ca~t onto NaCl plates from solution~ o~ th~ polym~ in chloro~orm.
Pr~polymer samples w~re eith~r pr~ssed into KBr pellet~ or dispersed in nujol onto UaCl plat~sO
Thermal analysis o~ polymer~ wa~ dete~mined on a Perkin-Elmer DSC-2 differ~ntial Scannin~ Calorimeter employiny a hoatinq rat~ of 20~/min. The meltin~ point of pr~polym~r~ wa~
detormined on a Fish~r John~ m~ltin~ ~oint apparaeus. Th~
molacula~ w~ight of thQ polym~r~ and pr~Qolymers wo~ e~timated on a Per~in-Elmer GPC ~y5t~m con~iseing o~ the ~eri~ 10 pum~, tho 600 Daea Sta~ion and ~h~ L~B 214 - rapid p~otral d~tector a~ 254 nm. ~ampl~ wore ol~t~d in chlo~o~or~ th~ough two P~ Gel column (Polym~r Labora~orl~; 100 Ang~troms ~nd ~000 Ang~trom~
QOr~ ~iZQ~) in o~ie at a flow ~ate o@ l.S ml~in. Polystyrene (P~ly~ci~nc~ PA) wa~ used a~ eh~ calibrat~on ~tandaxd. Th~
vi~co-~ity o~ the p~lym~r~ wa~ m~a ur~d ~n an Ubbelohd~ Viscom~t~r ~cann~n 753 a~ 23C u3ing 1, 0.5 and 0O25 ~ wJ~ pol~r in chlorofor~ solution~ NMR spec~ra w~ze run on ~ 8ruke~ AM-2S0 ~pectromet~ ln CDC13. Th~ mechanical p~o~erties o~
comp~d of C~:SA co~olym~ t~ b~lo~) w~ro det~n~in~d on an - .
.
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t74~3~3~
.
rn3tron ~n~trument Mod~l 1122 ~tr~ss-~t~ain t~ster at an inltial ~tra~n rat~ o~ O.Q5 mm/min following th~ ASTM de~snation D882-81 ~or t~n3il~ prope~t~es cha~act~rization o~ thin pLaqtic ~heetin~.
Polymer films of 0.8 0m thickn~s wo~o p~par~d by a ~olvent casting m~thod as ~ollow~. Solu~ion3 o~ CPP:SA
copolym~r~ t2a~ w/v) in dichlorom~thane wer~ ~a~t on glass yetri dishes~ ThQ dishe~ wers plac~d cn dry ice or stored ~t -20C or solvent evaporation. Stron~ and flaxibl~ ~ilms ~0.8 mm thiek) wero obtained. The films w~re ~tored under vacuum in CaCl~ desiccator.
Tha composit~on of CPP:SA copolymerY wa3 det~rmined by 'H-NMR from the ~atio o~ ths peak3 integration S#1.3 P~M ~8H, s~bacic acid) and ~6.9 8.2 PPM t8~, CPP). Th2 degr~ o~
oligom~rization of th~ ,or~polymers wa~ det~rmin~d fro~ the integration of a representativQ p~ak o~ the repeating unit and the m~hyl ter~inals p~ak o~ th~ ac~ic ~ix~d anhydrid~ ~nd group.
~ olyanhydride3 w~re ~ynth~izad by ~lt palycond~nsation, ~od~fying ~o th~ m~thad d~crib~d by ~ll and Carothe~ in Jc ~m. Chem. Soc., 54, 1569 ~1932) and 55, 5023 ._ .
t1933) by u~ng hiyhly ~uro i~olated ~repolym~r~ and oQt~izing th~ ~aotion condition~ (t~Mp~ratu~ im~, r~mov~l o~
cond~nsation product).
:, . ' ..
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.~ . .~ . -~2~a~3;~
Aliphatic prepolym~ w~ pr~pa~d by ~o~lux;n~ the dicarboxylic acid monomor~ t40 g) Ln acotic ~nhydride (500 ml) for 20 minutes. ~he exc~ s ac~t~c ~nhydrid~ was removed to dryne~ und~ vacuum~ at SOC~ The crudQ p~epolymer was recry~tallizs~ ~rom dry tolu~n~. Th~ c~y~ al~ w~re thon LmmQr~d in a 1:1 miXture o~ dry petrol ~her and ~hyl ~the~ overnight to ~xtract trac~s of acetic anhydrid~ and toluene. The pur~
crystal~ were dried undec vacuum o~r calcium chloride (75 88~
yiald). Aromatic monome~s were ~fluxed ~or 15 minutes, then the unreacted diacid ~10-2n~ ) was remo~ed b~ filtration. The ~olution was concentrated to 150 ml and allow~d to crystalliz~
overnight at O~C~ Th~ crystals were then imm~rsed in dry ether ( soa ml) ov~rniuht with ~tirring to ~x~ract traces o~ acetLc anhydrid~. C~P pr~polymer wa~ recry~tallized ~r~m a 1:10 mixture o~ DMF and ~thyl ~thar a-~ eollow~: pr~olymer tlO ~) wa.
diasolv~d in warm dry DMP ~30 ~11. 2?0 ~1 of d~y ~thQc wa~ then added to the solution wi~h stirring. Th~ solu~ion wa~ then allow~d to cEystallize~ at 0C ~Cor 3 days. Th~ pu~i~L~d prepolym~r wa. ~a~h~d wieh dry sth~ ~3 x 100 m~.) and dried under vacuum ove~r calcium chlo~ido (42-S0~ y~21d). The pr~polym~r~
w~r~ eh3~acte~riz~d by GPC, ' H N}tR ~nd TR analy ~3.
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M~lt ~olycond~n3ation o~ th~Ee~olym~rs W2S a~ in th~
~ollowing ty~ical ~3action: CPP propolym~r (2~0 ~, S mmol~ wa~
mix~d with 3ebacic acid p~ep~lym~ ~1.15 ~. 5 mm~ in ~ gla~
tub~, 2 x 20 c~, tRimax) with ~ ~id~ ar~ ~uipp~d with a - , . - ,'' ' . ' ~ . ~' " . ., ' , - . .: . . .
~ 127433~3 .
capillary ni~rogRn inle~. Tho tub~ was lmme~r~ed in an oll b~th at 180~C. After th~ propoLymQrs w~ melte~d ~1 minut~), h~sJh vacuum (10-4 ~ Hs~) wa~ a~p~ d through the~ 3ido ar~n. Th~
condQnsation product ~ac~c ar.hydrld~) wa$ coll~ct~d in an aceton~/dry ic:o ~rzlp. D~rin~ ths polymeri2ation a stron~
nitro~n swe~p wi~h vigorou3 agitation o~ the melt ~a~ performed for 30 ~conds 2very lS ~inutes.
Th~ crud~ ~olymsr was puri~ied by precipitaton in dry petroleum ethec from dichloromethane solution. The precipitate was th~n extracted with anhydrous ether ~or ~everal hour3 at room temperatu~e .
Whan cat~ly3t~ wer~ us~d, 2 molar perGent catalyst wa~
mixed with the prepolym~r~ p~ior to Qolymeri2ation. Th~
in~olublo het~rog~n~cu~ ca~aly~t~ wer~ removed ~rom the polym~ar -qolution by filtration.
1~h~ mol~cular w~ight av~ragel, visco~ity, and m~l~ing ~oint o~ polyanhydridel ~yn~ch~z~d usinq thel m~thod o thel Qr~ ant inv~ntion ar~ ~hown in Tabl~ 1. Th~ mc~lecula~ w~i~ht av~raS;~ o~ ths3~ polym~r~ ranged from 87,900 up to 122,800. Th~
numb~r av~ray~ lool~ular woight th~t wa~ obtairt~d wa<% ~n th~
..
ranq~ of 20,û00 eo 35,000.
Fiq. la ~how~ khff Mw dl~tribu~ion o~ CFP:SAt 20:80) poly~ns~ as a ~unction of tim~ of ~iolyme~rization u . ins~ th~ method .
~L9~ :
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- 1.27~3~39 of th~ pr~nt in~ntion. Two period3 can bq de~ine~d in tha polymsrization ~coc~s3, th~ s~ up to 45 minute~ and the s~cond up ~o gO minu~s. ~n th~ s~cond Q~riod, ehe~ molecular w~igh~
~ncr~ase~ w~thc:u~ any ~hift o~ the ma1n ~ràctlon. Thi~ c~n be exl?lained by th~ ~ormation of a r~lativ~ly ho~cgenic mol~cular wsiyht di~ribution, which then couples, partially yieldiny a high mol~cula~ w~ ht ~raction. ~ig. lb ~hows th~ ~w o~
CPP~ 0:80) ~s a function of tim~ o~ polymerizationO
Fig. 2 is a graph of the molecular weiqht average o~
CPP:SA~20:80) at variou~ temperaturQs: 150C, 180C and 220C;
a~ a ~unction o~ tima o polymerization (minutes~. It i~ clear from thi~ graph that tha time ~nd temQel:atUre can b~ optimized for each polyT~er compo i~ion to maximize moi~cular ~ight.
--ZO--.
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- Sabl~ 1: Molec~lar wolqht o~ ~elvanhydrid~3 ~
- PolYm~r M~locul~r ~l5~ cositv~ Melt. Pt.
.. . . . .. . _ _, Mw ~ C
polyS~ 104,a~0 0.~4 ~2 ~oly(CPP~SA)~20:80~116,800 0.92 ~2-74 poly(CPP:S~)t35s65)81,90~ 0.86 126 poly( rph s~) 121,100 0.93 72 polylDD) 12~,800 1~11 94 ~oly(CPP:DD)(20:80)120,~00 1.05 7 Polymerization und~r 180, 50 minutes GPC - Callbrated wltA Polystyrene ~tandards ~*~ Chloro~orm, 23C
~ h~ molecular weiqht av~age o th~ high molecular w~ight ~olyanhydride~ can bo ~igni~icantly lncr~aY~d by ~ix~ng M
cataly~t in~o th~ pr~p~lymer3 and ~h~n m~lt polym~ri2inq und~r optimum condi~ion~. Ca~aly~t~ w~e ~ound ~o havs a minoP ~ ct on th~ numbar averags molecular w~igh~. Tabl~ 2 compa~3s t~
vi~co~it~ and molecular w~ht ~v~ra~e for CPP~SA ~20:80) polymer melt-poly~riz~d at 180~e u-~ing 2 mol~ ~ coo~dination cataly~t~ ni~icantly high~ molecular w~ight in ~hort~r t~ma3 w~r~ achielv~d with Cd(Ct~3coo)2, ~ag~.h matal oxid~, c~Llciu~
ca~bonate~ and ZnEt2-H20. Th~ M~ o~ CPl?:SA(20180) inc~s~d up to 240,133 ~dit~ ca~aly~t, ~n com~a~i~on ~o a P~w ~ 116,800 wiehout catalyst3. Thes~ cataly~t~ are ~r~~rr~d sinc~ th~ re~ction typ~;
i3 het~rog~nic, r~3ul~ing lr, ~a~y ~ ra~ion o~ th~ cataLyst, ~ :
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~27~3~
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r~uirQm~nt ~or U50 of th~ polym~r ~ n vo or in cathor med~cal application .
Table 2 Ptelt Poly~ ization of CPP-S~ ~20:80) polym~rization ~risco~ity~ molecular w~i~htb*~
catalYst tim~ Imin) ~n~ (dl/~) Mw . .
no ca~alys~ 90 0.9~ 116,800 barium oxid~ 30 0 . 9~5 185, 226 cadmium acetate 31 1.15 2~0,133 calcium oxide 20 0.83 140,935 calci~L~ carbonate 28 0.81 128,763 2nEt2-H20 ~1:1) 6~) 1.18 Ig9t060 2 mol~ ~
Chlorofor~, 23-C
*~. GPC - calibrated with poly3~y~en~ ~tandard.
The mol~cuLar w~ights o~ CPP:SA ~29:80) ~olym~E~z6!ld w~ th 2 mol~ ataly~t ar~ d~ict~d in F$g. 3 a a ~unct3.on o~
tim~ o Qolymar~2ation l~in). Calciu70 oxld~, barlu~ oxids, c:alc~um ca~bonate, and cadmium aceltate we~re usad a~s tha ca~alyst$. Th~l M~ and polym~riza~ ion t~ma ~or th~ pc:lymeri2a~ion o~ polyanhydrid~ at 180"C ~ith the~ catalyst cadmium ac~a~e (2 mol~ ca~niu~ ace~at~: 10 ra m~ pol~EI ~ t~d ir Tabl~ 3.
` ` 12~a~3~9 Tabl~ 3- Polymerizat$on of polyanhydrid~3 u~in~L cadmium ac~eate as cataly~
polyme~i~ation P~rPh:SAl (20:80) 40 17~,100 P(~Ph:S~) (50:50) 35 87,850 -- ~ ( CPP: DD) ~ 20 80 ) 35 184, 900 ~CPP:O~) ~50:50~ 4û 61iO50 DD 60 134,200 SA 60 138 ,SUO
Th~s~ result~ d~monstrate that high molecular weiyht polyanhydrides can be~ synthesi~ed from pura solat~d pr~polymers by ntelt-condeln~ation under optimum condition~. Xn the ~xam~le~, -thcs~ condition~s welre within a na~ow ran~o, b~tw~n 150~C and 220C, pref~ahly 180~C, for a t~ne o~ ~ro~ 60 to 12û minutss, ~` ~ p~ferably 90 m~n. Th~ ~ol~cula~ w~iqh~ o~ ~h~se ~olyToers can b~
- ~ ~igni ican~ly inc:~as~d by includinç~ ~ catalys~, p~ferably a ` coordina~ion cataly~ uch a~ Cd Ace~ate, an ~arth m~tal oxid0, - alciu~ carbona~e~ o~ compl~x ~ 2nEt2-hydroxyla~d compound. Tho ~oly!n~r3 ~oe-m~d u51n~ ~ho:~ melthod3 lncluding ~lyTn~r~ ~orm~d f~om s~bacLc a~id, dc~doca~edloic aci~, bi~ carboxyph~noxy) ~opan~ sophthal~c ~eid, ~nd eombin~tion~ r~o~, having mol~cula~ w~ights u~ to 2~0,133 ar.d int~n~ic vi~c~3ity G~ Up to 1. 18 dl~g.
Th- hlgh sool~cula~ woight ~olyanhydr~Q~ havel improved Qhy~ico~chan~eal ~70c~cti0~ a~: shown in P~g. a,, ~ig.
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33~
graph of th~ t~nsilQ ~renyth o~' ftlm3 mad~ of C~P eopolym~r3 a~
a ~unctisn o~ perc~nt CPP and a3 a ~unction of mol~cular W~i~ht !~ncr~a $n~ eith~r th~ perc~nt C~P or th~ mole~ula~ weight .'~norua~q t~n~ tr~ng~h.
Th~sa polymers hava many use~ul application~, ~articularly in the biomedical area. For oxampl~, ~hey may be i sed to form a bioerodi~le m~trix for controlled rolease o~ a 'bioactive compound such as nutrients, drugs, ~nd compounds ha~ing gricultural applioations. They are a1so us~eul in th~
manufactura o~ sutur~s, protectivo coverings, for example, to ~eplace skin on burn pa~ients: to se~ur~ wound~, as patcha~
follo~iny surgery; ~nd a~ ab~orbabls bonQ replac~mon~s.
Tho following oxampl~3 demonstrat~ th~ u~ of HMW PA
~synthesiz~d according to th~ m~thod o~ th2 pres~nt invent;on.
!Example 1: In vitro r~leaso o~ oolchicin~ ~rom a polyCPP:SA(30:70) ~1m of 5~ colchicin~ loadin~
¦ The in vit~o ~510a5~ rat~ ~or a r~pr~s~ntativ~ drug, jcolchicin~ (40a mw1, fro~ a polyCEtPoS~t30.70) ~ilm i~ ~hown in Pi~. 5 a~ th~ percent r~l~as~ ~v~r ~im~ thr) a~ 37 e in bu~fer~d solutions having ~ p~ of 2.0 and 7.4. Th~ one mm ~hlck ~il~ wa~
form~O by olv~nt sa3ting tho S% colchic~n~ - polyCPP:S~l30~70) ~301ut ion mixtuE~.
I The ro~ult~ da~on3trat~ ~h~ a cQntro11sd rel~a~
,occurs ovo~ a p~iod o~ at l~a~t Rix d~ys a~ ~ 7.4 du~ to '' ' ~24-~ ' .
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~2~433~ -3ur~aco ~rosion of th~ polym~r. Sinc3 ~h~ polyme~ i r~lativ~ly tabls a~ pH 2.0, ther~ i3 no l~achlny of the colchiein~ out o~
th~ fllm du~ to oth~r factort.
ExamplQ 2: In vivo r~lea~ o~ in~ulin ~rom 300 miCron The in vivo release rate o~ lnsulin, a polypeptide hormone o app~oxima~ely 6000 mol~cula~ w~i~ht, from 300 ~icron polyCPP:SA(20:80) microsph~res i~ 3hown in ~i~. 6. Th~ per~ent r~Leas~ of insulin into 0.1 M phosphate bufer pH 7.4 at 37C
clearly establishes that zero ordcr release is o~curring ov~r a period of approximately two weeks.
Th~ polyCPP:SA(20:80j has a mol~cular welght average of 92,000.
Exampl~ 3: In vivo release of insulin in rat from 300 ~iCron . ' ;~
Th~ effeceiv~nes~ o~ insulin releas~ ~ vivo in ra~
(av~rag~ 200 9) from 300 micron polyCPP:SA(20:~0) m1c~o~ph2re~
of 5~ insulin loadinq demonstra~ed in ~i~. 7a and 7b. Fig~ 7a is a graph of glucosc tmg/dl) in urin~ ovar ~ght d~y~. Fi~. 7b i3 graph of glu~o~e (mg~dl) in blood over ~ight ~ayg. ~h~ ~nsulin i~ r21ea~d o~er ~ p~riod o~ eev~ral days, with an ~~cti~eQ~ 3 of fou~ to fiv~ days at th~ loading in ~icro~phsr~ o thl~
~iza and compo~ition. Th~ m~cro~ph~r~g ~otally d~3a~a~ a~r ~ven day~.
.
` " ~ ' ;2~-~ . . .
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., lZ743;3~3 -ThQ polyCPP:SA~20:8~) polymor~ forming injec~ibl~
microsph~r~s of 300 miCron~ hev~ a molscular we~igh~ of 92,000. PolyCPP:SA(20:80) polymer~ formed u~ing th~ p~io~ art mothods hav~ ~ mole~cular weight of 12,000. Although not diractly comparabl~, larg~r non~in~ctibls ~iz~ ~icrc~ph~ras ~orm~d o~
the low mol3cular w~ight polyC~P:SA~20:80) of approximately 800 microns ~n diameter, o~ 5~ insulin loading ar~ r~quired ko obtain an effecti~ release over a period o~ three days.
Exampl~ 4: In vivo release o~ insulin in rats from a 0.5 mm thick polyCPP-SA(20:80) film Fig. 8 show~ th~ c~activeness of in vivo insulin ~olease in rats over a p~riod of sev~ral days from a polyCPP:SA(20-30) film o~ 5% insulin loading. Th~ 0.5 m~ thick ~ilm is pr~pared by ~u~pending the insulin in the polym~r dissolv~d in chloroform and ~a~t}ng. A~r r~moval of th~
solv~nt, th~ 200 mg film i~ sur~ically lmplanted under kh~ skin of the rat~ ( 200 g ~verage ) .
R~l~aso o~ the insul~n fro~ ~h~ ~llm~ is eff~c~iv~ in controLlng blocd glucos~ l~vol~ ~o~ approxima~Rly ~ive daysr ~lightly lonqer than rQl~a~o ~rom th~ 300 micron ~iero~phere o~
5~ in~ulin lo~din~ o~ ~xampl~ 3. Bow~v~r, ~ilm~ hav~ an ~ven more important ~dvantag~ ov~r tho inj4ctable micro~ph~r~ in th3t thoy may b~ surglcally E~mov~d if th~r~ i3 ~ ~robl~m wlth th~ drug boing rel~asQd, Du~ to thoir par~icular natur~ and ~cat~ring, r~oval of miero~pho~ x~rem~ly d~f~ieult.
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~4339 This invention has been described with reference to its preferred embodiments. Variations and modifications of the method and high molecular weight polyanhydrides produced thereby will be obvious to those skilled in the art. It is intended that all of these variations and modif-ications be included within the scope of the appended claims.
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Claims
CLAIMS:
(1) A high molecular weight polyanhydride having a weight average molecular weight of greater than 20,000 and an intrinsic viscosity of greater than 0.3 dl/g in chloroform at 23°C., said polyanhydride produced from at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of:
aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
HOOC-H2C-R-CH2-COOH;
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aliphatic-aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
wherein X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and n is an integer between 1 and 3; and aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids of the above formula in combination with at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic-aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids having more than one phenyl group;
wherein the R groups are divalent organic radical groups.
(2) A high molecular weight polyanhydride synthesized by:
polymerizing at least one highly pure prepolymer produced from a mixture of anhydrides prepared from at least one highly pure dicarboxylic acid at a temperature and for a reaction time to form a polyanhydride having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000;
removing the polyanhydride condensation product having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000 formed by said polymerization; and stopping said polymerization before said polyanhydride condensation product decreases in molecular weight.
(3) The high molecular weight polyanhydride of Claim 2 wherein at least one dicarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of sebacic acid, 4,4'-[a,w-alkanediylbis(oxy)]bis[benzoic acid], isophthalic acid, dodecanedioic acid, 2,2'-[1,4-phenylenebis(oxy)]bis-acetic acid, 1,4-bis(carboxymethyl)benzene, 2,2'-[(1-methy-lethylidene)bis(4,1-phenyleneoxy)]bisacetic acid, 2,2'-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)propane; terephthalic acid; 1,4 phenylene dipropionic acid; 4,4'-(n-alkylidene)bis[benzoic acid];
and cyclohexane dicarboxylic acids.
(4) The high molecular weight polyanhydride of Claim 2 synthesized by polymerizing at least one highly pure prepolymer with a catalyst.
(5) The high molecular weight polyahydride of Claim 4 wherein said catalyst is selected from the group of catalysts consisting of acid, base and coordination catalysts.
(6) The high molecular weight polyanhydride of Claim 5 wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of (CH3COO)2Cd, alkaline earth metal oxides, calcium carbonate and complexes of diethylzinc and hydroxylated compounds.
(7) A composition comprising a high molecular weight polyanhydride synthesized by:
polymerizing at least one highly pure prepolymer produced from a mixture of anhydrides prepared from at least one highly pure dicarboxylic acid at a temperature and for a reaction time to form a polymer having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000;
removing the polyanhydride condensation product having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000 formed by said polymerization; and stopping said polymerization before said polyan-hydride condensation product decreases in molecular weight.
(8) A composition comprising a high molecular weight polyanhydride having a weight average molecular weight of greater than 20,000 and an intrinsic viscosity of greater than 0.3 dl/g in chloroform at 23°C., said polyan-hydride produced from at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of:
aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
HOOC-H2C-R-CH2-COOH;
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aliphatic aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
wherein X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur and n is an integer between 1 and 3; and aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids of the above formula in combination with at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic-aliphatic dicar-boxylic acids, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids having more than one phenyl group, wherein R groups are divalent organic radical groups.
(9) A high molecular weight polyanhydride having a weight average molecular weight of greater than 20,000 and an intrinsic viscosity of greater than 0.3 dl/g in chloroform at 23°C., wherein said polyanhydride is produced from at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of sebacic acid, 4,4'-[a,w-alkanediylbis(oxy)]bis [benzoic acid], isophthalic acid, dodecanedioic acid, 2,2'-[1,4-phenylenebis(oxy)]bisacetic acid, 1,4-bis(carboxymethyl) benzene, 2,2'-[(1-methylethylidene)bis(4,1-phenyleneoxy)]
bisacetic acid, 2,2-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)propane; terephthalic acid; 1,4 phenylene dipropionic acid; 4,4'-(n-alkylidene)bis [benzoic acid]; and cyclohexane dicarboxylic acids.
(10) A method for synthesizing a high molecular weight polyanhydride comprising;
polymerizing at least one highly pure prepolymer prepared from at least one highly pure dicarboxylic acid at a temperature and for a reaction time to form a polyan-hydride having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000;
removing the polyanhydride condensation product having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000 formed by said polymerization; and stopping said polymerization before said polyanhydride condensation product decreases in molecular weight.
(11) The method of Claim 10 wherein the polymer is polymerized in the presence of a catalyst.
(12) The method of Claim 11 wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of acid, base, and coordination catalysts.
(13) The method of Claim 12 wherein said catalyst is selected from the group consisting of (CH3COO)2Cd, alkaline earth metal oxides, calcium carbonate, and complexes of diethylzinc and hydroxylated compounds.
(14) The method of Claim 10 further comprising forming at least one prepolymer from at least one highly pure dicarboxylic acid by refluxing said dicarboxylic acid in an aliphatic anhydride.
(15) The method of Claim 10 further comprising forming at least one prepolymer from at least one highly pure dicarboxylic acid by reacting said dicarboxylic acid with an aliphatic acid chloride in the presence of an organic base.
(16) The method of Claim 10 wherein said temperature is between 140°C. and 250°C. and said reaction time is between 10 minutes and 300 minutes.
(17) The method of Claim 10 wherein said polymeriza-tion is stopped before said polyanhydride forms an insoluble gel.
(18) The method of Claim 10 wherein said temperature is approximately 180°C. and said reaction time is approximate-ly 90 minutes.
(19) The method of Claim 10 further comprising selecting at least one dicarboxylic acid from the group consisting of:
aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
HOOC-H2C-R-CH2-COOH;
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aliphatic-aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
wherein X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and n is an integer between 1 and 3, and aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids of the above formula in combination with at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic-aliphatic dicar-boxylic acids, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids having more than one phenyl group, wherein the R groups are divalent organic radical groups.
(20) The method of Claim 19 wherein at least one dicarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of:
sebacic acid, 4,4'-[a,w-alkanediylbis(oxy)]bis [benzoic acid], isophthalic acid, dodecanedioic acid, 2,2'-[1,4-phenylenebis(oxy)]bisacetic acid, 1,4-bis(carboxy-methyl)benzene, 2,2'-[(1-methylethylidene)-bis(4,1-phenylene-oxy)]bisacetic acid, 2,2-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)propane; tere-phthalic acid; 1,4 phenylene dipropionic acid; 4,4'-(n-alkylidene)bis[benzoic acid]; and cyclohexane dicarboxylic acids.
(1) A high molecular weight polyanhydride having a weight average molecular weight of greater than 20,000 and an intrinsic viscosity of greater than 0.3 dl/g in chloroform at 23°C., said polyanhydride produced from at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of:
aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
HOOC-H2C-R-CH2-COOH;
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aliphatic-aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
wherein X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and n is an integer between 1 and 3; and aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids of the above formula in combination with at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic-aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids having more than one phenyl group;
wherein the R groups are divalent organic radical groups.
(2) A high molecular weight polyanhydride synthesized by:
polymerizing at least one highly pure prepolymer produced from a mixture of anhydrides prepared from at least one highly pure dicarboxylic acid at a temperature and for a reaction time to form a polyanhydride having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000;
removing the polyanhydride condensation product having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000 formed by said polymerization; and stopping said polymerization before said polyanhydride condensation product decreases in molecular weight.
(3) The high molecular weight polyanhydride of Claim 2 wherein at least one dicarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of sebacic acid, 4,4'-[a,w-alkanediylbis(oxy)]bis[benzoic acid], isophthalic acid, dodecanedioic acid, 2,2'-[1,4-phenylenebis(oxy)]bis-acetic acid, 1,4-bis(carboxymethyl)benzene, 2,2'-[(1-methy-lethylidene)bis(4,1-phenyleneoxy)]bisacetic acid, 2,2'-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)propane; terephthalic acid; 1,4 phenylene dipropionic acid; 4,4'-(n-alkylidene)bis[benzoic acid];
and cyclohexane dicarboxylic acids.
(4) The high molecular weight polyanhydride of Claim 2 synthesized by polymerizing at least one highly pure prepolymer with a catalyst.
(5) The high molecular weight polyahydride of Claim 4 wherein said catalyst is selected from the group of catalysts consisting of acid, base and coordination catalysts.
(6) The high molecular weight polyanhydride of Claim 5 wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of (CH3COO)2Cd, alkaline earth metal oxides, calcium carbonate and complexes of diethylzinc and hydroxylated compounds.
(7) A composition comprising a high molecular weight polyanhydride synthesized by:
polymerizing at least one highly pure prepolymer produced from a mixture of anhydrides prepared from at least one highly pure dicarboxylic acid at a temperature and for a reaction time to form a polymer having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000;
removing the polyanhydride condensation product having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000 formed by said polymerization; and stopping said polymerization before said polyan-hydride condensation product decreases in molecular weight.
(8) A composition comprising a high molecular weight polyanhydride having a weight average molecular weight of greater than 20,000 and an intrinsic viscosity of greater than 0.3 dl/g in chloroform at 23°C., said polyan-hydride produced from at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of:
aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
HOOC-H2C-R-CH2-COOH;
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aliphatic aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
wherein X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur and n is an integer between 1 and 3; and aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids of the above formula in combination with at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic-aliphatic dicar-boxylic acids, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids having more than one phenyl group, wherein R groups are divalent organic radical groups.
(9) A high molecular weight polyanhydride having a weight average molecular weight of greater than 20,000 and an intrinsic viscosity of greater than 0.3 dl/g in chloroform at 23°C., wherein said polyanhydride is produced from at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of sebacic acid, 4,4'-[a,w-alkanediylbis(oxy)]bis [benzoic acid], isophthalic acid, dodecanedioic acid, 2,2'-[1,4-phenylenebis(oxy)]bisacetic acid, 1,4-bis(carboxymethyl) benzene, 2,2'-[(1-methylethylidene)bis(4,1-phenyleneoxy)]
bisacetic acid, 2,2-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)propane; terephthalic acid; 1,4 phenylene dipropionic acid; 4,4'-(n-alkylidene)bis [benzoic acid]; and cyclohexane dicarboxylic acids.
(10) A method for synthesizing a high molecular weight polyanhydride comprising;
polymerizing at least one highly pure prepolymer prepared from at least one highly pure dicarboxylic acid at a temperature and for a reaction time to form a polyan-hydride having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000;
removing the polyanhydride condensation product having a weight average molecular weight in excess of 20,000 formed by said polymerization; and stopping said polymerization before said polyanhydride condensation product decreases in molecular weight.
(11) The method of Claim 10 wherein the polymer is polymerized in the presence of a catalyst.
(12) The method of Claim 11 wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of acid, base, and coordination catalysts.
(13) The method of Claim 12 wherein said catalyst is selected from the group consisting of (CH3COO)2Cd, alkaline earth metal oxides, calcium carbonate, and complexes of diethylzinc and hydroxylated compounds.
(14) The method of Claim 10 further comprising forming at least one prepolymer from at least one highly pure dicarboxylic acid by refluxing said dicarboxylic acid in an aliphatic anhydride.
(15) The method of Claim 10 further comprising forming at least one prepolymer from at least one highly pure dicarboxylic acid by reacting said dicarboxylic acid with an aliphatic acid chloride in the presence of an organic base.
(16) The method of Claim 10 wherein said temperature is between 140°C. and 250°C. and said reaction time is between 10 minutes and 300 minutes.
(17) The method of Claim 10 wherein said polymeriza-tion is stopped before said polyanhydride forms an insoluble gel.
(18) The method of Claim 10 wherein said temperature is approximately 180°C. and said reaction time is approximate-ly 90 minutes.
(19) The method of Claim 10 further comprising selecting at least one dicarboxylic acid from the group consisting of:
aliphatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
HOOC-H2C-R-CH2-COOH;
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aliphatic-aromatic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids having the formula:
wherein X is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, and n is an integer between 1 and 3, and aromatic and aliphatic heterocyclic dicarboxylic acids of the above formula in combination with at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic-aliphatic dicar-boxylic acids, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids having more than one phenyl group, wherein the R groups are divalent organic radical groups.
(20) The method of Claim 19 wherein at least one dicarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of:
sebacic acid, 4,4'-[a,w-alkanediylbis(oxy)]bis [benzoic acid], isophthalic acid, dodecanedioic acid, 2,2'-[1,4-phenylenebis(oxy)]bisacetic acid, 1,4-bis(carboxy-methyl)benzene, 2,2'-[(1-methylethylidene)-bis(4,1-phenylene-oxy)]bisacetic acid, 2,2-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)propane; tere-phthalic acid; 1,4 phenylene dipropionic acid; 4,4'-(n-alkylidene)bis[benzoic acid]; and cyclohexane dicarboxylic acids.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/892,809 US4757128A (en) | 1986-08-01 | 1986-08-01 | High molecular weight polyanhydride and preparation thereof |
| US892,809 | 1986-08-01 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1274339A true CA1274339A (en) | 1990-09-18 |
Family
ID=25400529
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000542618A Expired - Lifetime CA1274339A (en) | 1986-08-01 | 1987-07-21 | Synthesis and application of high molecular weight polyanhydrides |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4757128A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0260415B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2700646B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR880002904A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE145657T1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1274339A (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3751964T2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2006417T3 (en) |
| GR (2) | GR880300163T1 (en) |
| LU (1) | LU90462I2 (en) |
| NL (1) | NL990036I2 (en) |
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-
1986
- 1986-08-01 US US06/892,809 patent/US4757128A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1987
- 1987-07-21 CA CA000542618A patent/CA1274339A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-07-29 DE DE3751964T patent/DE3751964T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-07-29 EP EP87110971A patent/EP0260415B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-07-29 DE DE198787110971T patent/DE260415T1/en active Pending
- 1987-07-29 ES ES87110971T patent/ES2006417T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-07-29 AT AT87110971T patent/ATE145657T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-07-31 JP JP62192542A patent/JP2700646B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-08-01 KR KR1019870008485A patent/KR880002904A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1989
- 1989-01-31 GR GR88300163T patent/GR880300163T1/en unknown
-
1997
- 1997-02-19 GR GR960403393T patent/GR3022577T3/en unknown
-
1999
- 1999-10-18 NL NL990036C patent/NL990036I2/en unknown
- 1999-10-20 LU LU90462C patent/LU90462I2/en unknown
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6306889B1 (en) | 1997-09-03 | 2001-10-23 | Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Compounds, methods and pharmaceutical compositions for treating neural or cardiovascular tissue damage |
| US6346536B1 (en) | 1997-09-03 | 2002-02-12 | Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors and method for treating neural or cardiovascular tissue damage using the same |
| US6380211B1 (en) | 1997-09-03 | 2002-04-30 | Guilford Pharmaceutical Inc. | Alkoxy-substituted compounds, methods, and compositions for inhibiting PARP activity |
| US6426415B1 (en) | 1997-09-03 | 2002-07-30 | Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Alkoxy-substituted compounds, methods and compositions for inhibiting parp activity |
| US6514983B1 (en) | 1997-09-03 | 2003-02-04 | Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Compounds, methods and pharmaceutical compositions for treating neural or cardiovascular tissue damage |
| US6635642B1 (en) | 1997-09-03 | 2003-10-21 | Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc. | PARP inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions comprising same, and methods of using same |
| US6395749B1 (en) | 1998-05-15 | 2002-05-28 | Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Carboxamide compounds, methods, and compositions for inhibiting PARP activity |
| US6387902B1 (en) | 1998-12-31 | 2002-05-14 | Guilford Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Phenazine compounds, methods and pharmaceutical compositions for inhibiting PARP |
| US6716828B1 (en) | 1999-09-01 | 2004-04-06 | Guilford Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compounds, methods and pharmaceutical compositions for treating cellular damage, such as neural or cardiovascular tissue damage |
| US7307080B2 (en) | 1999-09-01 | 2007-12-11 | Mgi Gp, Inc. | Compounds, methods and pharmaceutical compositions for treating cellular damage, such as neural or cardiovascular tissue damage |
| US6723733B2 (en) | 2000-05-19 | 2004-04-20 | Guilford Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Sulfonamide and carbamide derivatives of 6(5H)phenanthridinones and their uses |
| US6348475B1 (en) | 2000-06-01 | 2002-02-19 | Guilford Pharmaceuticals Inc. | Methods, compounds and compositions for treating gout |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NL990036I1 (en) | 1999-12-01 |
| EP0260415B1 (en) | 1996-11-27 |
| KR880002904A (en) | 1988-05-12 |
| JPS63258924A (en) | 1988-10-26 |
| EP0260415A2 (en) | 1988-03-23 |
| DE3751964D1 (en) | 1997-01-09 |
| DE3751964T2 (en) | 1997-06-05 |
| LU90462I2 (en) | 2000-01-03 |
| ATE145657T1 (en) | 1996-12-15 |
| US4757128A (en) | 1988-07-12 |
| ES2006417A4 (en) | 1989-05-01 |
| JP2700646B2 (en) | 1998-01-21 |
| EP0260415A3 (en) | 1988-05-18 |
| GR3022577T3 (en) | 1997-05-31 |
| ES2006417T3 (en) | 1997-07-01 |
| GR880300163T1 (en) | 1989-01-31 |
| DE260415T1 (en) | 1989-02-16 |
| NL990036I2 (en) | 2001-01-02 |
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