CA1259498A - Erosion control foundation mat and method - Google Patents
Erosion control foundation mat and methodInfo
- Publication number
- CA1259498A CA1259498A CA000499595A CA499595A CA1259498A CA 1259498 A CA1259498 A CA 1259498A CA 000499595 A CA000499595 A CA 000499595A CA 499595 A CA499595 A CA 499595A CA 1259498 A CA1259498 A CA 1259498A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- sheet
- weighted
- recited
- peripheral
- pockets
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
- E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
- E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
- E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
- E02B3/122—Flexible prefabricated covering elements, e.g. mats, strips
- E02B3/127—Flexible prefabricated covering elements, e.g. mats, strips bags filled at the side
Abstract
EROSION CONTROL FOUNDATION MAT AND METHOD
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
An erosion control structure and method involves placing a large permeable mat with peripheral weighted pockets around and attached to the mat on the bottom of the water body such that at least a portion of the mat extends into a shallow portion of the water body where currents have a velocity sufficient to erode the bottom. The peripheral pockets are filled with a weighted material, such as sand.
Large weighted stabilizers are placed on the mat and positioned in the areas where the currents exceed the erosion velocity such that the stabilizers are below the surface of the water.
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
An erosion control structure and method involves placing a large permeable mat with peripheral weighted pockets around and attached to the mat on the bottom of the water body such that at least a portion of the mat extends into a shallow portion of the water body where currents have a velocity sufficient to erode the bottom. The peripheral pockets are filled with a weighted material, such as sand.
Large weighted stabilizers are placed on the mat and positioned in the areas where the currents exceed the erosion velocity such that the stabilizers are below the surface of the water.
Description
~ 2 S ~
EROSION CONTROI, POIJNDATION i~ \'l' AND ME~'f'f-lOI) 13ACKGI~OIJNI) OF 1'111, :[NVI~'NTION
___ This invention relates to erosion control devices and methods adapted to check shoreline erosion to allow beach material to accrete.
In the United States and other countries, miles o-f beaches are annually subjected to severe erosion which literally washes away beachfront and exposes higher ground and valuable property to wave action. If left unchecked, wave and current action erodes the property and undermines foundations of shoreline buildings and houses causing them to topple into the water.
Erosion of this type has been exacerbated and often created by man-made structures. In one typical situation, a pier or jetty is constructed at a river mouth and extends perpendicular from the shoreline into the water to form a navigation channel into the mouth o-f the river. Littoral or near shore currents impinge upon the sides of the pier deflecting the currents away from shore. These currents typically carry sand which would otherwise be deposited near shore between naturally occurring sandbars extending parallel to the shore and the beach. ~lowever, since the currents are deflected away from shore, the sand is carried out to deep water, robbing the beach area of sand which would otherwise deposit there.
Furthermore, the deflected currents actually wash away protective sandbars. Sandbars are critical to beach protection since they dissipate waves and littoral currents.
When sandbars erode, the beachfront in the area of the eroded sandbar is exposed to much stronger currents and waves, causing even more severe beach erosion.
~S~498 1 ~eachfront property owners oEten spen~ tens of t~ousands of dollars each to construct seawa:Lls or revetments on and parallel to the beach in an attempt to stop such erosion. Such attempts, however, serve only to accelerate erosion. Seawalls and revetments only direct the energy of the l~aves and currents downwardly to the foundation of the seawall or revetment, which scours sand and rock at the -foot of the seawall or revetment structure and which ultimately causes the structure to fall into the water. Such downward scouring also deepens the water in the area and allows sediments to be carried away from the littoral ~one, leading to even more severe erosion.
Another approach typically taken to attempt to stop such erosion is to position piles, groins or other such structures perpendicular to shore. Such structures are invariably constructed so that they extend into the water from the beach and upward several feet above the surface of the water. Again, littoral currents running parallel or at acute angles to the beach deflect from these structures and carry sand seaward. Also, the waves associated with them are reflected downwardly in the immediate vicinity o:E each of these structures, eddying and scouring sand and rock on the foot or base of each structure. This eddying eventually undermines the structure and causes it to topple into the water. There have been attempts to reduce the effects of scouring at the bases of the structures by building structures directly in bedrock. However, such construction is extremely expensive as it requires underwater excavation. Such construction is also almost financially prohibitive, especially for the average property owner, in most of the Great Lakes region for bedrock is covered by as much as several hundred
EROSION CONTROI, POIJNDATION i~ \'l' AND ME~'f'f-lOI) 13ACKGI~OIJNI) OF 1'111, :[NVI~'NTION
___ This invention relates to erosion control devices and methods adapted to check shoreline erosion to allow beach material to accrete.
In the United States and other countries, miles o-f beaches are annually subjected to severe erosion which literally washes away beachfront and exposes higher ground and valuable property to wave action. If left unchecked, wave and current action erodes the property and undermines foundations of shoreline buildings and houses causing them to topple into the water.
Erosion of this type has been exacerbated and often created by man-made structures. In one typical situation, a pier or jetty is constructed at a river mouth and extends perpendicular from the shoreline into the water to form a navigation channel into the mouth o-f the river. Littoral or near shore currents impinge upon the sides of the pier deflecting the currents away from shore. These currents typically carry sand which would otherwise be deposited near shore between naturally occurring sandbars extending parallel to the shore and the beach. ~lowever, since the currents are deflected away from shore, the sand is carried out to deep water, robbing the beach area of sand which would otherwise deposit there.
Furthermore, the deflected currents actually wash away protective sandbars. Sandbars are critical to beach protection since they dissipate waves and littoral currents.
When sandbars erode, the beachfront in the area of the eroded sandbar is exposed to much stronger currents and waves, causing even more severe beach erosion.
~S~498 1 ~eachfront property owners oEten spen~ tens of t~ousands of dollars each to construct seawa:Lls or revetments on and parallel to the beach in an attempt to stop such erosion. Such attempts, however, serve only to accelerate erosion. Seawalls and revetments only direct the energy of the l~aves and currents downwardly to the foundation of the seawall or revetment, which scours sand and rock at the -foot of the seawall or revetment structure and which ultimately causes the structure to fall into the water. Such downward scouring also deepens the water in the area and allows sediments to be carried away from the littoral ~one, leading to even more severe erosion.
Another approach typically taken to attempt to stop such erosion is to position piles, groins or other such structures perpendicular to shore. Such structures are invariably constructed so that they extend into the water from the beach and upward several feet above the surface of the water. Again, littoral currents running parallel or at acute angles to the beach deflect from these structures and carry sand seaward. Also, the waves associated with them are reflected downwardly in the immediate vicinity o:E each of these structures, eddying and scouring sand and rock on the foot or base of each structure. This eddying eventually undermines the structure and causes it to topple into the water. There have been attempts to reduce the effects of scouring at the bases of the structures by building structures directly in bedrock. However, such construction is extremely expensive as it requires underwater excavation. Such construction is also almost financially prohibitive, especially for the average property owner, in most of the Great Lakes region for bedrock is covered by as much as several hundred
-2-9~
1 feet of unconsolidated clay, sand and gravel.
In addition to the above problems, the increasing wave height and current velocity in a littoral zone created by these "solutions" leads to other types of erosion and founda-tion problems. It has recently been observed that the weight of a large wave can force water below it into granular, sandy material along the ocean or lake bottom. As water is forced into the granular material, it provides a lubricating water film between the grains and liquifies sandy material below the waves such that currents, if they have sufficient velocity, will wash the liquified material away, or erosion control devices placed on the material will gradually sink into the liquified material. When the devices sink, of course, they lose whatever effectiveness they may have had.
Finally, all of the described devices ruin the aesthetics and desired recreational characteristics of the beach. Because they cause water to deepen and wave energy to increase, these devices create unsightly, scarp-like erosion formations on the beach above the waterline. The deeper water and the upwardly projecting structures also pose hazards for swimmers.
SUMMARY OP THE INVENTION
According to the broadest aspects of the present invention, peripheral pockets are formed around the periphery of a mat or sheet of permeable fabric. This sheet is positioned on the bottom of a water body such that at least a portion of it extends into a part of the water body where currents have a velocity sufficient to erode the bottom.
The peripheral pockets are then filled with a weighted material, such as sand. Finally, weighted stabilizer means are positioned on the sheet such that ln the ar~a where the
1 feet of unconsolidated clay, sand and gravel.
In addition to the above problems, the increasing wave height and current velocity in a littoral zone created by these "solutions" leads to other types of erosion and founda-tion problems. It has recently been observed that the weight of a large wave can force water below it into granular, sandy material along the ocean or lake bottom. As water is forced into the granular material, it provides a lubricating water film between the grains and liquifies sandy material below the waves such that currents, if they have sufficient velocity, will wash the liquified material away, or erosion control devices placed on the material will gradually sink into the liquified material. When the devices sink, of course, they lose whatever effectiveness they may have had.
Finally, all of the described devices ruin the aesthetics and desired recreational characteristics of the beach. Because they cause water to deepen and wave energy to increase, these devices create unsightly, scarp-like erosion formations on the beach above the waterline. The deeper water and the upwardly projecting structures also pose hazards for swimmers.
SUMMARY OP THE INVENTION
According to the broadest aspects of the present invention, peripheral pockets are formed around the periphery of a mat or sheet of permeable fabric. This sheet is positioned on the bottom of a water body such that at least a portion of it extends into a part of the water body where currents have a velocity sufficient to erode the bottom.
The peripheral pockets are then filled with a weighted material, such as sand. Finally, weighted stabilizer means are positioned on the sheet such that ln the ar~a where the
-3--1 currents exceed the erosion velocity, the stabilizer means are below the surface of the water.
Pre-ferably, where the currents would otherwise exceed the erosion velocity, the weighted stabilizer means are positioned sufficiently far below the surface of the water such that the exceeding currents are forced to move upwardly over the stabilizer means, thereby reducing the velocity of the currents below the erosion velocity. Further-more, the stabilizer means are positioned such that the waves associated with the currents do not reflect downwardly toward the bottom to scour the bottom.
The permeable mat substantially reduces the capacity of waves to liquify sand or other material beneath the mats as the waves pass over the material. Accordingly, the erosion control structure defined by the mats and the weighted stabilizer means will not sink into the liquified, quicksand-like material created by the waves. However, the fabric is sufficiently permeable such that it will allow gases generated, for example, by microbial activity in the sand to percolate upwardly through the structure instead of allowing the structure to be lifted and toppled by the accumulation of such gases.
The provision of the peripheral weighted pockets around the mat also prevents the mats from being washed away or lifted by the currents. In fact, it has been found that the weighted pockets will actually orient themselves down-wardly into a sandy bottom and be completely covered by sand within a relatively short period of time. Therefore, waves and currents cannot undermine the mat structure.
Lastly, because the weighted stabilier means are positioned below the surface of the water in the arecls where ~.
~S~ ~3~3 1 currents exceed erosion velocity, the currents and-waves will rise over the stabilizer means instead o reflectlng away from or downwardly rom the stabilizer means. As the currents and waves rise over the stabilizer means, they will dissipate and slow down. They do not cause sand or other material to be carried to deeper water or undermine the erosion control structure. Because the currents can be slowed by the structure, sand will actually deposit between a plurality of such structures positioned parallel to one another~ ulti~lately burying the structures and increasin~
the beach area.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIO~I OF THE DR~WINGS
Fig. 1 is a partial perspective view of an erosion control structure of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a top view of an erosion control system of the presen~ invention.
Fig. 3A is a cross section taken along the plane of line II~A-IIIA of Fig. 2;
Fig. 3B is a perspective view of an erosion control bag o the present invention;
Fig. 3C is a cross section taken along the plane o line IIIC-IIIC o Fig. 3B;
Fig. 3D is a cross section taken along the same plane as Fig. 3C, illustrating an injector nozzle inserted into the bag;
Fig. 4 is a side profile of the erosion control system of Fig. l;
Fig. 5 is a detail, top elevational view of a corner of the erosion control mat of the present invention;
Fig. 6A is a cross section taken along the plane of line VIA-VIA of ~ig, 5;
3L ;~ S~9 L/j~9 ~3 1 Fig. 6B is a cross section taken along the plane of line VIB-VIB of Fig. 5;
Fig. 7 is a partial perspective view of an alternative erosion control device of the present invention;
Fig. 8 is a top elevation of an erosion con~rol system according to the present invention;
Fig. 9 is a cross section taken along the plane of line IX-IX of Fig. 8;
Fig. 10 is a detail top elevation of the erosion control structure of Figs. 7 and 8;
Fig. 11 is a side profile view illustrating the placement of a series of erosion control structures over time as beach material accretes;
Fig. 12 is a side profile view in section of an alternative method of employing the erosion control structures of the present invention;
Fig. 13 is a plan view or a method of installing the erosion control devices of the present invention with one device shown rolled;
Fig. 14 is a plan view of a method of installing the erosion control devices of the present invention with one device shown partially unrolled;
Fig. 15 is a detailed perspective view of a pulley arrangement used to unroll the rolled erosion control device;
and Fig. 16 is a detailed perspective view of an edge of an unrolled erosion control device fastened to a temporary guide cable.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
_ Figs. 1-4 illustrate the broad aspects of the novel devices of the present invention and their noveL uses. ~s ~25~
1 shown in Figs. 1 and 3A, an elongated rectan~ular mat or sheet 10 is placed on a beach 12 and extends perpendicular'Ly to the beach into the water 14. Mat 10 extcnds outwardly into the littoral zone 15 where near shore currents and waves carrying sand can be dissipated. ~s shown in Figs. 3~ and 5, mat 10 has a peripheral pocket 16 which extends completely around the periphery of mat 10 and is filled with a weighted material, such as sand. When filled with sand, peripheral pocket 16 assumes a downwardly oriented position and buries itself in the sandy bottom 18 of the water body. Even before pocket 16 assumes this position, weighted stabilizers, such as sand-filled bags 20, are placed along the length of the mat and extend into the littoral zone 15 under the water 14.
When a plurality of such erosion control structures 22 defined by bags 20 and matslO are placed parallel to each other along the beach, the near shore currents in the littoral zone 15 will be dissipated such that they will deposit sand instead of eroding it. The key to this is placing at least a portion of the structures 22 below the water surface in the littoral zone 15 where the current velocity would otherwise be suffi-cient to entrain or erode sand. The placement of structures 22 in such locations causes eroding currents to rise upwardly over the ba~s which dissipates the current and wave energy.
A plurality of similarly located structures 22 placed parallel to each other will reduce the velocity of such currents to the point where sand will deposit instead of erode. The mats perform the critical function of preventing the waves from liquefying the sand beneath structures 22, preventing the structures 22 from sinking into the sand.
Mat 10, as shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 5 has peripheral pockets 16 which extend complete'Ly around its periphery.
:3 255~'~91~
1 Pockets 16 are constructed by folding over the e~gcs 24 of the rnat 10 onto the top surface of the mat and stitching or otherwise securing the hem in place by stitches 26 (Figs. 5 and 6A). As pockets 16 are sewn by stitches 26, unstitched openings 28 (Figs. 5 and 6~) are left by varying stitches 26 away from the hern in selected, spaced locations to form a plurality of spaced openings 28 along the peripheral pockets 16. Openings 28 should be roughly 8-10 feet apart; each opening 28 is about 6 to 8 inches wide. All of the peripheral pockets 16 are formed by folding the edges of the mat 16 toward one side of the mat, for reasons which will become apparent.
It has been found that when mat 10 is placed on a sandy beach and bottom, openings 28 permit pockets 16 to fill by themselves. In order to do this, mat 10 must be laid upon the beach bottom with openings 28 on the top surface of the mat. As the sand ladenedwater and wind move sand around the edges of the mat, the sand will move into openings 28 and fill the pockets. In certain circumstances, where a more speedy installation is desired, the pockets can be filled by injecting them with a slurry of sand and water. Injecting the pockets is desirable when bad weather is imminent, for example.
In any event, it is desirable to have the pockets filled with sufficient weighted material such that the pockets contain at least about 90 pounds of weigllted material per linear foot of the pockets. To accommodate sufficient material, the pockets should be about 12 inches in diameter when completely filled with sand. A pocket having a 12-inch diameter when filled will provide at least about 90 pounds per linear foot of weighted materlal in the peripheral ~ ~ 5~
l pockets. These dimensions are for mats ranging from 5 feet wide by 7 feet long to ~0 feet wide by lO00 feet long.
Pockets having a larger diameter when ull might be desirable for rnats exceeding ~0 feet by lnO0 feet.
It is also possible to fill the peripheral pockets with concrete. However, it is preferable to use sand if it is available on site, because it keeps the peripheral pockets flexible throughout the life of the system and allows the mat to conform ~o any changes in bottom topography. Sand can be pumped by injecting water into the sand on the lake or ocean bottom to liquify the sand and pumping the liquified sand into the pockets.
Mat 10 is permeable and can be made of either a woven or nonwoven fabric. Geotextile fabrics, such as those sold by Phillips Fibers Corporation under the mark SUPAC, have been successfully employed. The porosity of the fabric should be sufficient such that any granular material below the mat will not work its way through the mat. In addition, the porosity should be such that the penetration of water into the sand created by the waves is between 3 and 5 percent of the volume of water which would otherwise penetrate the sand if the mats were not there. This substantially prevents the sand underneath the mats from liquifying under thc waves as the waves pass over the sand.
Sandbags 20 are quite large. ~ach bag can be on the order of 5 feet wide and l0 feet long when unfilled, and holds about 9,000 pounds of sand or concrete. These figures are not extremely critical; the sizes and capacities of the bags can be increased or decreased somewhat.
Each bag 20 is filled with sand or concrete through openings 23a and 23b cut through two layered patches 21a and lZ59'~8 1 21b (Figs. 3B-3D) stitched to the upper face of bag 20.
Provision for filling the openings is made by stitching twv square patches 21a and 21b of the same size, one directly above and overlying the other to the upper surface 20a of bag 20. The stitches 25 extend completely around the periphery of the layered patch arrangement, through the two patches 21a and 21b and through the bag fabric forming the upper face 20a of bag 20. Each patcll 21a and 21b is about one square foot.
After the bags are brought to the installation site, a slit 23a is made with a knife or other cutting instrument across patch 21a close to and parallel with a first seam 25 (Fig. 3C). The slit 23a need be only about 6 inches long.
Another slit 23b is made completely through patch 21b and the upper surface 20a of bag 20. However, slit 23b is close to and parallel with a second seam 25' which is parallel to the first seam 25 (Fig. 3C). Thus, the two slits, 23a and 23b, are offset from one another so that after the bag is filled, the aggregate material in the bag cannot work its way out of the bag. When the bag is filled, the tension on the fabric will force the uncut portion of patch 21a immediately above slit 23b to tightly cover slit 23b, preventing sand from escaping.
To fill bag 20, an injector nozzle 27 (Fig. 3D) is inserted through slit 23a, between patches 21a and 21b, and then through slit 23b into the bag's interior. A sand-water or cement slurry is then injected into the bag through nozzle 27. The water filters out of the bag because the bag is made of permeable fabric, leaving the sand (or cement) in the bag. The sand in the bag will not escape through slits 23a and 23b for the reasons explained above.
~Z5~ ~8 1 The stabilizers or sandbags 20 placed on top of the mat shou:Ld be placed such that in thc locations where currents exceed thc sand cntrainment or erosion velocity, the bags are positioned sufficiently below the surface of the water such that the waves and currents can go over the bags. As indicated above, currents deflecting from the structure cause the sand-laden currents to be directed away from shore into deeper water where the sand deposits instead of depositing in near shore areas and building beaches.
Waves reflecting downwardly cause the structure to be under-mined by erosion at the foot of the structure.
As shown in Fig. 4, for example, deep end portion 17 of each erosion control structure 22 is positioned below the water surface where the littoral zone currents running parallel or at an acute angle to shore previously exceeded the erosion velocity. Because deep end portion 17 remains below the surface of the water, the littoral currents and waves will be urged gently upwardly over the structure such that their kinetic energy will be dissipated. This lowers the velocity of the currents such that sand will deposit, not erode. Again, the deep end portion 17 should remain sufficiently far below the water surface in the erosion current zone such that the currents will be gently forced upwardly and not reflected away or downwardly -from the structure.
As shown in Fig. 4, it is possible to have portions of structures 22 project above the surface of the water, and in fact be placed directly on beach 12 itself. However, these portions are close to shore where the current velocity is not sufficient to entrain large amounts of sand, at least when compared to the currents somewhat -furthcr offshore.
~SC3~
1 Furthermore, placing a portion of the erosion control structure above the main waterline 14 actually serves to retard erosion in periods of high tide. In high tide periods, a greater portion of the length of each erosion control structure 22 is below the surface of the water where eroding currents can be dissipated.
Even in inland lakes, such as the Great Lakes, where tides do not occur, placing a portion of the length of each erosion control structure 22 on the beach serves to catch and accumulate sand in stormy periods. When storms arise, the waves carry sand captured at the toe or deep water end 30 of the erosion control structure (see Fig. 4) to the head or above water end 32 of the structure on the beach, depositing sand on the beach. The portion of the structure on the beach, therefore, functions to prevent sand from being washed back into the lake.
As shownin Fig. 3, bags 20 can be stacked with two parallel rows of bags placed directly on mat 10. This arrangement is not an inflexible rule. In some circumstances, one row or even three rows placed in a pyramid fashion on the mat will suffice. The idea is to have the structures project upwardly from the bottom of the ocean or lake bottom a sufficient distance such that they slow the waves and currents, not deflect theTTI.
In most lnstances, it is necessary to place a plurality of erosion control structures 22 comprising the foundation mat 10 and bags 20 parallel to and spacedly positioned from one another perpendicular to the shoreline as shown in Fig. 2. Often, the deep end portion 17 of one structure 22 will not sufficiently dissipate currents However, three or Tnore SUCil structures will reduce the l~S94~
l current velocity because the cumulative effect of cach of the structures forces the currents gcntly upwardly and reduces the current velocity below thc erosion veloc:ity.
When this happens, the currents no longer entrain sand, they deposit it, allowing the beaches protected by the devices to accrete.
Once enough material has deposited along and between the first series of parallel structures 22, structures 22 will actually become almost completely buried in sand.
At this point, additional structures can be installed along the new shoreline, as will be described below.
As shown in Fig. ll, for instance, a first erosion control structure 22 of a series of such parallel structures is placed on the original bottom 18 of the lake with the toe 30 of the structure at a depth and a distance into the lake or water body 14 where it performs the current dissipating function described above. Over a matter of months, in most instances, sand accumulates around and between the parallel erosion control structures 22 and forms a new bottom 18'.
Often, a protective sandbar structure 34 forms parallel to shore at a distance from the toe 30. It is beiieved that the sandbar structures 34 form as a direct result of the current dissipating characterist:ics of the structures 22 described above. Furthermore, sandbars 34 tend to be quite stable since currents are not deflected and waves are not deflected away from structures 22 toward deeper water.
Over time, therefore, new bottom 18' will eventually cover the original structure 22 and form a new beach 12' above structures 22. Raisin~ the beach to a new level 12' (Fig. 11) actually forces the old shoreline 36 to retreat outwardly from the old beach 12 to a new shoreline 36' which ~s~
1 can be as much as 30 to 60 feet from the old shoreline.
If sandbars 34 forrrl, :it ls often not necessary to do anything else to restore the beach since the sandbags serve as a natural protection for the beach. However, additional beach can be added if sandbars 34 do not form or if even more beach is desired if they do form, by placing a second series of parallel structures 22' on the new bottom 18'. The second structures 22' raise the bottom to a second level 18", and raise the beach even higher to a ~hird level 12". Similarly, the shoreline retreats to a third position 36" further out into the water body than the second waterline 36'.
Each of the second structures 22' do not have to be placed directly on top of a first structure 22. Instead, each second structure 22' can be staggered intermediate two first parallel structures 22. Furthermore, second structures 22' do not need to be the same length as first structures 22.
Depending upon where the high velocity erosion currents are located after the first structures cause the first bottom 18' to form, the second structures 22' should be positioned to extend outwardly from the beach to dissipate those currents and to reduce their velocities such that sand will deposit, not erode.
A third series of structures (not shown) can be placed above and beyond the second structures 22' shown if it is desired to extend the beach even further.
In one installation using a version of the erosion control structures described below, a beachfront property of about 250 feet in width was restored using this type of device and method. Currents had eroded the original beach and were eroding at the base oE a 3Q--Eoot bluE:E upon whicl ~5~3 ~
1 a house was situated. To save the house and restore the beach, tilree perpendicular erosion control structures, each about 60 feet long and 6 to 10 feet wide, werc placed 70 to 80 feet apart along the 250-foot frontage. Only about 10 feet of the 60 foot length of each of the structures was placed at the foot of the bluff above the waterline. The remainder of each of the structures extended downwardly into water which dropped off to a depth of about 10 feet at the toe of each of the structures. In several months, sand accumulated around the three structures such that a beach was formed which pushed the shoreline to within about 10 feet of the toes of each of the first structures.
At that point, a second series of structures was placed generally parallel to the first series. The second structures were about 60 feet long and 10 feet wide and were placed such that the head of each structure was located about 10 feet from the new shoreline and the toe extended into water that was about 4 to 5 feet deep. The second structures were placed in a staggered relationship with respect to the first structures. Soon, the shoreline was pushed back another ~0 feet or so from the second waterline as sand accumulated around the second series of structures.
To stabilize the beach further, a third ser:ies of erosion control structures was installed. Each of the third structures was about 100 feet long and 12 feet wide and placed 130 to about 150 feet apart. The third structures were placed such that their heads were approximately even with the heads of the second structures, and their feet extended roughly ~n feet beyond the feet of the second structures. Sand soon engulfed the second structures such that at the present day, the sllorelinc has bccn pushed 1~5~
1 outwardly from the original shoreline about 100 feet.
The placemcnt of these structures perpendicular to shore and extending outwardly therefrom is desirable in instances where it is difficult to organize a great number of beach-front property owners or where it is necessary to save immediately an expensive building or house from toppling into the water.
As shown in Fig. 12, three parallel artificial sandbars are placed parallel to the shoreline. Arti-ficial sandbars are installed parallel to shore where long seawalls or other elongated structures have created a long stretch of deep water near shore. If the water is still shallow near shore, the structures are placed perpendicular to shore, as illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, 4, 8 and 11. As shown in Fig. 12, first artificial sandbar 40 is constructed parallel to shore by placing on the lake or ocean bottom parallel to shore a first elongated mat 42 with peripheral weighted pockets 44 extending completely around the mat 42 having spaced openings identical to openings 28 described above.
A single row of sand-filled bags 46 is then placed along the length of the mat 42. The mats 42 and bags 46 are positioned parallel to shore in a depth of water such that bags 46 dissipate currents running at acute angles with respect to the shoreline. Again, first sandbar 40 is placed at a position where the velocity of the water is sufficient to entrain sand or other debris at the bottom of the water body. ~lowever, it does not break through the water surface so as to deflect the currents or waves toward deeper water.
Instead, the currents will be dissipated by being forced to move gently over the first sandbar 40.
A second artificial sanclbar 48 can be placed 1~5~ 9B
1 parallel to the first in even deeper water than the first.
Arti-ficial sandbar 48 also has an e:Longated raat 50 wi~h peripheral pockets 52 filled with sand or other weighted material holding the mat against the bottom of the water body. In a second sandbar 48, three rows of sand-filled bags 54 are placed in a pyramid configuration on mats 50.
Again, the second artificial sandbar 48 is positioned such that it dissipates rather than reflects the currents and waves.
A third artificial sandbar 56 can be positioned outwardly from and paralle] to the first two artificial sandbars in even deeper water to dissipate currents further from shore. Again, the third sandbar is constructed from a base mat 58 with peripheral pockets 60 filled with a weighted material. A pyramid of five rows of stacked bags 62 is positioned atop and along the length of mats 58.
This arrangement of parallel artificial sandbars has been found over time to raise the original bottom 64 to a level such that it covers the three artificial sandbars at a new elevation 64'. Again, wave action will force a certain amount of additional sand on the beach such that the original shoreline 66 retreats seawardly to a new position 66' as sand accretes due to the current and wave dissipation of the three artificial sandbars.
The artificial sandbars 46, 48 and 56 should be placed such that the tops of the artificial sandbars are located at a level approximately where the new sea bottom 64' is to be located. Furthermore, the artificial sandbars should be placed sufficiently far apart that waves passing over one artificial sandbar will not break against the next artificial sandbar but instead wilL substantially dissipate ~ ~ 5~
1 between the two. Waves should break between the artificial sandbars.
The pyramids of three rows o~ bags in bar ~8 and five rows of bags in bar 56 are not critical. ~s indicated above, the object is to make the tops of the bars extend to a level where the new sea bottom is to be located. In some circumstances, therefore, a five row pyramid may be unnecessary because the bottom may not have to be raised that far.
No matter whether the structures are oriented perpendicular to or parallel to the shoreline, the base mats with the peripheral weighted pockets will insure that the mats will not get washed away and will prevent sandy, granular material underneath them from liquifying or becoming the consistency of quicksand where the structures could sink into the bottom.
It has been found that in using the sandbag stabilizer means on top of mats 10, the sandbags, even though they each contain several tons of sand, will occasionally topple from the mats. This is believed to be the result of an upward movement of the mat structure as waves pass over it. As a wave passes over the structure, the mats permit only a fraction of the water to penetrate the sand beneath the mat. However, the full pressure of the wave can be transmitted to the sand on either side of the mat. It is be]ieved that this forces sand underneath the mat from the sides around the downwardly oriented peripheral pocket and actually begins to move the mat and the stabilizer structure on top of it upwardly toward the surface. When -the erosion control structure moves upwardly, it has almost never been found that the weighted bags on top of thc mat break through -:L8-1 the surface o:E the water or assume an elevation where they reflect rather than dissipate the waves and currents. The entire structure apparently lifts to a -point whcre a natural equilibrium is established between the depth of the structure and the strength of the currents and waves.
To take advantage o-f this uplift phenomenon, a different, preferred structure was developed. As shown in Figs, 7-9, two parallel central pockets 70 are sewn directly onto the center part of a permeable mat 72 with peripheral pockets 74 extending completelyaround the edges of mat 72.
Mat 72 is identical in construction to the mat 10 described above including the provision of spaced openings 76 in peripheral pockets 74 created by leaving unstitched portions in the hems which form peripheral pockets 74.
The two central pockets 70 are formed by laying an upper sheet of permeable fabric 78 along the center of mat 72, stitching the edges of upper sheet 78 directly to the upper surface of mat 72 and then stitching the middle of upper sheet 78 to the middle of mat 72 by running a middle stitch 80 between and parallel to the stitches 79 along the elongated side edges of upper sheet 78.
The sand is injected in a slurry of water into the central compartments through openings described below.
The porosity of upper sheet 78 and mat 72 should be sufficient such that the water in the slurry filters out of the central pockets 70 leaving the particulate matter behind. Geotextile fabrics sold by Phillips Fibers Corporation under the mark SUPAC have been found to work well. Cement, mortar or other such hardenable substances can also be injected into central pockets 70.
To inject sand or concretc illtO central pockets 70, ~LZ5~ 8 1 a plurality of double-layered patch arrangelnents 77 ~Figs. 8 and 10) are spaced 10 to 20 feet apart a]ong the length of each central pocket 70. r,ach layered patch arrangement 70 is constructed identically to the layered patches 21a and 21b shown in Figs. 3B-3D. Not all of the layered patch arrange-ments 77 need to be sliced and opened with offset slits for injection of slurry. Often, only one of the layered patches 77 needs to be opened because sand can be injected throughout the entire compartment. However, sometimes a large kink develops in the central compartment where the unit is laid over a sharp dropoff or other obstruction along the lake or ocean bottom. In such situations, layered patches on either side of the obstruction are sliced with offset slits and slurry is injected into the compartment through openings cut on either side of the obstruction. Similarly, the injection equipment may not be able to generate the pressure necessary to inject slurry throughout the entire central compartment from one sliced layered patch 77 if the compart-ment is particularly long. Therefore, slurry is injected into the compartment through several sliced layered patches 77.
Each central pocket 70 should extend 24 to 28 inches above mat 72 when filled. This height has been found sufficient to perform the current and wave energy dissipation function described above.
It has been found that the hydraulic pressure on the sand on each side of mat 72 generated by the waves forces sand underneath mat 72 and moves the structure upwardly.
The structure has never been found to move upwardly to a point where it will reflect currents and waves, however.
The advantage of having the central pockets sewn onto the mats is that the pockets cannot topple from the mats. It also eliminates guesswork in estimating how rnany tiers or levels of san,dbags have to be placed on the mats because the structures will be raised naturally to the proper current-dissipating height from the original bottom as the bottom underneath the mat rises. After the structure rises to the proper depth, sand fills around and between a series of parallel structures (Fig. 8), eventually covering them.
Another advantage to the embodiment illustrated in Figs. 7-10 is that each unit can be sewn beforehand and rolled or folded for shipment. On site, the unit can simply be unrolled and filled. Preferably, the units are filled with in situ underwater sand to avoid having to bring heavy trucks laden with sand or concrete on location. Apart frorr shipping costs involved, trucks can damage dune or other sensitive wildlife areas along the shoreline.
The erosion control device shown in Figs. 7-10 is positioned along the shoreline either perpendicular (Fig. 8) or parallel to the shoreline, in the same fashion as the structures 22 described above are positioned. It is very easy to install a plurality of such devices quickly because there is no need to handle and fill many large, individual sandbags.
It should also be noted that having two parallel central compartments is not critical. In some cases, only one long compartment or more than two parallel central compartments can be used.
The fabrics used to make the bags, mats and central pockets of the erosion control devices described above are preferably coated with substances which protect the fabrics from ultraviolet and infrared light and mildew. Coatings having substituted benzophenones and titanium dio~ide can ~59~
1 protect the fabric from ultraviolet and infrared light.
Mildew and bacteria can be inhibiced by using triphenyltin monophenoxide in the coatings. Such cGatings are known in the art (see ~lepworth U.S. 3,957,0g8 entitled EROSION CONTROL
BAG, issued on May 18, 1976, -for instance).
The method of installing the erosion control -devices of the present invention is shown in Figs. 13-14.
As indicated above, mat 10 without the central compartments or the mat structure with central compartments 70 can be rolled for shipment and unrolled at the installation site for accurate and easy placement. Mat structure 90 is rolled onto a tube 92 so that the openings of the peripheral pockets will be oriented upwardly when the mat structure is unrolled from tube 92.
Two guide cables 94 are positioned parallel to one another on either side of the area over which the mat structure is to lay. Guide cables 94 are positioned sufficiently far apart so that the rolled mat structure can be placed between them as shown in Fig. 13. The ends of each guide cable 94 are anchored securely to the ocean (lake) bottom 18 by screw anchors 96 and 98 which screw into bottom 18.
The rol]ed mat structure 90 is positioned between guide cables 94 near the first ends of guide cables 94 secured to screw anchors 96. The first two corners 100 of mat structure 90 are secured to screw anchors 96 or the first ends of cables 94 by means to be described. Then, a second cable 102 is secured to each end of tube 92 on which mat structure is rolled. Each of the second cables is then laid next to one of guide cables 94.
A pulley 104 (Figs. 13-15) is pivotally secured to ~;~59 ~
l each screw anchor 98. Second cables 102 are drawn through pulleys 98 and joined together beyond screw anchors 98 to a tow cable 106. Iow cable 106 is then pulled with a boat7 a wench~ or an underwater propulsion device so that second cables 102 are pulled through pulleys 104 and mat structure 90 is unrolled.
As mat structure 90 is unrolled, its edges are fastened to guide cables 94 by fasteners 108 (Fig. 16).
Fasteners 108 are loops of wire, strapping material or the like which loop around cables 94 and are received by grommets 110 along the edges of mat structure 90 (Fig. 16). Grommets 110 are about 10 to 15 feet apart (Fig. 15) along the two elongated sides of the mat structure. Grommets 110 and fasteners 108 can be used to secure corners 100 to screw anchors 96 as well.
As the mat structure is being unrolled, it must be anchored directly to the sea bottom along its edges because screw anchors 96 and 98 and cables 94 cannot hold the mat down by themselves against strong currents. Screw anchors 96 and 98 will pull out if strong currents get underneath the mat structure. To prevent this, a screw anchor 107 (Fig 16) is screwed into sea bottom and connected to each grommet 110 along the sides of mat structure 90. l~ith a plurality of screw anchors 107 anchoring the edges of the mat and screw anchors 96 and 98 anchoring the corners, the mat will not lift under strong currents beore the peripheral pockets fill or are filled with sand. After the peripheral pockets are filled, anchors 96, 98 and 110 are removed to allow the peripheral pockets to assume their downward orientation and anchor the mat structure to the sea bottom.
If mat structure 90 is the typc that has central lZS~ 8 1 compartments, they are then filled with sand. If some other stabilizer means, such as sandbags, is used, they can be positioned on top of mat structure 90 if it lacks central compartments.
The installation method described above can be used no matter whether the devices are positioned parallel or perpendicular to shore. If perpendicular, screw anchors 96 are anchored and screwed into the beach above the water-line; screw anchors 98 are anchored into bottom 18 below the waterline. If parallel, all che screw anchors will be underwater.
It can be seen that it is extremely easy to construct and install the beach restoration devices of the present invention. The basic devices, namely, the mats and bags or compartments, are made of sewn fabric, which is very easy to manufacture and transport. The rolled mat assemblies are transported to the installation site and unrolled with very simple equipment and with the help of several divers~
No heavy equipment is required if sand is available on site.
The sand slurry is pumped into the peripheral -pockets and central compartments or bags, and installation is complete.
After the mat structure is unrolled, cables 102 and tube 92 are removed. After the mat structure peripheral pockets 91 are filled with sand, cables 102, screw anchors 96 and 98, and fasteners 108 are removed. The sand-filled peripheral pockets are sufficiently heavy to hold the mat stretched out overlaying the bottom so that currents cannot move the mat before or during filling of the central compartments or bags.
While several embodiments of tllc invention have been disclosed and described, other modifications will be -~Z5~9~
1 apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiments described above are not :inten~ed to limi~ the scope of the invention which is defined by the claims which follow,
Pre-ferably, where the currents would otherwise exceed the erosion velocity, the weighted stabilizer means are positioned sufficiently far below the surface of the water such that the exceeding currents are forced to move upwardly over the stabilizer means, thereby reducing the velocity of the currents below the erosion velocity. Further-more, the stabilizer means are positioned such that the waves associated with the currents do not reflect downwardly toward the bottom to scour the bottom.
The permeable mat substantially reduces the capacity of waves to liquify sand or other material beneath the mats as the waves pass over the material. Accordingly, the erosion control structure defined by the mats and the weighted stabilizer means will not sink into the liquified, quicksand-like material created by the waves. However, the fabric is sufficiently permeable such that it will allow gases generated, for example, by microbial activity in the sand to percolate upwardly through the structure instead of allowing the structure to be lifted and toppled by the accumulation of such gases.
The provision of the peripheral weighted pockets around the mat also prevents the mats from being washed away or lifted by the currents. In fact, it has been found that the weighted pockets will actually orient themselves down-wardly into a sandy bottom and be completely covered by sand within a relatively short period of time. Therefore, waves and currents cannot undermine the mat structure.
Lastly, because the weighted stabilier means are positioned below the surface of the water in the arecls where ~.
~S~ ~3~3 1 currents exceed erosion velocity, the currents and-waves will rise over the stabilizer means instead o reflectlng away from or downwardly rom the stabilizer means. As the currents and waves rise over the stabilizer means, they will dissipate and slow down. They do not cause sand or other material to be carried to deeper water or undermine the erosion control structure. Because the currents can be slowed by the structure, sand will actually deposit between a plurality of such structures positioned parallel to one another~ ulti~lately burying the structures and increasin~
the beach area.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIO~I OF THE DR~WINGS
Fig. 1 is a partial perspective view of an erosion control structure of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a top view of an erosion control system of the presen~ invention.
Fig. 3A is a cross section taken along the plane of line II~A-IIIA of Fig. 2;
Fig. 3B is a perspective view of an erosion control bag o the present invention;
Fig. 3C is a cross section taken along the plane o line IIIC-IIIC o Fig. 3B;
Fig. 3D is a cross section taken along the same plane as Fig. 3C, illustrating an injector nozzle inserted into the bag;
Fig. 4 is a side profile of the erosion control system of Fig. l;
Fig. 5 is a detail, top elevational view of a corner of the erosion control mat of the present invention;
Fig. 6A is a cross section taken along the plane of line VIA-VIA of ~ig, 5;
3L ;~ S~9 L/j~9 ~3 1 Fig. 6B is a cross section taken along the plane of line VIB-VIB of Fig. 5;
Fig. 7 is a partial perspective view of an alternative erosion control device of the present invention;
Fig. 8 is a top elevation of an erosion con~rol system according to the present invention;
Fig. 9 is a cross section taken along the plane of line IX-IX of Fig. 8;
Fig. 10 is a detail top elevation of the erosion control structure of Figs. 7 and 8;
Fig. 11 is a side profile view illustrating the placement of a series of erosion control structures over time as beach material accretes;
Fig. 12 is a side profile view in section of an alternative method of employing the erosion control structures of the present invention;
Fig. 13 is a plan view or a method of installing the erosion control devices of the present invention with one device shown rolled;
Fig. 14 is a plan view of a method of installing the erosion control devices of the present invention with one device shown partially unrolled;
Fig. 15 is a detailed perspective view of a pulley arrangement used to unroll the rolled erosion control device;
and Fig. 16 is a detailed perspective view of an edge of an unrolled erosion control device fastened to a temporary guide cable.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
_ Figs. 1-4 illustrate the broad aspects of the novel devices of the present invention and their noveL uses. ~s ~25~
1 shown in Figs. 1 and 3A, an elongated rectan~ular mat or sheet 10 is placed on a beach 12 and extends perpendicular'Ly to the beach into the water 14. Mat 10 extcnds outwardly into the littoral zone 15 where near shore currents and waves carrying sand can be dissipated. ~s shown in Figs. 3~ and 5, mat 10 has a peripheral pocket 16 which extends completely around the periphery of mat 10 and is filled with a weighted material, such as sand. When filled with sand, peripheral pocket 16 assumes a downwardly oriented position and buries itself in the sandy bottom 18 of the water body. Even before pocket 16 assumes this position, weighted stabilizers, such as sand-filled bags 20, are placed along the length of the mat and extend into the littoral zone 15 under the water 14.
When a plurality of such erosion control structures 22 defined by bags 20 and matslO are placed parallel to each other along the beach, the near shore currents in the littoral zone 15 will be dissipated such that they will deposit sand instead of eroding it. The key to this is placing at least a portion of the structures 22 below the water surface in the littoral zone 15 where the current velocity would otherwise be suffi-cient to entrain or erode sand. The placement of structures 22 in such locations causes eroding currents to rise upwardly over the ba~s which dissipates the current and wave energy.
A plurality of similarly located structures 22 placed parallel to each other will reduce the velocity of such currents to the point where sand will deposit instead of erode. The mats perform the critical function of preventing the waves from liquefying the sand beneath structures 22, preventing the structures 22 from sinking into the sand.
Mat 10, as shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 5 has peripheral pockets 16 which extend complete'Ly around its periphery.
:3 255~'~91~
1 Pockets 16 are constructed by folding over the e~gcs 24 of the rnat 10 onto the top surface of the mat and stitching or otherwise securing the hem in place by stitches 26 (Figs. 5 and 6A). As pockets 16 are sewn by stitches 26, unstitched openings 28 (Figs. 5 and 6~) are left by varying stitches 26 away from the hern in selected, spaced locations to form a plurality of spaced openings 28 along the peripheral pockets 16. Openings 28 should be roughly 8-10 feet apart; each opening 28 is about 6 to 8 inches wide. All of the peripheral pockets 16 are formed by folding the edges of the mat 16 toward one side of the mat, for reasons which will become apparent.
It has been found that when mat 10 is placed on a sandy beach and bottom, openings 28 permit pockets 16 to fill by themselves. In order to do this, mat 10 must be laid upon the beach bottom with openings 28 on the top surface of the mat. As the sand ladenedwater and wind move sand around the edges of the mat, the sand will move into openings 28 and fill the pockets. In certain circumstances, where a more speedy installation is desired, the pockets can be filled by injecting them with a slurry of sand and water. Injecting the pockets is desirable when bad weather is imminent, for example.
In any event, it is desirable to have the pockets filled with sufficient weighted material such that the pockets contain at least about 90 pounds of weigllted material per linear foot of the pockets. To accommodate sufficient material, the pockets should be about 12 inches in diameter when completely filled with sand. A pocket having a 12-inch diameter when filled will provide at least about 90 pounds per linear foot of weighted materlal in the peripheral ~ ~ 5~
l pockets. These dimensions are for mats ranging from 5 feet wide by 7 feet long to ~0 feet wide by lO00 feet long.
Pockets having a larger diameter when ull might be desirable for rnats exceeding ~0 feet by lnO0 feet.
It is also possible to fill the peripheral pockets with concrete. However, it is preferable to use sand if it is available on site, because it keeps the peripheral pockets flexible throughout the life of the system and allows the mat to conform ~o any changes in bottom topography. Sand can be pumped by injecting water into the sand on the lake or ocean bottom to liquify the sand and pumping the liquified sand into the pockets.
Mat 10 is permeable and can be made of either a woven or nonwoven fabric. Geotextile fabrics, such as those sold by Phillips Fibers Corporation under the mark SUPAC, have been successfully employed. The porosity of the fabric should be sufficient such that any granular material below the mat will not work its way through the mat. In addition, the porosity should be such that the penetration of water into the sand created by the waves is between 3 and 5 percent of the volume of water which would otherwise penetrate the sand if the mats were not there. This substantially prevents the sand underneath the mats from liquifying under thc waves as the waves pass over the sand.
Sandbags 20 are quite large. ~ach bag can be on the order of 5 feet wide and l0 feet long when unfilled, and holds about 9,000 pounds of sand or concrete. These figures are not extremely critical; the sizes and capacities of the bags can be increased or decreased somewhat.
Each bag 20 is filled with sand or concrete through openings 23a and 23b cut through two layered patches 21a and lZ59'~8 1 21b (Figs. 3B-3D) stitched to the upper face of bag 20.
Provision for filling the openings is made by stitching twv square patches 21a and 21b of the same size, one directly above and overlying the other to the upper surface 20a of bag 20. The stitches 25 extend completely around the periphery of the layered patch arrangement, through the two patches 21a and 21b and through the bag fabric forming the upper face 20a of bag 20. Each patcll 21a and 21b is about one square foot.
After the bags are brought to the installation site, a slit 23a is made with a knife or other cutting instrument across patch 21a close to and parallel with a first seam 25 (Fig. 3C). The slit 23a need be only about 6 inches long.
Another slit 23b is made completely through patch 21b and the upper surface 20a of bag 20. However, slit 23b is close to and parallel with a second seam 25' which is parallel to the first seam 25 (Fig. 3C). Thus, the two slits, 23a and 23b, are offset from one another so that after the bag is filled, the aggregate material in the bag cannot work its way out of the bag. When the bag is filled, the tension on the fabric will force the uncut portion of patch 21a immediately above slit 23b to tightly cover slit 23b, preventing sand from escaping.
To fill bag 20, an injector nozzle 27 (Fig. 3D) is inserted through slit 23a, between patches 21a and 21b, and then through slit 23b into the bag's interior. A sand-water or cement slurry is then injected into the bag through nozzle 27. The water filters out of the bag because the bag is made of permeable fabric, leaving the sand (or cement) in the bag. The sand in the bag will not escape through slits 23a and 23b for the reasons explained above.
~Z5~ ~8 1 The stabilizers or sandbags 20 placed on top of the mat shou:Ld be placed such that in thc locations where currents exceed thc sand cntrainment or erosion velocity, the bags are positioned sufficiently below the surface of the water such that the waves and currents can go over the bags. As indicated above, currents deflecting from the structure cause the sand-laden currents to be directed away from shore into deeper water where the sand deposits instead of depositing in near shore areas and building beaches.
Waves reflecting downwardly cause the structure to be under-mined by erosion at the foot of the structure.
As shown in Fig. 4, for example, deep end portion 17 of each erosion control structure 22 is positioned below the water surface where the littoral zone currents running parallel or at an acute angle to shore previously exceeded the erosion velocity. Because deep end portion 17 remains below the surface of the water, the littoral currents and waves will be urged gently upwardly over the structure such that their kinetic energy will be dissipated. This lowers the velocity of the currents such that sand will deposit, not erode. Again, the deep end portion 17 should remain sufficiently far below the water surface in the erosion current zone such that the currents will be gently forced upwardly and not reflected away or downwardly -from the structure.
As shown in Fig. 4, it is possible to have portions of structures 22 project above the surface of the water, and in fact be placed directly on beach 12 itself. However, these portions are close to shore where the current velocity is not sufficient to entrain large amounts of sand, at least when compared to the currents somewhat -furthcr offshore.
~SC3~
1 Furthermore, placing a portion of the erosion control structure above the main waterline 14 actually serves to retard erosion in periods of high tide. In high tide periods, a greater portion of the length of each erosion control structure 22 is below the surface of the water where eroding currents can be dissipated.
Even in inland lakes, such as the Great Lakes, where tides do not occur, placing a portion of the length of each erosion control structure 22 on the beach serves to catch and accumulate sand in stormy periods. When storms arise, the waves carry sand captured at the toe or deep water end 30 of the erosion control structure (see Fig. 4) to the head or above water end 32 of the structure on the beach, depositing sand on the beach. The portion of the structure on the beach, therefore, functions to prevent sand from being washed back into the lake.
As shownin Fig. 3, bags 20 can be stacked with two parallel rows of bags placed directly on mat 10. This arrangement is not an inflexible rule. In some circumstances, one row or even three rows placed in a pyramid fashion on the mat will suffice. The idea is to have the structures project upwardly from the bottom of the ocean or lake bottom a sufficient distance such that they slow the waves and currents, not deflect theTTI.
In most lnstances, it is necessary to place a plurality of erosion control structures 22 comprising the foundation mat 10 and bags 20 parallel to and spacedly positioned from one another perpendicular to the shoreline as shown in Fig. 2. Often, the deep end portion 17 of one structure 22 will not sufficiently dissipate currents However, three or Tnore SUCil structures will reduce the l~S94~
l current velocity because the cumulative effect of cach of the structures forces the currents gcntly upwardly and reduces the current velocity below thc erosion veloc:ity.
When this happens, the currents no longer entrain sand, they deposit it, allowing the beaches protected by the devices to accrete.
Once enough material has deposited along and between the first series of parallel structures 22, structures 22 will actually become almost completely buried in sand.
At this point, additional structures can be installed along the new shoreline, as will be described below.
As shown in Fig. ll, for instance, a first erosion control structure 22 of a series of such parallel structures is placed on the original bottom 18 of the lake with the toe 30 of the structure at a depth and a distance into the lake or water body 14 where it performs the current dissipating function described above. Over a matter of months, in most instances, sand accumulates around and between the parallel erosion control structures 22 and forms a new bottom 18'.
Often, a protective sandbar structure 34 forms parallel to shore at a distance from the toe 30. It is beiieved that the sandbar structures 34 form as a direct result of the current dissipating characterist:ics of the structures 22 described above. Furthermore, sandbars 34 tend to be quite stable since currents are not deflected and waves are not deflected away from structures 22 toward deeper water.
Over time, therefore, new bottom 18' will eventually cover the original structure 22 and form a new beach 12' above structures 22. Raisin~ the beach to a new level 12' (Fig. 11) actually forces the old shoreline 36 to retreat outwardly from the old beach 12 to a new shoreline 36' which ~s~
1 can be as much as 30 to 60 feet from the old shoreline.
If sandbars 34 forrrl, :it ls often not necessary to do anything else to restore the beach since the sandbags serve as a natural protection for the beach. However, additional beach can be added if sandbars 34 do not form or if even more beach is desired if they do form, by placing a second series of parallel structures 22' on the new bottom 18'. The second structures 22' raise the bottom to a second level 18", and raise the beach even higher to a ~hird level 12". Similarly, the shoreline retreats to a third position 36" further out into the water body than the second waterline 36'.
Each of the second structures 22' do not have to be placed directly on top of a first structure 22. Instead, each second structure 22' can be staggered intermediate two first parallel structures 22. Furthermore, second structures 22' do not need to be the same length as first structures 22.
Depending upon where the high velocity erosion currents are located after the first structures cause the first bottom 18' to form, the second structures 22' should be positioned to extend outwardly from the beach to dissipate those currents and to reduce their velocities such that sand will deposit, not erode.
A third series of structures (not shown) can be placed above and beyond the second structures 22' shown if it is desired to extend the beach even further.
In one installation using a version of the erosion control structures described below, a beachfront property of about 250 feet in width was restored using this type of device and method. Currents had eroded the original beach and were eroding at the base oE a 3Q--Eoot bluE:E upon whicl ~5~3 ~
1 a house was situated. To save the house and restore the beach, tilree perpendicular erosion control structures, each about 60 feet long and 6 to 10 feet wide, werc placed 70 to 80 feet apart along the 250-foot frontage. Only about 10 feet of the 60 foot length of each of the structures was placed at the foot of the bluff above the waterline. The remainder of each of the structures extended downwardly into water which dropped off to a depth of about 10 feet at the toe of each of the structures. In several months, sand accumulated around the three structures such that a beach was formed which pushed the shoreline to within about 10 feet of the toes of each of the first structures.
At that point, a second series of structures was placed generally parallel to the first series. The second structures were about 60 feet long and 10 feet wide and were placed such that the head of each structure was located about 10 feet from the new shoreline and the toe extended into water that was about 4 to 5 feet deep. The second structures were placed in a staggered relationship with respect to the first structures. Soon, the shoreline was pushed back another ~0 feet or so from the second waterline as sand accumulated around the second series of structures.
To stabilize the beach further, a third ser:ies of erosion control structures was installed. Each of the third structures was about 100 feet long and 12 feet wide and placed 130 to about 150 feet apart. The third structures were placed such that their heads were approximately even with the heads of the second structures, and their feet extended roughly ~n feet beyond the feet of the second structures. Sand soon engulfed the second structures such that at the present day, the sllorelinc has bccn pushed 1~5~
1 outwardly from the original shoreline about 100 feet.
The placemcnt of these structures perpendicular to shore and extending outwardly therefrom is desirable in instances where it is difficult to organize a great number of beach-front property owners or where it is necessary to save immediately an expensive building or house from toppling into the water.
As shown in Fig. 12, three parallel artificial sandbars are placed parallel to the shoreline. Arti-ficial sandbars are installed parallel to shore where long seawalls or other elongated structures have created a long stretch of deep water near shore. If the water is still shallow near shore, the structures are placed perpendicular to shore, as illustrated in Figs. 1, 2, 4, 8 and 11. As shown in Fig. 12, first artificial sandbar 40 is constructed parallel to shore by placing on the lake or ocean bottom parallel to shore a first elongated mat 42 with peripheral weighted pockets 44 extending completely around the mat 42 having spaced openings identical to openings 28 described above.
A single row of sand-filled bags 46 is then placed along the length of the mat 42. The mats 42 and bags 46 are positioned parallel to shore in a depth of water such that bags 46 dissipate currents running at acute angles with respect to the shoreline. Again, first sandbar 40 is placed at a position where the velocity of the water is sufficient to entrain sand or other debris at the bottom of the water body. ~lowever, it does not break through the water surface so as to deflect the currents or waves toward deeper water.
Instead, the currents will be dissipated by being forced to move gently over the first sandbar 40.
A second artificial sanclbar 48 can be placed 1~5~ 9B
1 parallel to the first in even deeper water than the first.
Arti-ficial sandbar 48 also has an e:Longated raat 50 wi~h peripheral pockets 52 filled with sand or other weighted material holding the mat against the bottom of the water body. In a second sandbar 48, three rows of sand-filled bags 54 are placed in a pyramid configuration on mats 50.
Again, the second artificial sandbar 48 is positioned such that it dissipates rather than reflects the currents and waves.
A third artificial sandbar 56 can be positioned outwardly from and paralle] to the first two artificial sandbars in even deeper water to dissipate currents further from shore. Again, the third sandbar is constructed from a base mat 58 with peripheral pockets 60 filled with a weighted material. A pyramid of five rows of stacked bags 62 is positioned atop and along the length of mats 58.
This arrangement of parallel artificial sandbars has been found over time to raise the original bottom 64 to a level such that it covers the three artificial sandbars at a new elevation 64'. Again, wave action will force a certain amount of additional sand on the beach such that the original shoreline 66 retreats seawardly to a new position 66' as sand accretes due to the current and wave dissipation of the three artificial sandbars.
The artificial sandbars 46, 48 and 56 should be placed such that the tops of the artificial sandbars are located at a level approximately where the new sea bottom 64' is to be located. Furthermore, the artificial sandbars should be placed sufficiently far apart that waves passing over one artificial sandbar will not break against the next artificial sandbar but instead wilL substantially dissipate ~ ~ 5~
1 between the two. Waves should break between the artificial sandbars.
The pyramids of three rows o~ bags in bar ~8 and five rows of bags in bar 56 are not critical. ~s indicated above, the object is to make the tops of the bars extend to a level where the new sea bottom is to be located. In some circumstances, therefore, a five row pyramid may be unnecessary because the bottom may not have to be raised that far.
No matter whether the structures are oriented perpendicular to or parallel to the shoreline, the base mats with the peripheral weighted pockets will insure that the mats will not get washed away and will prevent sandy, granular material underneath them from liquifying or becoming the consistency of quicksand where the structures could sink into the bottom.
It has been found that in using the sandbag stabilizer means on top of mats 10, the sandbags, even though they each contain several tons of sand, will occasionally topple from the mats. This is believed to be the result of an upward movement of the mat structure as waves pass over it. As a wave passes over the structure, the mats permit only a fraction of the water to penetrate the sand beneath the mat. However, the full pressure of the wave can be transmitted to the sand on either side of the mat. It is be]ieved that this forces sand underneath the mat from the sides around the downwardly oriented peripheral pocket and actually begins to move the mat and the stabilizer structure on top of it upwardly toward the surface. When -the erosion control structure moves upwardly, it has almost never been found that the weighted bags on top of thc mat break through -:L8-1 the surface o:E the water or assume an elevation where they reflect rather than dissipate the waves and currents. The entire structure apparently lifts to a -point whcre a natural equilibrium is established between the depth of the structure and the strength of the currents and waves.
To take advantage o-f this uplift phenomenon, a different, preferred structure was developed. As shown in Figs, 7-9, two parallel central pockets 70 are sewn directly onto the center part of a permeable mat 72 with peripheral pockets 74 extending completelyaround the edges of mat 72.
Mat 72 is identical in construction to the mat 10 described above including the provision of spaced openings 76 in peripheral pockets 74 created by leaving unstitched portions in the hems which form peripheral pockets 74.
The two central pockets 70 are formed by laying an upper sheet of permeable fabric 78 along the center of mat 72, stitching the edges of upper sheet 78 directly to the upper surface of mat 72 and then stitching the middle of upper sheet 78 to the middle of mat 72 by running a middle stitch 80 between and parallel to the stitches 79 along the elongated side edges of upper sheet 78.
The sand is injected in a slurry of water into the central compartments through openings described below.
The porosity of upper sheet 78 and mat 72 should be sufficient such that the water in the slurry filters out of the central pockets 70 leaving the particulate matter behind. Geotextile fabrics sold by Phillips Fibers Corporation under the mark SUPAC have been found to work well. Cement, mortar or other such hardenable substances can also be injected into central pockets 70.
To inject sand or concretc illtO central pockets 70, ~LZ5~ 8 1 a plurality of double-layered patch arrangelnents 77 ~Figs. 8 and 10) are spaced 10 to 20 feet apart a]ong the length of each central pocket 70. r,ach layered patch arrangement 70 is constructed identically to the layered patches 21a and 21b shown in Figs. 3B-3D. Not all of the layered patch arrange-ments 77 need to be sliced and opened with offset slits for injection of slurry. Often, only one of the layered patches 77 needs to be opened because sand can be injected throughout the entire compartment. However, sometimes a large kink develops in the central compartment where the unit is laid over a sharp dropoff or other obstruction along the lake or ocean bottom. In such situations, layered patches on either side of the obstruction are sliced with offset slits and slurry is injected into the compartment through openings cut on either side of the obstruction. Similarly, the injection equipment may not be able to generate the pressure necessary to inject slurry throughout the entire central compartment from one sliced layered patch 77 if the compart-ment is particularly long. Therefore, slurry is injected into the compartment through several sliced layered patches 77.
Each central pocket 70 should extend 24 to 28 inches above mat 72 when filled. This height has been found sufficient to perform the current and wave energy dissipation function described above.
It has been found that the hydraulic pressure on the sand on each side of mat 72 generated by the waves forces sand underneath mat 72 and moves the structure upwardly.
The structure has never been found to move upwardly to a point where it will reflect currents and waves, however.
The advantage of having the central pockets sewn onto the mats is that the pockets cannot topple from the mats. It also eliminates guesswork in estimating how rnany tiers or levels of san,dbags have to be placed on the mats because the structures will be raised naturally to the proper current-dissipating height from the original bottom as the bottom underneath the mat rises. After the structure rises to the proper depth, sand fills around and between a series of parallel structures (Fig. 8), eventually covering them.
Another advantage to the embodiment illustrated in Figs. 7-10 is that each unit can be sewn beforehand and rolled or folded for shipment. On site, the unit can simply be unrolled and filled. Preferably, the units are filled with in situ underwater sand to avoid having to bring heavy trucks laden with sand or concrete on location. Apart frorr shipping costs involved, trucks can damage dune or other sensitive wildlife areas along the shoreline.
The erosion control device shown in Figs. 7-10 is positioned along the shoreline either perpendicular (Fig. 8) or parallel to the shoreline, in the same fashion as the structures 22 described above are positioned. It is very easy to install a plurality of such devices quickly because there is no need to handle and fill many large, individual sandbags.
It should also be noted that having two parallel central compartments is not critical. In some cases, only one long compartment or more than two parallel central compartments can be used.
The fabrics used to make the bags, mats and central pockets of the erosion control devices described above are preferably coated with substances which protect the fabrics from ultraviolet and infrared light and mildew. Coatings having substituted benzophenones and titanium dio~ide can ~59~
1 protect the fabric from ultraviolet and infrared light.
Mildew and bacteria can be inhibiced by using triphenyltin monophenoxide in the coatings. Such cGatings are known in the art (see ~lepworth U.S. 3,957,0g8 entitled EROSION CONTROL
BAG, issued on May 18, 1976, -for instance).
The method of installing the erosion control -devices of the present invention is shown in Figs. 13-14.
As indicated above, mat 10 without the central compartments or the mat structure with central compartments 70 can be rolled for shipment and unrolled at the installation site for accurate and easy placement. Mat structure 90 is rolled onto a tube 92 so that the openings of the peripheral pockets will be oriented upwardly when the mat structure is unrolled from tube 92.
Two guide cables 94 are positioned parallel to one another on either side of the area over which the mat structure is to lay. Guide cables 94 are positioned sufficiently far apart so that the rolled mat structure can be placed between them as shown in Fig. 13. The ends of each guide cable 94 are anchored securely to the ocean (lake) bottom 18 by screw anchors 96 and 98 which screw into bottom 18.
The rol]ed mat structure 90 is positioned between guide cables 94 near the first ends of guide cables 94 secured to screw anchors 96. The first two corners 100 of mat structure 90 are secured to screw anchors 96 or the first ends of cables 94 by means to be described. Then, a second cable 102 is secured to each end of tube 92 on which mat structure is rolled. Each of the second cables is then laid next to one of guide cables 94.
A pulley 104 (Figs. 13-15) is pivotally secured to ~;~59 ~
l each screw anchor 98. Second cables 102 are drawn through pulleys 98 and joined together beyond screw anchors 98 to a tow cable 106. Iow cable 106 is then pulled with a boat7 a wench~ or an underwater propulsion device so that second cables 102 are pulled through pulleys 104 and mat structure 90 is unrolled.
As mat structure 90 is unrolled, its edges are fastened to guide cables 94 by fasteners 108 (Fig. 16).
Fasteners 108 are loops of wire, strapping material or the like which loop around cables 94 and are received by grommets 110 along the edges of mat structure 90 (Fig. 16). Grommets 110 are about 10 to 15 feet apart (Fig. 15) along the two elongated sides of the mat structure. Grommets 110 and fasteners 108 can be used to secure corners 100 to screw anchors 96 as well.
As the mat structure is being unrolled, it must be anchored directly to the sea bottom along its edges because screw anchors 96 and 98 and cables 94 cannot hold the mat down by themselves against strong currents. Screw anchors 96 and 98 will pull out if strong currents get underneath the mat structure. To prevent this, a screw anchor 107 (Fig 16) is screwed into sea bottom and connected to each grommet 110 along the sides of mat structure 90. l~ith a plurality of screw anchors 107 anchoring the edges of the mat and screw anchors 96 and 98 anchoring the corners, the mat will not lift under strong currents beore the peripheral pockets fill or are filled with sand. After the peripheral pockets are filled, anchors 96, 98 and 110 are removed to allow the peripheral pockets to assume their downward orientation and anchor the mat structure to the sea bottom.
If mat structure 90 is the typc that has central lZS~ 8 1 compartments, they are then filled with sand. If some other stabilizer means, such as sandbags, is used, they can be positioned on top of mat structure 90 if it lacks central compartments.
The installation method described above can be used no matter whether the devices are positioned parallel or perpendicular to shore. If perpendicular, screw anchors 96 are anchored and screwed into the beach above the water-line; screw anchors 98 are anchored into bottom 18 below the waterline. If parallel, all che screw anchors will be underwater.
It can be seen that it is extremely easy to construct and install the beach restoration devices of the present invention. The basic devices, namely, the mats and bags or compartments, are made of sewn fabric, which is very easy to manufacture and transport. The rolled mat assemblies are transported to the installation site and unrolled with very simple equipment and with the help of several divers~
No heavy equipment is required if sand is available on site.
The sand slurry is pumped into the peripheral -pockets and central compartments or bags, and installation is complete.
After the mat structure is unrolled, cables 102 and tube 92 are removed. After the mat structure peripheral pockets 91 are filled with sand, cables 102, screw anchors 96 and 98, and fasteners 108 are removed. The sand-filled peripheral pockets are sufficiently heavy to hold the mat stretched out overlaying the bottom so that currents cannot move the mat before or during filling of the central compartments or bags.
While several embodiments of tllc invention have been disclosed and described, other modifications will be -~Z5~9~
1 apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiments described above are not :inten~ed to limi~ the scope of the invention which is defined by the claims which follow,
Claims
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows.
A method of restoring coastal shoreline of a water body having a bottom and having weighted granular material available in situ on said bottom, comprising:
providing a water permeable geotextile sheet having peripheral edges;
forming peripheral pockets extending around the peripheral edges of said sheet and forming a plurality of spaced openings along said pockets;
rolling said sheet into a roll;
transporting said rolled sheet to the shoreline;
unrolling said rolled sheet and positioning at least a portion of it along said bottom where currents exceed the erosion velocity sufficient to entrain granular material on said bottom;
filling said peripheral pockets with in situ granular material such that said peripheral pockets assume a downwardly oriented substantially vertical position in the granular material along said bottom; and placing weighted stabilizers on the central portion of said sheet with said peripheral pockets extending around said stabilizers.
The shoreline restoration method as recited in claim 1 which further comprises forming at least one central compartment on and securing it to said sheet before rolling said sheet, and filling said central compartment with in situ granular material after unrolling said sheet.
The shoreline restoration method as recited in claim 2 wherein unrolling said sheet includes: positioning parallel guide cables along the installation site, anchoring the ends of said cables, placing said rolled sheet between said guide cables between first ends of said guide cables, unrolling said rolled mats between said guide cables over said installation site, and temporarily fastening the edges of said sheet to said guide cables.
The shoreline restoration method as recited in claim 3 wherein rolling said sheet further includes rolling said sheet onto an elongated member such that the ends of said elongated member are accessible from either end of said roll and wherein unrolling said sheet further comprises fastening the first ends of second cables to said ends of said elongated member; providing pulley means near the second ends of said guide cables; extending each of said second cables through one of said pulley means so that said second cables and guide cables are generally parallel to each other;
and pulling said second cables so that said rolled sheet unrolls from said elongated member.
A method of retarding shoreline erosion of a water body comprising:
providing a sheet of permeable fabric;
forming peripheral pockets around and attached to the periphery of said sheet;
positioning said sheet such that at least a portion of it extends along the bottom of said water body into a shallow portion of said water body where currents have a velocity sufficient to erode said bottom;
filling said peripheral pockets with weighted material;
providing a weighted stabilizer; and positioning said weighted stabilizer on said sheet at predetermined locations thereon such that in the areas where the currents exceed the velocity sufficient to erode said bottom, said stabilizer is disposed below the surface of the water.
The method as recited in claim 5 which further includes stabilizer means sufficiently below the water surface where said currents exceed the erosion velocity such that the exceeding currents are forced to move upwardly over said stabilizer means whereupon the velocity of said currents is reduced and such that said currents substantially do not reflect downwardly toward the bottom to scour said bottom or reflect away from said stabilizer means to carry particulate matter away from said shallow portion.
The method as recited in claim 6 which further includes extending said sheet to a length substantially greater than its width.
The method as recited in claim 7 which further includes filling said peripheral pockets with weighted material having a weight of at least about 90 pounds per linear foot of said peripheral pockets.
The method as recited in claim 8 which further includes forming said peripheral pockets by folding each edge of said sheet over on said sheet to form hems and fastening the folded edges in folded position.
The method as recited in claim 9 wherein said folding includes folding said hems to the same side of said sheet as said other hems and which further comprises forming a plurality of spaced openings along where said folded edges are fastened to said sheet, said openings being formed on one side of said sheet, whereby said hems can fill by themselves with granular material on the bottom of said water body.
The method as recited in claim 10 wherein said hems are fastened and openings are formed by stitching said folded edges to said sheet while leaving spaced unstitched portions to create spaced openings.
The method as recited in claim 11 which includes positioning said sheet on said bottom with said openings oriented upwardly from the bottom.
The method as recited in claim 12 which further comprises burying said peripheral pockets in said bottom along the edges of said sheet.
The method as recited in claim 9 wherein said peri-pheral pockets are filled with a weighted granular material.
The method as recited in claim 14 wherein said pockets are filled with sand and which further includes liquifying sand on the bottom of said water body and injecting said liquefied sand into said peripheral pockets.
The method as recited in claim 6 wherein said stabilizer means is provided by forming at least one compart-ment from a permeable material and filling said compartment with a weighted material.
The method as recited in claim 16 wherein said compartment is formed by securing at least one central pocket to the upper surface of said sheet.
The method as recited in claim 17 wherein said central pocket is formed by placing a second sheet of permeable material over said first sheet, stitching said second sheet around its periphery to one side of said first sheet.
The method as recited in claim 18 which further includes stitching the center of said second sheet to the center of said first sheet by running a central stitch down the middle of said two sheets, thereby forming two central compartments, one on either side of said central stitch.
The method as recited in claim 19 wherein said two compartments are filled with sand.
The method as recited in claim 5 which further comprises placing a plurality of structures comprising said peripherally pocketed and weighted sheets with weighted stabilizer means on each sheet, generally spaced from and parallel to one another.
The method as recited in claim 21 which further includes placing said structures perpendicular to the shore-line extending from the shoreline.
The method as recited in claim 22 which further includes placing said structures parallel to the shoreline and spaced from the shoreline.
The method of claim 1, wherein:
said weighted stabilizers comprise at least one elongated tubular element;
filling said elongated tubular element with weighted material.
The method of claim 24, wherein:
said weighted material is a cementitious material.
The method of claim 24, wherein:
said elongated tubular element is secured to said sheet;
said elongated tubular element is filled after said peripheral pockets are filled.
The method of claim 1, wherein:
said weighted stabilizers comprise a plurality of elongated tubular elements;
filling said elongated tubular elements with weighted material.
The method of claim 27, wherein:
said weighted material is a cementitious material.
The method of claim 27, wherein:
said elongated tubular elements are secured together laterally adjacent each other.
The method of claim 5, wherein:
said weight stabilizer comprises at least one elongated tubular element;
said peripheral pockets filling step includes filling said peripheral pockets with peripheral pocket weighted material;
filling said elongated tubular element with stabilizer weighted material.
The method of claim 30, wherein:
stabilizer weighted material is a cementitious material.
The method of claim 30, wherein:
said peripheral weighted is a cementitious material.
The method of claim 30, wherein:
said elongated tubular element is secured to said sheet;
said elongated tubular element is filled after said peripheral pockets are filled.
The method of claim 33, wherein;
said peripheral pocket weighted material and said stabilizer weighted material is cementitious material.
The method of claim 5, wherein:
said weighted stabilizer comprises a plurality of elongated tubular elements;
said peripheral pocket filling step includes filling said peripheral pockets with peripheral pocket weighted material, filling said elongated tubular elements with stabilizer weighted material.
The method of claim 35, wherein:
said stabilizer weighted material is a cementitious material.
The method of claim 35, wherein:
said peripheral pocket weighted material is a cementitious material.
The method of claim 35, wherein:
said elongated tubular elements are secured together laterally adjacent to each other.
The method of claim 38, wherein:
said stabilizer is a cementitious material.
The method of claim 35, wherein:
said elongated tubular elements are secured to said sheet.
The method of claim 40, wherein:
said stabilizer is a cementitious material.
A method of restoring coastal shoreline of a water body having a bottom and having weighted granular material available in situ on said bottom, comprising:
providing a water permeable geotextile sheet having peripheral edges;
forming peripheral pockets extending around the peripheral edges of said sheet and forming a plurality of spaced openings along said pockets;
rolling said sheet into a roll;
transporting said rolled sheet to the shoreline;
unrolling said rolled sheet and positioning at least a portion of it along said bottom where currents exceed the erosion velocity sufficient to entrain granular material on said bottom;
filling said peripheral pockets with in situ granular material such that said peripheral pockets assume a downwardly oriented substantially vertical position in the granular material along said bottom; and placing weighted stabilizers on the central portion of said sheet with said peripheral pockets extending around said stabilizers.
The shoreline restoration method as recited in claim 1 which further comprises forming at least one central compartment on and securing it to said sheet before rolling said sheet, and filling said central compartment with in situ granular material after unrolling said sheet.
The shoreline restoration method as recited in claim 2 wherein unrolling said sheet includes: positioning parallel guide cables along the installation site, anchoring the ends of said cables, placing said rolled sheet between said guide cables between first ends of said guide cables, unrolling said rolled mats between said guide cables over said installation site, and temporarily fastening the edges of said sheet to said guide cables.
The shoreline restoration method as recited in claim 3 wherein rolling said sheet further includes rolling said sheet onto an elongated member such that the ends of said elongated member are accessible from either end of said roll and wherein unrolling said sheet further comprises fastening the first ends of second cables to said ends of said elongated member; providing pulley means near the second ends of said guide cables; extending each of said second cables through one of said pulley means so that said second cables and guide cables are generally parallel to each other;
and pulling said second cables so that said rolled sheet unrolls from said elongated member.
A method of retarding shoreline erosion of a water body comprising:
providing a sheet of permeable fabric;
forming peripheral pockets around and attached to the periphery of said sheet;
positioning said sheet such that at least a portion of it extends along the bottom of said water body into a shallow portion of said water body where currents have a velocity sufficient to erode said bottom;
filling said peripheral pockets with weighted material;
providing a weighted stabilizer; and positioning said weighted stabilizer on said sheet at predetermined locations thereon such that in the areas where the currents exceed the velocity sufficient to erode said bottom, said stabilizer is disposed below the surface of the water.
The method as recited in claim 5 which further includes stabilizer means sufficiently below the water surface where said currents exceed the erosion velocity such that the exceeding currents are forced to move upwardly over said stabilizer means whereupon the velocity of said currents is reduced and such that said currents substantially do not reflect downwardly toward the bottom to scour said bottom or reflect away from said stabilizer means to carry particulate matter away from said shallow portion.
The method as recited in claim 6 which further includes extending said sheet to a length substantially greater than its width.
The method as recited in claim 7 which further includes filling said peripheral pockets with weighted material having a weight of at least about 90 pounds per linear foot of said peripheral pockets.
The method as recited in claim 8 which further includes forming said peripheral pockets by folding each edge of said sheet over on said sheet to form hems and fastening the folded edges in folded position.
The method as recited in claim 9 wherein said folding includes folding said hems to the same side of said sheet as said other hems and which further comprises forming a plurality of spaced openings along where said folded edges are fastened to said sheet, said openings being formed on one side of said sheet, whereby said hems can fill by themselves with granular material on the bottom of said water body.
The method as recited in claim 10 wherein said hems are fastened and openings are formed by stitching said folded edges to said sheet while leaving spaced unstitched portions to create spaced openings.
The method as recited in claim 11 which includes positioning said sheet on said bottom with said openings oriented upwardly from the bottom.
The method as recited in claim 12 which further comprises burying said peripheral pockets in said bottom along the edges of said sheet.
The method as recited in claim 9 wherein said peri-pheral pockets are filled with a weighted granular material.
The method as recited in claim 14 wherein said pockets are filled with sand and which further includes liquifying sand on the bottom of said water body and injecting said liquefied sand into said peripheral pockets.
The method as recited in claim 6 wherein said stabilizer means is provided by forming at least one compart-ment from a permeable material and filling said compartment with a weighted material.
The method as recited in claim 16 wherein said compartment is formed by securing at least one central pocket to the upper surface of said sheet.
The method as recited in claim 17 wherein said central pocket is formed by placing a second sheet of permeable material over said first sheet, stitching said second sheet around its periphery to one side of said first sheet.
The method as recited in claim 18 which further includes stitching the center of said second sheet to the center of said first sheet by running a central stitch down the middle of said two sheets, thereby forming two central compartments, one on either side of said central stitch.
The method as recited in claim 19 wherein said two compartments are filled with sand.
The method as recited in claim 5 which further comprises placing a plurality of structures comprising said peripherally pocketed and weighted sheets with weighted stabilizer means on each sheet, generally spaced from and parallel to one another.
The method as recited in claim 21 which further includes placing said structures perpendicular to the shore-line extending from the shoreline.
The method as recited in claim 22 which further includes placing said structures parallel to the shoreline and spaced from the shoreline.
The method of claim 1, wherein:
said weighted stabilizers comprise at least one elongated tubular element;
filling said elongated tubular element with weighted material.
The method of claim 24, wherein:
said weighted material is a cementitious material.
The method of claim 24, wherein:
said elongated tubular element is secured to said sheet;
said elongated tubular element is filled after said peripheral pockets are filled.
The method of claim 1, wherein:
said weighted stabilizers comprise a plurality of elongated tubular elements;
filling said elongated tubular elements with weighted material.
The method of claim 27, wherein:
said weighted material is a cementitious material.
The method of claim 27, wherein:
said elongated tubular elements are secured together laterally adjacent each other.
The method of claim 5, wherein:
said weight stabilizer comprises at least one elongated tubular element;
said peripheral pockets filling step includes filling said peripheral pockets with peripheral pocket weighted material;
filling said elongated tubular element with stabilizer weighted material.
The method of claim 30, wherein:
stabilizer weighted material is a cementitious material.
The method of claim 30, wherein:
said peripheral weighted is a cementitious material.
The method of claim 30, wherein:
said elongated tubular element is secured to said sheet;
said elongated tubular element is filled after said peripheral pockets are filled.
The method of claim 33, wherein;
said peripheral pocket weighted material and said stabilizer weighted material is cementitious material.
The method of claim 5, wherein:
said weighted stabilizer comprises a plurality of elongated tubular elements;
said peripheral pocket filling step includes filling said peripheral pockets with peripheral pocket weighted material, filling said elongated tubular elements with stabilizer weighted material.
The method of claim 35, wherein:
said stabilizer weighted material is a cementitious material.
The method of claim 35, wherein:
said peripheral pocket weighted material is a cementitious material.
The method of claim 35, wherein:
said elongated tubular elements are secured together laterally adjacent to each other.
The method of claim 38, wherein:
said stabilizer is a cementitious material.
The method of claim 35, wherein:
said elongated tubular elements are secured to said sheet.
The method of claim 40, wherein:
said stabilizer is a cementitious material.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/692,211 US4690585A (en) | 1985-01-17 | 1985-01-17 | Erosion control foundation mat and method |
| US692,211 | 1985-01-17 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1259498A true CA1259498A (en) | 1989-09-19 |
Family
ID=24779675
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000499595A Expired CA1259498A (en) | 1985-01-17 | 1986-01-15 | Erosion control foundation mat and method |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US4690585A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1259498A (en) |
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- 1986-12-22 US US06/945,071 patent/US4889446A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US4690585A (en) | 1987-09-01 |
| US4889446A (en) | 1989-12-26 |
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