CA1257542A - Method and apparatus for immunoassays - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for immunoassaysInfo
- Publication number
- CA1257542A CA1257542A CA000481379A CA481379A CA1257542A CA 1257542 A CA1257542 A CA 1257542A CA 000481379 A CA000481379 A CA 000481379A CA 481379 A CA481379 A CA 481379A CA 1257542 A CA1257542 A CA 1257542A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- receptor
- antibody
- ligand
- process according
- bound
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/5302—Apparatus specially adapted for immunological test procedures
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/805—Test papers
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/974—Aids related test
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10S436/807—Apparatus included in process claim, e.g. physical support structures
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10S436/815—Test for named compound or class of compounds
- Y10S436/817—Steroids or hormones
- Y10S436/818—Human chorionic gonadotropin
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10S436/82—Hepatitis associated antigens and antibodies
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10S436/824—Immunological separation techniques
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Disclosed herein is an apparatus and process for conducting ligand receptor assays. The apparatus comprises a first member which is a membrane or a filter to which is bound a receptor for the ligand or which is capable of extracting cells carrying the ligand from a fluid sample. The apparatus further comprises a second member which is composed of absorbent material which acts when in contact with the first member to induce flow through the first member when a fluid sample is added to it. The apparatus is used to conduct assays by applying a sample to the upper surface of the first member to bind ligand in the sample by means of receptor fixed to the first member or, in certain cases, by extracting cellular material which has ligand associated with it. Addition of the sample is typically followed by addition of labeled antibody against the antigen being assayed followed by a washing step to remove unbound labeled receptor. The presence of labeled antibody on the first member after washing is indicative of the presence of the antigen in the sample being assayed.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the ligand is an antigen and the receptor is an antibody.
Disclosed herein is an apparatus and process for conducting ligand receptor assays. The apparatus comprises a first member which is a membrane or a filter to which is bound a receptor for the ligand or which is capable of extracting cells carrying the ligand from a fluid sample. The apparatus further comprises a second member which is composed of absorbent material which acts when in contact with the first member to induce flow through the first member when a fluid sample is added to it. The apparatus is used to conduct assays by applying a sample to the upper surface of the first member to bind ligand in the sample by means of receptor fixed to the first member or, in certain cases, by extracting cellular material which has ligand associated with it. Addition of the sample is typically followed by addition of labeled antibody against the antigen being assayed followed by a washing step to remove unbound labeled receptor. The presence of labeled antibody on the first member after washing is indicative of the presence of the antigen in the sample being assayed.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the ligand is an antigen and the receptor is an antibody.
Description
~2575~2 METHOD AND APPARATUS
FOR II~lUNOASSAYS
FIELD OF THE INVENTTON
.
This invention relates to ligand-receptor immunoassays.
In particular, it relates to immunoassay processes, and, most paxticularly, to those using monoclonal antibodies. In another aspect it relates to an apparatus for conducting such assays.
BACKGROUND
For nearly two decades, immunoassay procedures have provided sensitive diagnostic tools for tne ln vitro detection of a variety of antigens associated with disease or other physical conditions of clinlcal significance. Originally such heterogeneous assays used a polyclonal antibody preparation bound to the solid phase. In these assays, a solution of labeled antigen is allowed to compete directly with antigen in the sample being analyzed for the solid phase antibody or is added to the antibody in a sequential process. The extent to which the labeled antigen is bound to the solid phase or is detected in the liquid phase can be used as a measure of the presence and quantity of antigen in the sample being analyzed.
Subsequently, non-competitive immunometric assays became available. In these assays, a polyclonal antibody preparation bound to a solid phase was also used. The sample containing the suspected antigen was allowed to contact the solid phase in order for the antigen to bind to the antibodies on the solid phase. Typically, after an incubation step the sample was separated from the solid phase which was then washed and incubated with a solution of additional polyclonal antibodies which had been labeled, for example with a radionuclide, an lZ5'7~42 enzyme, or a fluorescent moiety.
After this second incubation, the unbound labeled antibody was separated from the solid phase and the amount of labeled antibody in either the liquid phase or bound to the solid phase in an antibody:antigen:antibody sandwich was determined as a measure of the presence and/or concentration of antigen in the sample tested.
More recently, immunoassay procedures have been modified to use monoclonal antibodies. For example, U.S. 4,~76,110 describes two-site immunometric assays using pairs of monoclonal antibodies, one bound to a solid phase an~ the other labeled to permit detection. The use of monoclonal antibody pairs which recognize different epitopic sites on an antigen has made it possible to conduct simultaneous immunometric assays in which the antigen and labeled antibody incubations do not require the intermediate washing steps of prior processes.
In the foregoing processes, the solid phase antibody is typically bound to a bead or small particles or coated on a surface. All of these processes characteristically require an incubation period with both the solid phase and labeled antibodies and, as a result, are time consuming even if conducted simultaneously. In fact, it is not unusual for an assay proce-dure to require several hours to complete. Furthermore, the need to adhere to timed incubation steps and plural washings with measured reagents has largely limited these procedures to large hospital and reference clinical laboratories where highly trained personnel and sophisticated equipment are avail-able to perform the assays. As a result, there has gone unmet a need for a simple and rapid procedure for conducting immuno-assays which employ a relatively simple apparatus to make such assays available for use in the physician's office and 7~;~2 even Eor over-the-counter sale to lay persons for use in horne health care programs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a process for simply and rapidly performing ligand-receptor assays for the detection of a target ligand in a fluid sample" for example immuno-and immunometric assays and assays which exploit the hybridi-zation of nucleic acid oligomers which uses a simple apparatus and which does not require lengthy incubation steps.
The apparatus of the invention comprises, as a first mernber, a porous member such as a membrane or filter to which is bound or fixed a receptor for the -target analyte (ligand) being assayed, or to which is bound or fixed anti-receptor or which is capable oE separating from the sample being analyzed cells or cellular debris with which the ligand being assayed is associated to thereby fix the ligand to the porous member.
The first member has upper and lower surfaces. For example, in the case of immuno- and immunometric assays in which the ligand is an antigen, an antibody, preferably a monoclonal antibody, is bound to the porous member as the receptor. The apparatus further comprises, as a second member, an absorbent body having a surface over which the first member is placed and having capillary pathways therethrough generally transverse to its upper and lower surfaces. As used herein, the term "capillary" includes a capillary or other channel or pathway which permits a liquid to traverse the absorbent member. The second member is in capillary communication with the porous on the lower surface of the first member and is selected to have a capillary pore size so as to induce flow of liquid through the first member into the capillaries of the second ~257~
member without the use of external means when the hydrostatic pressure of the sample and subsequent addends used in the assay are not sufficient to induce flow through the first member. The second member may also provide support for the first member.
The assay of the present invention comprises the steps of adding a liquid sample suspected of containing the target ligand to the upper surface of the porous member whereby, as the liquid flows through the member, either receptor bound to the porous member binds soluble or suspended ligand in the sample at a rate that is substantially faster - 3a -; ~
b ~ , 1 ~Z575D~;~
than the rate observed in the absence of flow through the member or, if the ligand is on the surface of cellular material, -the cellular material is either bound by receptor fixed to the porous member or is en~rapped by the member as the sample flows through. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the addition of sample is followed by addition of a solution of another receptor for the ligand which is labeled to permit detection. For example, in an immunometric assay for antigen, a solution of antibody, pre-ferably monoclonal antibody which binds the antigen at an epitope which does not interfere with binding of the first receptor, is used. The preferred label is an enzyme although other labels, for example, a radionuclide or a fluorescent label may also be used. The antibody binds to the antigen previously extracted from the sample, either by the bound antibody or by entrapment of cellular material. The addition of labeled antibody may be followed immediately, or after a brief incubation to increase sensitivity by permitting greater binding of antigen and labeled antibody, by a washing step to remove unbound labeled antibocly. The presellce of labeled antibody on the porous member is then determined as an indication of the presence of the target antigen in the sample. In the case of an enzyme label this is done by addition of a solution of a color forming substrate to the porous member to allow the substrate to react with the enzyme.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a cross-section of an apparatus for performing an immunoassay in accordance with the present invention.
Figure 2 is a top view of a porous member used in the invention for removing antigen from a sample being assayed.
ESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
As noted above, the apparatus of the present invention comprises, as a first member, a porous membrane or filter to which is bound receptor for a ligand or to which is bound anti-receptor or which is capable of ~2575~2 filtering cellular material from a sample being assayed if the ligand is associated with the cellular material. In the last case, the membrane or filter is selected to have a pore size which permits this separation. Lny of a variety of filtering members may be used including glass fiber filters and filters of various synthetic or naturaL materials.
When the porous member has receptor bound to it, the receptor is selected for its ability to selectively bind directly with the target ligand. For example, if the ligand is an antigen, the receptor may be an antibody, preferably a monoclonal antibody. If the target ligand is an antibody, the receptor may be an antigen or anti-antibody. If the ligand is an enzyme, the receptor may be receptor for the enzyme. If the ligand is a nucleic acid, for example, RNA or DNA, the receptor may be a complemen-tary oligomer of DNA or RNA. In a preferred embodiment the first member is a membrane or filter to which an antibody preparation is covalently bound.
Preferably the antibody preparation comprises a monoclonal antibody even though polyclonal antibodies from antisera may be used. Techniques for poly-clonal and monoclonal antibody preparation are now well known and require no citation here.
The material of the porous member is selected from a material to which the receptor or, if used, anti-receptor can be bound. In the case of protein receptors or anti-receptors, e.g., antibodies or antigens, a preferred material is nylon which has amino group residues or into which such groups have been introduced by chemical means, which permit a protein to be coupled to it by the well known glutaraldehyde method. Antibodies can be coupled to glass fibers through aminosilanes. Other natural or syn-thetic materials which can be coupled directly or through intermediates to a receptor may also be used.
The foregoing stresses chemical binding of the receptor or anti-receptor to the porous member. However, in appropriate cases the receptor or anti-receptor may be coated on the porous member or be a particulate ~257~2 which is entrapped within the interaction o-E the porous member. Therefore, as used herein, the term "bound" is intended to embrace any means for fixing receptor or anti-receptor to the porous member.
The second meTnber is an absorbent member having capillary passageways generally transverse to the upper and lower surfaces. The second member is assembled with the first in a manner which permits direct communication between the pores or interstices of the first member and the capillaries of the second. Thus, as a liquid is applied to the first member and saturates it, the liquid is drawn into the absorbent member. As a result, flow can be induced through the first member when a liquid sample is applied to the upper sur:Eace of the first member even though the hydro-static pressure of the fluid is so low that unaided it could not flow through the first member without the application of pressure to force it through or a vacuum to draw it through.
The selection o:E material for the second member is not cri-tical and a variety of fibrous filter materials can be used. A useful material is cellulose acetate fibers oriented as in a cigarette filter. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other absorbent members made of polyester, polyolefin or other materials may be used in place of cellulose acetate.
Turning now to Figure 1, there is shown in cross-section a device which can be used with the apparatus of this invention to perform the assays. Thus, in Figure 1, a cylindrical container 10 although it may have any other appropriate shape is provided having an upper opening 12 defined by sidewall 14. The container may be made of glass, plastic, or other suitable material. As shown in Figure 1, container 10 also has a lower open-ing 16, in which is inserted a removable plug 18, to permit insertion of the porous member 20J a circular membrane or filter disc, and an optional member 21, whose function is described below, which rest on cylindrical absorbent member 22, which is also inserted through opening 16.
A portion of container 10 is constricted as shown in Figure 1 by ;;7~
reference numeral 24 to providc an integral funnel to direct sample onto the membcr 20 and to assure that effective washing of sample and other addends onto the member 20 is accomplished.
The size of member 22 and, therefore, the volume of the portion of container 10 below the constriction is pre:Eerably selected so that all of the liquid to be added to the apparatus during an assay can be received in and retained in absorbent member 22. ~leans for venting air (not shown in Figure l), for example, small ports, is provided in container l0, near the bottom, to allow displaced air to escape. Optionally, the bottom of container 10 can be eliminated and liquid allowed to pass through members 20 and 22 and exit the container through the bottom. Hol~ever, since the article is intended to be disposable and to facilitate the disposal of sample in a simple and hygienic fashion, it is preferred to use a structure shown in Pigure 1.
As previously noted, member 20 may be used to either filter cellular material from a sample or as a support for bound receptor against the ligand being assayed. In either case, the liquid sample may be applied to the member 20 by introducion throug]l opening 12. After it permeates the member 20 and the liquid is drawn therethrough by and into absorbent member 22, a solution of labeled receptor is added through opening 12 to member 20.
The labeled receptor then binds either to ligand bound to recep-tor on the member 20 or associated with cellular material trapped on the surface of 20. In the case of arl immunometric assay, if member 20 has a monoclonal antibody bound to it, and the labeled antibody is also a mono-clonal antibody, the two antibodies are selected to bind to non-interfering antigen binding sites as described in ~nited States Patent Nos. 4,376,110 and 4,486,530.
Preferably the soluble receptor is labeled with an enzyme although other conventional assay labels may be used in appropriate circum-stances.
~Z575~2 For example, a fluorescent label such as fluorescein or phycoerythrin or a radionuclide can also be used. Useful labels also include microspheres loaded with a colored dye or with a fluorescent particle. Among other use-ful labels may be mentioned liposomes or other vesicles loaded with a colored dye or fluorescent particles.
After the labeled receptor solution has passed through the member 20, a washing liquid is applied to member 20 to flush unbound labeled recep-tor from member 20 and into member 22. 'rhe sloping structure of the walls 24 provides an integral funnel to facilitate application of the washing liquid to the walls to remove adhered residue of the labeled receptor solution.
The addition of labeled receptor solution and washing liquid to the member 20 may be preceded by brief incubatioll periods to permit more ex-tensive binding by receptor or ligand in solutions trapped on, or in the interstices of member 20 and, thereby, increase the sensitivity of the assay.
We have found, however, that such incubation steps are either unnecessary or may be very brief, i.e., generally on the order of 60 seconds or less.
The flow of solutions containing ligand or labeled receptor through the mem-ber 20 results in a substantially faster rate of binding than is observed in the absence of flow.
If the receptor label is an enzyme, after washing to remove un-bound receptor from member 20, a solution of the enzyme substrate is added to member 20. If the target ligand is bound either to receptor bound to member 20 or to cellular material on member 20, the ligand will have bound to it a portion of labeled receptor. The enzyme will cause the substrate to react and generate, if properly selected, a visual color change.
We have found that when cellulose acetate is used as the material for the absorbent member 22 it may bind labeled receptor non-specifically at its upper surface. Accordingly, some visual color change may occur at this surface just under the member 20. To avoid this color change being ~2~
visualized through member 20, a separating member (designated 21 in Figure 1) of porous polyethylene or other material which does not bind receptor non-specifically is preferably disposed between members 20 and 22.
Turning now to Figure 2, there is shown a top view of member 20.
The phantom line 26 represents the outer circumference of the area 28 in which ligand is bound i71 a preferred embodiment. This area has a diameter less than the diameter of the restriction formed by walls 24 at its narrow-est point. Thus, when an enzyme is used as the receptor label the follow-ing results may occur: ~1) the development of more color in the area 28 than in the periphery of member 20 will be read as a positive result;
FOR II~lUNOASSAYS
FIELD OF THE INVENTTON
.
This invention relates to ligand-receptor immunoassays.
In particular, it relates to immunoassay processes, and, most paxticularly, to those using monoclonal antibodies. In another aspect it relates to an apparatus for conducting such assays.
BACKGROUND
For nearly two decades, immunoassay procedures have provided sensitive diagnostic tools for tne ln vitro detection of a variety of antigens associated with disease or other physical conditions of clinlcal significance. Originally such heterogeneous assays used a polyclonal antibody preparation bound to the solid phase. In these assays, a solution of labeled antigen is allowed to compete directly with antigen in the sample being analyzed for the solid phase antibody or is added to the antibody in a sequential process. The extent to which the labeled antigen is bound to the solid phase or is detected in the liquid phase can be used as a measure of the presence and quantity of antigen in the sample being analyzed.
Subsequently, non-competitive immunometric assays became available. In these assays, a polyclonal antibody preparation bound to a solid phase was also used. The sample containing the suspected antigen was allowed to contact the solid phase in order for the antigen to bind to the antibodies on the solid phase. Typically, after an incubation step the sample was separated from the solid phase which was then washed and incubated with a solution of additional polyclonal antibodies which had been labeled, for example with a radionuclide, an lZ5'7~42 enzyme, or a fluorescent moiety.
After this second incubation, the unbound labeled antibody was separated from the solid phase and the amount of labeled antibody in either the liquid phase or bound to the solid phase in an antibody:antigen:antibody sandwich was determined as a measure of the presence and/or concentration of antigen in the sample tested.
More recently, immunoassay procedures have been modified to use monoclonal antibodies. For example, U.S. 4,~76,110 describes two-site immunometric assays using pairs of monoclonal antibodies, one bound to a solid phase an~ the other labeled to permit detection. The use of monoclonal antibody pairs which recognize different epitopic sites on an antigen has made it possible to conduct simultaneous immunometric assays in which the antigen and labeled antibody incubations do not require the intermediate washing steps of prior processes.
In the foregoing processes, the solid phase antibody is typically bound to a bead or small particles or coated on a surface. All of these processes characteristically require an incubation period with both the solid phase and labeled antibodies and, as a result, are time consuming even if conducted simultaneously. In fact, it is not unusual for an assay proce-dure to require several hours to complete. Furthermore, the need to adhere to timed incubation steps and plural washings with measured reagents has largely limited these procedures to large hospital and reference clinical laboratories where highly trained personnel and sophisticated equipment are avail-able to perform the assays. As a result, there has gone unmet a need for a simple and rapid procedure for conducting immuno-assays which employ a relatively simple apparatus to make such assays available for use in the physician's office and 7~;~2 even Eor over-the-counter sale to lay persons for use in horne health care programs.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a process for simply and rapidly performing ligand-receptor assays for the detection of a target ligand in a fluid sample" for example immuno-and immunometric assays and assays which exploit the hybridi-zation of nucleic acid oligomers which uses a simple apparatus and which does not require lengthy incubation steps.
The apparatus of the invention comprises, as a first mernber, a porous member such as a membrane or filter to which is bound or fixed a receptor for the -target analyte (ligand) being assayed, or to which is bound or fixed anti-receptor or which is capable oE separating from the sample being analyzed cells or cellular debris with which the ligand being assayed is associated to thereby fix the ligand to the porous member.
The first member has upper and lower surfaces. For example, in the case of immuno- and immunometric assays in which the ligand is an antigen, an antibody, preferably a monoclonal antibody, is bound to the porous member as the receptor. The apparatus further comprises, as a second member, an absorbent body having a surface over which the first member is placed and having capillary pathways therethrough generally transverse to its upper and lower surfaces. As used herein, the term "capillary" includes a capillary or other channel or pathway which permits a liquid to traverse the absorbent member. The second member is in capillary communication with the porous on the lower surface of the first member and is selected to have a capillary pore size so as to induce flow of liquid through the first member into the capillaries of the second ~257~
member without the use of external means when the hydrostatic pressure of the sample and subsequent addends used in the assay are not sufficient to induce flow through the first member. The second member may also provide support for the first member.
The assay of the present invention comprises the steps of adding a liquid sample suspected of containing the target ligand to the upper surface of the porous member whereby, as the liquid flows through the member, either receptor bound to the porous member binds soluble or suspended ligand in the sample at a rate that is substantially faster - 3a -; ~
b ~ , 1 ~Z575D~;~
than the rate observed in the absence of flow through the member or, if the ligand is on the surface of cellular material, -the cellular material is either bound by receptor fixed to the porous member or is en~rapped by the member as the sample flows through. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the addition of sample is followed by addition of a solution of another receptor for the ligand which is labeled to permit detection. For example, in an immunometric assay for antigen, a solution of antibody, pre-ferably monoclonal antibody which binds the antigen at an epitope which does not interfere with binding of the first receptor, is used. The preferred label is an enzyme although other labels, for example, a radionuclide or a fluorescent label may also be used. The antibody binds to the antigen previously extracted from the sample, either by the bound antibody or by entrapment of cellular material. The addition of labeled antibody may be followed immediately, or after a brief incubation to increase sensitivity by permitting greater binding of antigen and labeled antibody, by a washing step to remove unbound labeled antibocly. The presellce of labeled antibody on the porous member is then determined as an indication of the presence of the target antigen in the sample. In the case of an enzyme label this is done by addition of a solution of a color forming substrate to the porous member to allow the substrate to react with the enzyme.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a cross-section of an apparatus for performing an immunoassay in accordance with the present invention.
Figure 2 is a top view of a porous member used in the invention for removing antigen from a sample being assayed.
ESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
As noted above, the apparatus of the present invention comprises, as a first member, a porous membrane or filter to which is bound receptor for a ligand or to which is bound anti-receptor or which is capable of ~2575~2 filtering cellular material from a sample being assayed if the ligand is associated with the cellular material. In the last case, the membrane or filter is selected to have a pore size which permits this separation. Lny of a variety of filtering members may be used including glass fiber filters and filters of various synthetic or naturaL materials.
When the porous member has receptor bound to it, the receptor is selected for its ability to selectively bind directly with the target ligand. For example, if the ligand is an antigen, the receptor may be an antibody, preferably a monoclonal antibody. If the target ligand is an antibody, the receptor may be an antigen or anti-antibody. If the ligand is an enzyme, the receptor may be receptor for the enzyme. If the ligand is a nucleic acid, for example, RNA or DNA, the receptor may be a complemen-tary oligomer of DNA or RNA. In a preferred embodiment the first member is a membrane or filter to which an antibody preparation is covalently bound.
Preferably the antibody preparation comprises a monoclonal antibody even though polyclonal antibodies from antisera may be used. Techniques for poly-clonal and monoclonal antibody preparation are now well known and require no citation here.
The material of the porous member is selected from a material to which the receptor or, if used, anti-receptor can be bound. In the case of protein receptors or anti-receptors, e.g., antibodies or antigens, a preferred material is nylon which has amino group residues or into which such groups have been introduced by chemical means, which permit a protein to be coupled to it by the well known glutaraldehyde method. Antibodies can be coupled to glass fibers through aminosilanes. Other natural or syn-thetic materials which can be coupled directly or through intermediates to a receptor may also be used.
The foregoing stresses chemical binding of the receptor or anti-receptor to the porous member. However, in appropriate cases the receptor or anti-receptor may be coated on the porous member or be a particulate ~257~2 which is entrapped within the interaction o-E the porous member. Therefore, as used herein, the term "bound" is intended to embrace any means for fixing receptor or anti-receptor to the porous member.
The second meTnber is an absorbent member having capillary passageways generally transverse to the upper and lower surfaces. The second member is assembled with the first in a manner which permits direct communication between the pores or interstices of the first member and the capillaries of the second. Thus, as a liquid is applied to the first member and saturates it, the liquid is drawn into the absorbent member. As a result, flow can be induced through the first member when a liquid sample is applied to the upper sur:Eace of the first member even though the hydro-static pressure of the fluid is so low that unaided it could not flow through the first member without the application of pressure to force it through or a vacuum to draw it through.
The selection o:E material for the second member is not cri-tical and a variety of fibrous filter materials can be used. A useful material is cellulose acetate fibers oriented as in a cigarette filter. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other absorbent members made of polyester, polyolefin or other materials may be used in place of cellulose acetate.
Turning now to Figure 1, there is shown in cross-section a device which can be used with the apparatus of this invention to perform the assays. Thus, in Figure 1, a cylindrical container 10 although it may have any other appropriate shape is provided having an upper opening 12 defined by sidewall 14. The container may be made of glass, plastic, or other suitable material. As shown in Figure 1, container 10 also has a lower open-ing 16, in which is inserted a removable plug 18, to permit insertion of the porous member 20J a circular membrane or filter disc, and an optional member 21, whose function is described below, which rest on cylindrical absorbent member 22, which is also inserted through opening 16.
A portion of container 10 is constricted as shown in Figure 1 by ;;7~
reference numeral 24 to providc an integral funnel to direct sample onto the membcr 20 and to assure that effective washing of sample and other addends onto the member 20 is accomplished.
The size of member 22 and, therefore, the volume of the portion of container 10 below the constriction is pre:Eerably selected so that all of the liquid to be added to the apparatus during an assay can be received in and retained in absorbent member 22. ~leans for venting air (not shown in Figure l), for example, small ports, is provided in container l0, near the bottom, to allow displaced air to escape. Optionally, the bottom of container 10 can be eliminated and liquid allowed to pass through members 20 and 22 and exit the container through the bottom. Hol~ever, since the article is intended to be disposable and to facilitate the disposal of sample in a simple and hygienic fashion, it is preferred to use a structure shown in Pigure 1.
As previously noted, member 20 may be used to either filter cellular material from a sample or as a support for bound receptor against the ligand being assayed. In either case, the liquid sample may be applied to the member 20 by introducion throug]l opening 12. After it permeates the member 20 and the liquid is drawn therethrough by and into absorbent member 22, a solution of labeled receptor is added through opening 12 to member 20.
The labeled receptor then binds either to ligand bound to recep-tor on the member 20 or associated with cellular material trapped on the surface of 20. In the case of arl immunometric assay, if member 20 has a monoclonal antibody bound to it, and the labeled antibody is also a mono-clonal antibody, the two antibodies are selected to bind to non-interfering antigen binding sites as described in ~nited States Patent Nos. 4,376,110 and 4,486,530.
Preferably the soluble receptor is labeled with an enzyme although other conventional assay labels may be used in appropriate circum-stances.
~Z575~2 For example, a fluorescent label such as fluorescein or phycoerythrin or a radionuclide can also be used. Useful labels also include microspheres loaded with a colored dye or with a fluorescent particle. Among other use-ful labels may be mentioned liposomes or other vesicles loaded with a colored dye or fluorescent particles.
After the labeled receptor solution has passed through the member 20, a washing liquid is applied to member 20 to flush unbound labeled recep-tor from member 20 and into member 22. 'rhe sloping structure of the walls 24 provides an integral funnel to facilitate application of the washing liquid to the walls to remove adhered residue of the labeled receptor solution.
The addition of labeled receptor solution and washing liquid to the member 20 may be preceded by brief incubatioll periods to permit more ex-tensive binding by receptor or ligand in solutions trapped on, or in the interstices of member 20 and, thereby, increase the sensitivity of the assay.
We have found, however, that such incubation steps are either unnecessary or may be very brief, i.e., generally on the order of 60 seconds or less.
The flow of solutions containing ligand or labeled receptor through the mem-ber 20 results in a substantially faster rate of binding than is observed in the absence of flow.
If the receptor label is an enzyme, after washing to remove un-bound receptor from member 20, a solution of the enzyme substrate is added to member 20. If the target ligand is bound either to receptor bound to member 20 or to cellular material on member 20, the ligand will have bound to it a portion of labeled receptor. The enzyme will cause the substrate to react and generate, if properly selected, a visual color change.
We have found that when cellulose acetate is used as the material for the absorbent member 22 it may bind labeled receptor non-specifically at its upper surface. Accordingly, some visual color change may occur at this surface just under the member 20. To avoid this color change being ~2~
visualized through member 20, a separating member (designated 21 in Figure 1) of porous polyethylene or other material which does not bind receptor non-specifically is preferably disposed between members 20 and 22.
Turning now to Figure 2, there is shown a top view of member 20.
The phantom line 26 represents the outer circumference of the area 28 in which ligand is bound i71 a preferred embodiment. This area has a diameter less than the diameter of the restriction formed by walls 24 at its narrow-est point. Thus, when an enzyme is used as the receptor label the follow-ing results may occur: ~1) the development of more color in the area 28 than in the periphery of member 20 will be read as a positive result;
(2) if no color development is observed in member 20, a negative result is read; (3) if after washing some labeled receptor remains in the member 20, a modest color change which is uniform over the entire visible surface may occur. Such result is also interpreted as negative.
The foregoing is a general description of the apparatus and process of the invention. We have found it useful in perorming immuno-assays from introduction of sample to reading a positive result in less than five minutes. 'I'hus, in a specific example, a monoclonal antibody against human choriogonadotropin (~ICG), an antigen which is elevated in the urine of pregnant women, is bound to a porous nylon membrane using the glutaraldehyde technique and placed in a container such as 10 in Figure 1 and supported there by an absorbent member of cellulose acetate but separated therefrom by a disc of porous polyethylene.
Samples of urine (4 ml containing 0 and 50 mIU/ml of HCG) were added to the apparatus described and drawn through members 20 and 21 into the absorbent material 22. Three (3) drops of a solution of second monoclonal antibody against HCG to which is bound alkaline phos-phatase were then added. After a brief incubation, about l minute, during which time the conjugate is drawn through member 20, 4 ml of water was added to remove unbound antibody from member 20. This addi-tion was followed by three drops of a solution containing indoxyl ~2S7~
phosphate, a substrate for alkaline phosphatase. After two minutes no color developed in the device used to test the sample containing no HCG (0 mIU/ml). For the S0 mIU/ml HC5 sample a distinct blue color developed in the center of the disc within thirty seconds which became dark blue within two minutes. No color developed in the periphery of the disc.
The entire assay consumed about five (5) minutes. It will be appreciated that the sensitivity of the assay may be adjusted by varying the volume or incubation times.
Although the invention has been described using an assay for HCG as an example, it will be appreciated that a similar assay for other antigens may be constructed. The entire list of target antigens is too lengthy to be listed, but antigens such as IgE, prostatic acid phosphatase, prostate specific antigen, alphafetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, leutenizing hormone, creatine kinase ~B and other antigens in serum, plasma, urine, or other liquid media may be detected.
Additionally, liquid samples containing material having antigens associated therewith such as antigens associated with bacteria, parasites, fungi, or viruses including, for example, group A and B streptococcus, Neisseria qonorrhea, Gardnerella vaginalis, Trichomonas vaqinalis, Candida albicans, Chlamydia trachomatist hepatitis B, and cytomegalovirus can be detected by using a filter which will trap the cells or a filter to which antibody specific for the antigen is bound as member 20. Addition of a solution of a monoclonal antibody labeled, for example, with an enzyme, will result in binding of the antibody to the antigen. Washing and substrate addition will result in the color change associated with presence of the labeled antibody on the cells, which can be detected visually or by aid of an instrument.
If a label other than an enzyme is used, the procedure may be varied. Fluorescence of the membrane could be measured if a fluorescing label is used. If a radionuclide label such as 125I is used, the membrane can be removed and counted.
The foregoing has stressed the application of the invention to sequential immunometric assays with monoclonal antibodies, i.e., an immuno-assay using a first monoclonal antibody receptor on the porous member and a second monoclonal antibody receptor which is labeled. Sample is added to the porous member followed by labeled antibody. Other assay variants are possible. For example, in the case of an immunometric assay, the labeled antibody and sample may be admixed prior to addition to the porous member.
The apparatus of this invention may also be used in assays for an antibody which employ an antigen as first receptor on the solid phase and which use labeled antigen or labeled anti-antibody as the second receptor. The latter is particularly suited to allergy specific assays where the first receptor is an allergen bound to the porous member and the second receptor is an antibody, preferably a monoclonal antibody, to IgE.
In other cases, the IgG response to allergens may be measured similarly, i.e., by using an antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody against IgG, as the second receptor. Other antibody tests which can be carried out in this manner include tests for antibodies to herpesJ rubellas, hepatitis, cyto-megalovirus and ~ITL-III.
In another embodiment of the invention, the apparatus is used to perform competitive assays, i.e., assays in which the ligand receptor is bound to the porous member and for which the ligand in the sample competes with a fixed quantity of labeled ligand added to the sample solution or added following sample addition. Competitive immunoassays are conveniently run in this fashion using an antibody, for example, a monoclonal or poly-- :11 -clonal antibody preparation as receptor bound to the solid phase. Labeled antigen can be added to the sample before the sample is added to the porous member. Alternatively, it can be added subsequent to addition of the sample or concurrently therewith.
The apparatus of the invention can also be used to detect an enzyme by binding the enzyme's receptor to the porous member as the assay receptor. A labeled antibody against the enzyme can be used to detect formation of a receptor-enzyme complex on the porous member.
The porous member can also be based with a nucleic acid oligomer as a probe-receptor for nucleic acid material in a sample. The probe may be an oligomer of DNA, for example, complementary to a sequence in the nucleic acid of interest and can be used to bind either RNA or DNA as ligand as the case may be. Detection of the ligand-receptor complex can be done using a second nucleic acid oligomer complementary to a non-interfering region of the nucleic acid ligand of interest, the second oligomer being labeled to permit detection.
In yet another embodiment of the invention, the porous member may have anti-receptor bound to it. As used herein, the term "anti-receptor"
is intended to refer to agents which will bind se]ectively to the receptor of a ligand-receptor pair. For example, if the ligand is an antigen and the receptor is an antibody, for example, a mouse IgG antibody (preferably a monoclonal antibody), the anti-receptor may be an antibody, preferably a monoclonal antibody, against murine IgG. In other cases the receptor may be conjugated with a moiety which binds selectively with the anti-receptor.
For example, the moiety may be a hapten and the anti-receptor an antibody against the hapten. A preferred such hapten is fluorescein. In other cases, the anti-receptor may be avidin. In that case, the receptor will have biotin bound to it. In other cases~ the receptor may be a nucleic acid oligomer, or have such an oligomer bound to it, and the anti-receptor may
The foregoing is a general description of the apparatus and process of the invention. We have found it useful in perorming immuno-assays from introduction of sample to reading a positive result in less than five minutes. 'I'hus, in a specific example, a monoclonal antibody against human choriogonadotropin (~ICG), an antigen which is elevated in the urine of pregnant women, is bound to a porous nylon membrane using the glutaraldehyde technique and placed in a container such as 10 in Figure 1 and supported there by an absorbent member of cellulose acetate but separated therefrom by a disc of porous polyethylene.
Samples of urine (4 ml containing 0 and 50 mIU/ml of HCG) were added to the apparatus described and drawn through members 20 and 21 into the absorbent material 22. Three (3) drops of a solution of second monoclonal antibody against HCG to which is bound alkaline phos-phatase were then added. After a brief incubation, about l minute, during which time the conjugate is drawn through member 20, 4 ml of water was added to remove unbound antibody from member 20. This addi-tion was followed by three drops of a solution containing indoxyl ~2S7~
phosphate, a substrate for alkaline phosphatase. After two minutes no color developed in the device used to test the sample containing no HCG (0 mIU/ml). For the S0 mIU/ml HC5 sample a distinct blue color developed in the center of the disc within thirty seconds which became dark blue within two minutes. No color developed in the periphery of the disc.
The entire assay consumed about five (5) minutes. It will be appreciated that the sensitivity of the assay may be adjusted by varying the volume or incubation times.
Although the invention has been described using an assay for HCG as an example, it will be appreciated that a similar assay for other antigens may be constructed. The entire list of target antigens is too lengthy to be listed, but antigens such as IgE, prostatic acid phosphatase, prostate specific antigen, alphafetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, leutenizing hormone, creatine kinase ~B and other antigens in serum, plasma, urine, or other liquid media may be detected.
Additionally, liquid samples containing material having antigens associated therewith such as antigens associated with bacteria, parasites, fungi, or viruses including, for example, group A and B streptococcus, Neisseria qonorrhea, Gardnerella vaginalis, Trichomonas vaqinalis, Candida albicans, Chlamydia trachomatist hepatitis B, and cytomegalovirus can be detected by using a filter which will trap the cells or a filter to which antibody specific for the antigen is bound as member 20. Addition of a solution of a monoclonal antibody labeled, for example, with an enzyme, will result in binding of the antibody to the antigen. Washing and substrate addition will result in the color change associated with presence of the labeled antibody on the cells, which can be detected visually or by aid of an instrument.
If a label other than an enzyme is used, the procedure may be varied. Fluorescence of the membrane could be measured if a fluorescing label is used. If a radionuclide label such as 125I is used, the membrane can be removed and counted.
The foregoing has stressed the application of the invention to sequential immunometric assays with monoclonal antibodies, i.e., an immuno-assay using a first monoclonal antibody receptor on the porous member and a second monoclonal antibody receptor which is labeled. Sample is added to the porous member followed by labeled antibody. Other assay variants are possible. For example, in the case of an immunometric assay, the labeled antibody and sample may be admixed prior to addition to the porous member.
The apparatus of this invention may also be used in assays for an antibody which employ an antigen as first receptor on the solid phase and which use labeled antigen or labeled anti-antibody as the second receptor. The latter is particularly suited to allergy specific assays where the first receptor is an allergen bound to the porous member and the second receptor is an antibody, preferably a monoclonal antibody, to IgE.
In other cases, the IgG response to allergens may be measured similarly, i.e., by using an antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody against IgG, as the second receptor. Other antibody tests which can be carried out in this manner include tests for antibodies to herpesJ rubellas, hepatitis, cyto-megalovirus and ~ITL-III.
In another embodiment of the invention, the apparatus is used to perform competitive assays, i.e., assays in which the ligand receptor is bound to the porous member and for which the ligand in the sample competes with a fixed quantity of labeled ligand added to the sample solution or added following sample addition. Competitive immunoassays are conveniently run in this fashion using an antibody, for example, a monoclonal or poly-- :11 -clonal antibody preparation as receptor bound to the solid phase. Labeled antigen can be added to the sample before the sample is added to the porous member. Alternatively, it can be added subsequent to addition of the sample or concurrently therewith.
The apparatus of the invention can also be used to detect an enzyme by binding the enzyme's receptor to the porous member as the assay receptor. A labeled antibody against the enzyme can be used to detect formation of a receptor-enzyme complex on the porous member.
The porous member can also be based with a nucleic acid oligomer as a probe-receptor for nucleic acid material in a sample. The probe may be an oligomer of DNA, for example, complementary to a sequence in the nucleic acid of interest and can be used to bind either RNA or DNA as ligand as the case may be. Detection of the ligand-receptor complex can be done using a second nucleic acid oligomer complementary to a non-interfering region of the nucleic acid ligand of interest, the second oligomer being labeled to permit detection.
In yet another embodiment of the invention, the porous member may have anti-receptor bound to it. As used herein, the term "anti-receptor"
is intended to refer to agents which will bind se]ectively to the receptor of a ligand-receptor pair. For example, if the ligand is an antigen and the receptor is an antibody, for example, a mouse IgG antibody (preferably a monoclonal antibody), the anti-receptor may be an antibody, preferably a monoclonal antibody, against murine IgG. In other cases the receptor may be conjugated with a moiety which binds selectively with the anti-receptor.
For example, the moiety may be a hapten and the anti-receptor an antibody against the hapten. A preferred such hapten is fluorescein. In other cases, the anti-receptor may be avidin. In that case, the receptor will have biotin bound to it. In other cases~ the receptor may be a nucleic acid oligomer, or have such an oligomer bound to it, and the anti-receptor may
3~ ~7 ~
Z ~
be a nucleic acid segment complementary to a portion of the receptor oligo-mer which does not impair receptor binding with the ligand. Those skilled in the art will appreciate from the foregoing that a variety of anti-receptor:receptor combinations may be employed.
When an anti-receptor is used, the sample may be assayed in a variety of ways. For example, in a "sandwich assay" first receptor and second, labeled receptor may be combined with the sample to bind ligand prior to addition to the porous member. Alternatively, first receptor and sample may be combined prior to addition to the porous member, or added in the sequence first receptor then sample, to be followed by addition of labeled receptor. In such sandwich assays, the anti-receptor is selected to bind the first receptor and not the labeled receptor.
The use of an anti-receptor bound to the porous member makes it possible to simple development and preparation of the porous member use-ful in ligand-receptor assays. For example, if receptor is bound to the porous member, it may be necessary to modify the binding procedure in order to optimize the binding of each receptor required for a panel of assays.
~lowever, a single anti-receptor bound to the porous member may be employed in a plurality of assays. As a result, the development effort and manu-facturing procedures may be greatly simplified when such a ~miversal~
porous member is possible.
Z ~
be a nucleic acid segment complementary to a portion of the receptor oligo-mer which does not impair receptor binding with the ligand. Those skilled in the art will appreciate from the foregoing that a variety of anti-receptor:receptor combinations may be employed.
When an anti-receptor is used, the sample may be assayed in a variety of ways. For example, in a "sandwich assay" first receptor and second, labeled receptor may be combined with the sample to bind ligand prior to addition to the porous member. Alternatively, first receptor and sample may be combined prior to addition to the porous member, or added in the sequence first receptor then sample, to be followed by addition of labeled receptor. In such sandwich assays, the anti-receptor is selected to bind the first receptor and not the labeled receptor.
The use of an anti-receptor bound to the porous member makes it possible to simple development and preparation of the porous member use-ful in ligand-receptor assays. For example, if receptor is bound to the porous member, it may be necessary to modify the binding procedure in order to optimize the binding of each receptor required for a panel of assays.
~lowever, a single anti-receptor bound to the porous member may be employed in a plurality of assays. As a result, the development effort and manu-facturing procedures may be greatly simplified when such a ~miversal~
porous member is possible.
Claims (76)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. An apparatus for use in a ligand-receptor assay process for the detection of a target ligand in a fluid sample comprising:
a) a first member which is porous and to which is bound a receptor for the target ligand or to which is bound an anti-receptor or which is capable of separating cellular material with which the ligand is associated from the fluid sample, which member has upper and lower sur-faces; and b) a second member which is a body of absorbent material having a surface over which the first member is placed and having capillaries therethrough in a direction generally transverse to the surface over which the first member is placed which capillaries are in communication with the pores on the lower surface of the first member so as to draw fluid added to the upper surface which has permeated the first member into the capillaries of the second member.
a) a first member which is porous and to which is bound a receptor for the target ligand or to which is bound an anti-receptor or which is capable of separating cellular material with which the ligand is associated from the fluid sample, which member has upper and lower sur-faces; and b) a second member which is a body of absorbent material having a surface over which the first member is placed and having capillaries therethrough in a direction generally transverse to the surface over which the first member is placed which capillaries are in communication with the pores on the lower surface of the first member so as to draw fluid added to the upper surface which has permeated the first member into the capillaries of the second member.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the first member is a member to which receptor against the ligand is bound.
3. An apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein the first member is a membrane or filter.
4. An apparatus according to Claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the ligand is selected from the group consisting of antigens, antibodies, enzymes, and nucleic acid oligomers.
5. An apparatus according to Claim 1, wherein the porous member has receptor bound thereto and the receptor is selected from the group consisting of antibodies, antigens, enzyme receptors and nucleic acid oligomers.
6. An apparatus according to Claim 5 wherein the receptor is a nucleic acid oligomer.
7. An apparatus according to Claim 6 wherein the nucleic acid oligomer is a DNA oligomer.
8. An apparatus according to Claim 5 wherein the receptor is an antibody.
9. An apparatus according to Claim 8 wherein the receptor is a polyclonal antibody preparation,
10. An apparatus according to Claim 8 wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
11. An apparatus according to Claim 5 wherein the receptor is an antigen and the target ligand is an antibody against the receptor.
12. An apparatus according to Claim 11 wherein the antigen is an allergen and the antibody is an antibody against the allergen.
13. An apparatus according to Claim 12 wherein the antibody is an IgE.
14. An apparatus according to Claim 12 wherein the antibody is an IgG.
15. An apparatus according to Claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the porous member is of a material selected from glass or nylon.
16. An apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein the porous member i a member capable of separating cellular material from the fluid sample.
17. An apparatus according to Claim 16 wherein the porous member is a membrane or filter.
18. An apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein the apparatus further comprises a container for the first and second members having an opening to permit the addition of assay reagents to the upper surface of the first member.
19. An apparatus according to Claim 18 wherein the opening further comprises a section having sides which slope inwardly to define a funnel for direction of the added reagents onto the upper surface of the first member.
20. An apparatus according to Claim 18 wherein the bottom of the container is closed, the container being vented to allow escape of air displaced by added reagents.
21. An assay process for the detection of a target ligand in a fluid sample comprising indroduction of a fluid sample suspected of containing the target ligand to the upper surface of the first member of the apparatus of Claim ? to which sample has been added, or whose addition to the porous member is followed by addition of, a second receptor for the target ligand labeled to permit detection, followed by separation of unbound labeled receptor and detection of labeled second receptor, if any, bound to ligand bound to first receptor.
22. A process according to Claim 21 wherein separation of the unbound second receptor is by washing.
23. A process according to Claim 21 wherein the receptor bound to the porous member is selected from antigen, antibodies, enzyme receptors and nucleic acid oligomers.
24. A process according to Claim 22 wherein the receptor bound to the porous member and the labeled receptor bind the ligand at non-interfering sites.
25. A process according to Claim 23 wherein the target ligand is a nucleic acid oligomer and receptor bound to the porous member and the labeled receptor are complementary nucleic acid oligomers.
26. A process according to Claim 25 wherein the receptors are DNA oligomers.
27. A process according to Claim 26 wherein the target ligand is a DNA oligomer.
28, A process according to Claim 26 wherein the target ligand is a RNA oligomer.
29. A process according to Claim 23 wherein the target ligand is an antigen and the receptors are monoclonal antibodies.
30. A process according to Claim 23 wherein the target ligand is an antibody and the receptors are antigens.
31. A process according to Claim 23 wherein the target ligand is an antibody and the receptor bound to the porous member is an antigen and the labeled receptor is an antibody against the target antibody.
32. A process according to Claim 31 wherein the antigen is an allergen and the target ligand is an IgE.
33. A process according to Claim 31 wherein the antigen is an allergen and the target ligand is an IgG.
34. A process according to Claim 32 wherein the labeled receptor is a monoclonal anti-IgE.
35. A process according to Claim 33 wherein the labeled receptor is an anti-IgG.
36. An assay process for detection of a target ligand associated with cellular material comprising introducing a fluid sample suspected of containing the ligand on said cellular material to the upper surface of the porous member of Claim 16 to separate the cellular material from the sample, to which sample has been added, or whose addition to the porous member is followed by addition of, a receptor to the target ligand labeled to permit detection, followed by separation of unbound labeled receptor and detection of labeled receptor, if any, bound to ligand on cellular material separated from the fluid sample by the porous member.
37. A process according to Claim 36 wherein the separation of unbound labeled receptor is by washing.
38. A process according to Claim 36 wherein the target ligand is an antigen and the receptor is an antibody thereto.
39. A process according to Claim 38 wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
40. An apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein the first member has anti-receptor bound to it.
41. An apparatus according to Claim 40 wherein the receptor is an antibody and the anti-receptor is an antibody to the receptor.
42. An apparatus according to Claim 40 wherein the receptor is con-jugated with a hapten and the anti-receptor is an antibody against the hapten.
43. An apparatus according to Claim 42 wherein the hapten is fluorescein.
44. An apparatus according to Claim 40 wherein the anti-receptor is avidin and the receptor is conjugated to biotin.
45. An apparatus according to claim 40 wherein the anti-receptor is a monoclonal antibody.
46. An apparatus according to Claim 45 wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
47. An assay process for the detection of a target ligand in a fluid sample which employs the apparatus of Claim 40 wherein the porous member has bound to it anti-receptor to a first receptor for the target ligand com-prising addition of the first receptor, fluid sample and second labeled receptor to the upper surface of the porous member followed by separation of unbound labeled receptor and detection of labeled receptor bound to ligand bound to first receptor.
48. A process according to Claim 47 wherein the addition of the first receptor is followed by addition of the fluid sample.
49. A process according to Claim 47 wherein the first receptor and fluid sample are admixed prior to addition to the porous member.
50. A process according to Claim 48 wherein the labeled receptor is added to the porous member following addition of the fluid sample.
51. A process according to Claim 48 wherein the labeled receptor is added to the fluid sample prior to addition of the fluid sample to the porous member.
52. A process according to Claim 47, 48 or 49 wherein the anti-receptor is an antibody.
53. A process according to Claim 50 wherein the anti-receptor is an antibody.
54. A process according to Claim 51 wherein the anti-receptor is an antibody.
55. An apparatus according to claim 5, 6 or 7, wherein the first member is a member to which receptor against the ligand is bound.
56. An apparatus according to claim 5, 6 or 7, wherein the first member is a membrane or filter.
57. An apparatus according to claim 8, 9 or 10, wherein the first member is a member to which receptor against the ligand is bound.
58. An apparatus according to claim 8, 9 or 10, wherein the first member is a membrane or filter.
59. An apparatus according to claim 11, 12 or 13, wherein the first member is a member to which receptor against the ligand is bound.
60. An apparatus according to claim 11, 12 or 13, wherein the first member is a membrane or filter.
61. An apparatus according to claim 18, 19 or 20, wherein the first member is a member to which receptor against the ligand is bound.
62. An apparatus according to claim 18, 19 or 20, wherein the first member is a membrane or filter.
63. An apparatus according to claim 18, 19 or 20, wherein the porous member is of a material selected from glass or nylon.
64. An apparatus according to claim 18, 19 or 20, wherein the porous member is a member capable of separating cellular material from the fluid sample.
65. A process according to claim 21 or 22, wherein the apparatus is as defined in claim 2.
66. A process according to claim 23 or 24, wherein the apparatus is as defined in claim 2.
67. A process according to claim 25 or 26, wherein the apparatus is as defined in claim 2.
68. A process according to claim 27 or 28, wherein the apparatus is as defined in claim 2.
69. A process according to claim 29 or 30, wherein the apparatus is as defined in claim 2.
70. A process according to claim 31 or 32, wherein the apparatus is as defined in claim 2.
71. A process according to claim 33 or 34, wherein the apparatus is as defined in claim 2.
72. A process according to claim 37 or 38, wherein the separation of unbound labelled receptor is by washing.
73. An apparatus according to claim 45 or 46, wherein the receptor is an antibody and the anit-receptor is an antibody to the receptor.
74. An apparatus according to claim 45 or 46, wherein the receiptor is conjugated with a hapten and the anti-receptor is an antibody against the hapten.
75. A process according to claim 50 or 53, wherein the first receptor and fluid sample are admixed prior to addition to the porous member.
76. A process according to claim 51 or 54, wherein the first receptor and fluid sample are admixed prior to addition to the porous member.
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US4824784A (en) * | 1985-04-08 | 1989-04-25 | Hygeia Sciences, Incorporated | Chromogenic solution for immunoassay |
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1984
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1985
- 1985-05-10 IN IN360/CAL/85A patent/IN163952B/en unknown
- 1985-05-10 US US06/733,292 patent/US4727019A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-05-11 ES ES543068A patent/ES8702661A1/en not_active Expired
- 1985-05-13 NZ NZ212049A patent/NZ212049A/en unknown
- 1985-05-13 AT AT85902788T patent/ATE84619T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1985-05-13 MX MX205282A patent/MX161338A/en unknown
- 1985-05-13 JP JP60502364A patent/JPH0734016B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-05-13 ZA ZA853583A patent/ZA853583B/en unknown
- 1985-05-13 AU AU44017/85A patent/AU601357B2/en not_active Expired
- 1985-05-13 EP EP85902788A patent/EP0180638B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-05-13 WO PCT/US1985/000870 patent/WO1985005451A1/en active IP Right Grant
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- 1985-05-13 CA CA000481379A patent/CA1257542A/en not_active Expired
- 1985-05-13 DE DE8585902788T patent/DE3586983T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-05-23 CN CN85104030A patent/CN1008403B/en not_active Expired
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1986
- 1986-01-09 NO NO86860057A patent/NO168388C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-01-10 DK DK011186A patent/DK170352B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-01-10 FI FI860112A patent/FI91565C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-07-01 ES ES556866A patent/ES8800436A1/en not_active Expired
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1990
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1991
- 1991-01-04 FI FI910057A patent/FI91566C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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1994
- 1994-05-12 AU AU63075/94A patent/AU673907B2/en not_active Expired
- 1994-10-28 DK DK124994A patent/DK170353B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
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