CA1177738A - Method and apparatus for joining sheet material - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for joining sheet material

Info

Publication number
CA1177738A
CA1177738A CA000363427A CA363427A CA1177738A CA 1177738 A CA1177738 A CA 1177738A CA 000363427 A CA000363427 A CA 000363427A CA 363427 A CA363427 A CA 363427A CA 1177738 A CA1177738 A CA 1177738A
Authority
CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
adhesive
current
metal foil
web
foil
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
CA000363427A
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Ronald H. Brooks
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CA1177738A publication Critical patent/CA1177738A/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06H—MARKING, INSPECTING, SEAMING OR SEVERING TEXTILE MATERIALS
    • D06H5/00—Seaming textile materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/342—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint comprising at least a single wire, e.g. in the form of a winding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/342—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint comprising at least a single wire, e.g. in the form of a winding
    • B29C65/3428—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint comprising at least a single wire, e.g. in the form of a winding said at least a single wire having a waveform, e.g. a sinusoidal form
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/3444—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint being a ribbon, band or strip
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3472—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/3476—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being metallic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/4805—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the type of adhesives
    • B29C65/481—Non-reactive adhesives, e.g. physically hardening adhesives
    • B29C65/4815—Hot melt adhesives, e.g. thermoplastic adhesives
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/50—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like
    • B29C65/5007—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like characterised by the structure of said adhesive tape, threads or the like
    • B29C65/5014—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like characterised by the structure of said adhesive tape, threads or the like being fibre-reinforced
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/50—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like
    • B29C65/5042—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like covering both elements to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/114—Single butt joints
    • B29C66/1142—Single butt to butt joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43—Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/731—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/7311—Thermal properties
    • B29C66/73115—Melting point
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9131—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91311—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
    • B29C66/91313—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by measuring the voltage, i.e. the electric potential difference or electric tension
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9131—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91311—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
    • B29C66/91315—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by measuring the current intensity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9141—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature
    • B29C66/91411—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature of the parts to be joined, e.g. the joining process taking the temperature of the parts to be joined into account
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9141—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature
    • B29C66/91431—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature the temperature being kept constant over time
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91651—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
    • B29C66/91655—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by controlling or regulating the current intensity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/96—Measuring or controlling the joining process characterised by the method for implementing the controlling of the joining process
    • B29C66/961—Measuring or controlling the joining process characterised by the method for implementing the controlling of the joining process involving a feedback loop mechanism, e.g. comparison with a desired value
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
    • C09J5/00—Adhesive processes in general; Adhesive processes not provided for elsewhere, e.g. relating to primers
    • C09J5/06—Adhesive processes in general; Adhesive processes not provided for elsewhere, e.g. relating to primers involving heating of the applied adhesive
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
    • C09J7/00—Adhesives in the form of films or foils
    • C09J7/30—Adhesives in the form of films or foils characterised by the adhesive composition
    • C09J7/35—Heat-activated
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/729—Textile or other fibrous material made from plastics
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/732—Floor coverings
    • B29L2031/7322—Carpets
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/014—Heaters using resistive wires or cables not provided for in H05B3/54
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/026—Heaters specially adapted for floor heating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/033—Heater including particular mechanical reinforcing means
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/19—Sheets or webs edge spliced or joined
    • Y10T428/192—Sheets or webs coplanar
    • Y10T428/197—Sheets or webs coplanar with noncoplanar reinforcement
    • Y10T428/198—Pile or nap surface sheets connected

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A method and apparatus for adhesively bonding together in edge abutting relationship two sheets of woven felted or other textile such as carpet using a joining tap which includes electrically conductive-metal foil or wires and an integral layer of heat softenable adhesive.
Electric current is passed through the foil or wires to thereby heat and soften the adhesive. A control circuit senses the voltage and current in the foil or wires and controls the current in accordance with an adjustable pre-determined value to heat the adhesive to a temperature at which the adhesive becomes tacky. The control circuit maintains the adhesive in the tacky state while the abutting edges which overlap the tape are adjusted as required to form the desired join. The control circuit is then adjusted to increase the current in the foil or wires to increase the temperature thereof and melt the adhesive so that it flows into the material of the sheets. The current is terminated when the adhesive is fully melted so that the adhesive sets to bond the edge portions of the sheets to the tape.

Description

117773~

This invention relates to an improved method of joining together fabric or other sheet material, particularly floor covering material such as carpets, and apparatus there-for.
Sheet materials, such as carpets, are commonly joined edge to edge by sewing the adjacent edges together.
In some instances, the carpet is "made", i.e., the edges are joined together, prior to the carpet being delivered to the site of its installation, although machines are now also avail-able for sewing the carpet in situ. However, such sewing is time consuming and therefore relatively costly, and many types of carpet or other sheet material are unsuitable for joining by sewing.
It is well known to join adjacent edges of sheet material, such as carpets, by adhesive means. More recently, adhesive bonding of carpet edges has become standard practice with the advent of both pressure sensitive adhesives applied to a carpet joining tape and heat activated adhesives on a carpet joining tape or backing.

Australian Patent No. 464,878 to Bostik dated February 13, 1970 describes a carpet bonding tape which consists of a layer of heat insulating materials such as paper, a layer of metal foil and an upper layer of a ribbon of heat softenable adhesive composition, the nature and thick-r " 1177738 ness of the ribbon of heat softenable adhesive composition being such that an adhesive bond is formed with the under-side of a carpet material when the tape i9 used in an operation in which the carpet material is pressed onto the heat softened adhesive layer. A woven textile material may also be embedded in the ribbon of adhesive material to reinforce the tape.
Many other forms of tape are known which comprise a layer of heat softenable adhesive composition laminated to a paper backing, with a textile reinforcement either secured to the backing or located within the layer of heat softenable adhesive.
Such previously known tapes are generally used in conjunction with a heating iron which applies heat to the tape, either through the backing or through the carpet, to thereby melt the adhesive which then engages with the carpet backing to thereby bond the carpet to the tape, and particular-ly to the reinforcing textile normally included within the tape.
While such tape and joining methods are relatively successful, difficulty has been found in applying the correct amount of heat and for the required period of time to assure that the adhesive correctly melts and bonds the carpet backing to the tape. Further, the application of too much heat to the surface of the carpet may result in damage being caused to .~ .

~7773~

the carpet fibres, particularly if the carpet is formed of a synthetic plastic material such as polypropylene, nylon or the like. Still further, once the carpet is bonded to the tape, any corrections in the pattern matching of the carpet or gaps which appear at the joined seam are difficult, if not impossible, to carry out.
Australian Patent No. 453,405 to Evode dated November 22, 1970 describes an improved method of joining sheet material, such as carpet, with heat activated thermo-plastic adhesives, wherein a tape comprising a strip ofmetal foil bearing a heat softenable adherent layer is used, the heat required to activate the thermoplastic adhesive composition being obtained by passing an electric current through the metal foil to thereby cause melting of the ad-hesive composition and bonding of the adjacent abuttingedges of the sheet material.
However, the apparatus required to provide the necessary electric current to the metal foil requires con-stant supervision by the operator to prevent the foil over-heating and thus damaging the sheet material and to assurethat the adhesive is melted throughout the length of the tape so that the sheet material edges may be properly joined.
Further, once the adhesive has been melted and the electric current removed, the carpet is bonded to the tape, thus ~:, l~l 7773~3 preventing corrections for pattern matching or closing gaps which may occur in the seam formed by the joined abutting edges.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for joining sheet material in edge abutting relation whereby the join can be nade relatively quickly and simply and yet any corrections which may be necessary can be easily carried out without disturbing correctly abutted edge portions.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide apparatus for use in controlling the heat applied to a heat softenable adhesive so as to enable abutting edge portions of carpet to be quickly a~d simply joined together.
In overcoming the problems of the prior art, the present invention provides a method of joining together abutting edges of woven, felted or other textile sheets, such as carpets, using a web which includes a strip of metal foil or electrically conductive wires and a heat softenable ad-hesive composition, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting the abutting edges of said sheets with said web so that the web overlaps said abutting edges, (b) passing an electric current through the metal foil or electrically conductive wires to generate heat there-in, (c) sensing the voltage applied to said metal ~7773~

foil or the electrically conductive wires~
(d) sensing the current flowing, (e) controlling the current flow to thereby con-trol the heat generated in the metal foil or electrically conductive wires to maintain a temperature therein at which the said adhesive composition iis softened to a tackiness whereby the adhesive releasably bonds the web to the sheets, (f) adjusting the abutting edges as desired to form the required join, 10 (g) thereafter increasing the current flow to raise the web temperature and thereby melt the adhesive, and (h) stopping the current flow to cause the melted adhesive to set and bond the said sheets to the web.
In a preferred aspect of the invention, the web comprises a backing of paper, such as crepe paper, a strip of aluminum foil overlying the paper, a layer of reinforcing filaments such as rayon, glass fibre or the like which extend substantially transversely of the web, and one or more strips of adhesive extending longitudinally of the web overlying the filaments or fibre. The web layers may be laminated together or sewn together by one or more lines of stitching.
It is also preferred that the heat softenable adhesive composition be a thermoplastic adhesive which becomes soft and tacky at a temperature of approximately 175C and which melts and is therefore able to flow into the :r ~

~77~3~

textile sheets at a temperature of between 190 and 250C.
The invention also provides apparatus for use in joining together abutting edges of woven, felted or other textile sheets, such as carpets, using a web which includes a strip of metal foil or electrically conductive wires and a heat softenable adhesive composition, said apparatus com-prising means for connecting an electrical power source to spaced points on said strip of metal foil or electrically conductive wires to enable current to be passed therethrough, means to sense the voltage applied to the metal foil or the electrically conductive wires and means sensing the current flowing therethrough, control means to regulate the current to a predetermined value which will generate heat sufficient to soften the adhesive composition without fully melting the adhesive, and means selectively operated to increase the current to fully melt the adhesive.
In one particular form of the invention, the apparatus includes a transformer adapted to be connected to mains power and to produce an output of approximately 30 volts which is applied to spaced points along the strip of metal foil or electrically conductive wires. Control circuitry limits the current flowing through the foil or electrically conductive wires to a preset value which generates sufficient heat in the metal foil or electrically conductive wires through resistance heating to cause the adhesive composition to become tacky.

While the adhesive is maintained in the tacky condition, the ~,~

~177738 abutting edges of the sheets are adjusted to form the desired join or seam. Thereaf-ter, the control circuitry is adjusted to increase the current flowing through the metal foil or electrically conductive wires to increase the heat generated thereby to fully melt the adhesive. The current flow is then terminated so that the adhesive sets, thereby bonding the web to the textile sheets.
An embodiment of the invention will now be described for purposes of illustration with reference to the accompany-ing drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is an illustrative view of one form ofjoining tape in accordance with the present invention, Figure 2 is a circuit diagram of the control appara-tus of the invention, and Figure 3 is a plan view of two pieces of carpet to be joined by the method of the invention.
Referring to the drawings, Figure 1 shows a typical carpet joining tape for use with the method and apparatus of the present invention. The tape comprises a backing 12 formed of a paper material, such as crepe paper which is able to undergo limited extension in the longitudinal direction of the tape. The paper backing 12 provides a support for the subsequent layers of the tape as well as acting as a heat insulator. The paper strip is preferably of a width of approximately 3 1/2 inches.
A layer of metallic foil 14 of approximately 2 117773E~

inches in width extends the full leng-th of the tape and is substantially centrally located along the paper backing 12.
Reinforcing threads or filaments 16 are disposed on the metallic foil 14 and extend substantially trans-versely of the tape. The reinforcing threads 16 are prefer-ably a rayon or similar thread which is laid in zigzag fashion across the full width of the metal foil 14. Alter-natively, the reinforcing threads or filaments may comprise an open weave or net of textile plastic, glass fibres, metallic thread or wire.

The upper layer of the tape comprises a thermo-plastic adhesive material 17 substantially covering the metallic foil 14 and reinforcing threads 16 and having a plurality of longitudinally extending beads 18 upstanding from the surface thereof.

The backing 12, foil 14, reinforcing threads 16 and adhesive material 17 are secured together by a plurality of lines of stitching 19 extending longitudinally of the tape.

The metallic foil 14 is preferably an aluminum alloy of approximately 0.002 inches thickness and having an electrical resistance of between 1 and 5 ohms per 100 yards.
The adhesive may be formed of any suitable thermo-plastic adhesive material which may include waxes, both natural and synthetic, plasticizers and viscosity controllers.

:~g ~r' ~77738 A typical formulation of adhesive is as follows:
glycerol ester of rosin - 10 to 30 parts pentaerythritol of hydrogenated rosin - 5 to 15 parts pentaerythritol ester of primarlex resin acid - 10 to 20 parts pentaerythritol ester dimer acid - pentalyn 860 - 10 to 30 parts ethylene vinyl acetate - 5 to 25 parts natural or synthetic wax - 5 to 10 parts Referring to Figure 2 of the drawings, the control apparatus for activating the adhesive comprises a power transformer 22 the primary winding 23 of which is adapted to be connected to a mains power source of, for example, 115 volts a.c.. The secondary winding 24 of the transformer 22 produces an output of approximately 30 volts a.c. which is to be applied to spaced points along the length of the metallic foil of the joining tape.
The output power is controlled by a Triac trigger module 26 produced by Selectronic Components Pty. Ltd.. A power supply for the trigger module 26 is derived from a small transformer 27 connected in parallel with the power transformer 22.
A current transformer 28 is connected into the output circuit 29 to sense the current Olltput. Voltage . ~

117773~

sensing connections 31 are also made between the output cir-cuit 29 and the Triac trigger module 26. A current output indicating meter 32 provides an indication of the output current.
The Triac trigger module 26 controls the firing of a Triac 33 in the input circuit to the power transformer 22.
A rheostat 34 allows manual control of the Triac trigger module 26 to vary the operation of the Triac 33. Overload indicating, tripping and resetting circuits 36 and 37 are provided to protect the Triac trigger module 26.
In operation of the control apparatus, the output circuit 29 is connected to each end of the metallic foil 14 in a length of joining tape which is to be used to join abutting edges of a carpet or similar sheet material. The switch 36 is actuated so that current is caused to flow through the metal foil 14. The Triac trigger module 26 senses both the voltage and current outputs and, subject to the setting of the rheostat 34, controls the output currents to a predetermined level set by the rheostat 34. The impedance of the metallic foil 14 and the current flowing therethrough is thereby effectively monitored by the Triac trigger module 26.
The output meter 32 is calibrated in terms of the heating effect of the metal foil 14 whereby a full scale .~ .

reading of the meter is shown as "heat" and a midscale reading is shown as "hold". In operation of the apparatus, when the adhesive has been heated to a degree where it becomes tacky, the rheostat 34 is adjusted so that the output meter 32 indicates "hold". At this setting, the current applied to the metal foil 14 is sufficient only to maintain the temperature of the foil such that the adhesive remains tacky. At this position, tne join between the abutting edges of the carpet can be adjusted as desired. When a suit-able join has been made, the rheostat 34 is adjusted so thatthe meter 32 indicates "heat", and an increased amount of current flows through the metallic foil 14 to increase the heating effect thereof to thereby melt the adhesive composi-tion.

The output current is controlled by the Triac trigger module 26 varying the firing of the Txiac 33 in the primary circuit of the power transformer 22 in accordance with the predetermined setting of the rheostat 34. In this manner, the output current is a function of the input power and the Triac 33 operation Referring to Figure 3, abutting edges of the carpet pieces 38 and 39 are caused to overlap the joining tape along the length thereof so that the edges meet approximately along the middle of the adhesive material 17 on the tape, with the ` 1177738 adhesive material 17 being in contact with the backing of the carpet pieces 38 and 39. Leads from the output of the control apparatus are connected to each end of the metal foil 14 in the joining tape, and the control apparatus is switched on so that electric current passes through the metal foil, thereby generating heat in the metal foil.
When sufficient heat has been generated to cause the adhesive material; 17 to become tacky, the control appara-tus is set to the "hold" positi~n (the current output meter indicates a midscale reading), and the control apparatus maintains sufficient current through~the metal foil to main-.
tain the adhesive in the tacky condition.
When the adhesive material 17 becomes tacky, itacts in the manner of a pressure sensitive adhesive so that the carpet edges are lightly bonded together. However, the bond may be released by lifting either or both of the appropriate edge portions of;the carpet pieces 38 and 39 away from the joining tape in a direction at right angles to the plane of the tape to enable adjustments to be made to the join. Such adjustments may be required to enable pattern matching to be carried out and to assure that the edges of the oarpet pieces 38 and 39 are~closely abutting. When the join has been made as desired, the rheostat 34 on the control apparatus is adjusted so that the current output meter 32 indicates "heat" (full scale reading), thereby increasing the ,... .

, ~

-77~

current flowing through the metal foil 14 and increasing the heat generated therein. The adhesive material 17 fully melts and runs into the backing material of the carpet pieces 38 and 39 to thereby provlde a secure bond, when the current is terminated and the adhesive cools, between the carpet pieces 38 and 39, the reinforcing threads 16 the metal foil 14 and backing 12.
The apparatus of this invention enables carpet which has been joined with the tape of the invention or a similar tape to be "unjoined" by heating the metal foil in the tape thereby remelting the adhesive. If the join is to be released to enahle an adjustment to be made to the seam, the apparatus can be used as hereinbefore described to melt the adhesive to a tacky condition, whereby the adjust-ments can be made and the adhesive then remelted to finally form the seam.
The apparatus of the invention enables relatively long runs of joins to be made in a single operation. Thus, a length of up to 50 feet may be made in a single operation, or parallel joins of up to 30 feet in length may be carried out. However, the apparatus may easily be adjusted to enable longer lengths of carpet pieces to be joined if desired.
The tape of the present invention enables a carpet to be joined thereby to be stretched along the length of the ~ ~
~4-~17773~

seam. A stretch of up to 6 inches in a 50 feet long seam may be obtained. The stretch occurs as a result of the use of a crepe paper backing 12, a slightly "creped" or wrinkled metal foil 14 and the omission of longitudinally extending reinforcing threads which would otherwise prevent the tape stretching in the longitudinal direction.
Although the invention has been particularly described wlth regard to the joining of carpet pieces, it will be immediately appreciated that the invention may be applied to joining other textile or fabric materials, such as wall textiles or fabrics or other similar sheet material.

--a~

Claims (8)

The embodiments of the invention in which an ex-clusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:-
1. A method of joining together abutting edges of woven felted or other textile sheets, such as carpets, using a web which includes a strip of metal foil or electri-cally conductive wires and a heat softenable adhesive com-position, said method comprising the steps of (a) contacting the abutting edges of said sheets with said web so that the web overlaps said abutting edges, (b) passing an electric current through the metal foil or electrically conductive wires to generate heat therein, (c) sensing the voltage applied to said metal foil or the electrically conductive wires, (d) sensing the current flowing, (e) controlling the current flow to thereby control the heat generated in the metal foil or electrically conduc-tive wires to maintain a temperature therein at which the said adhesive composition is softened to a tackiness whereby the adhesive releasably bonds the web to the sheets, (f) adjusting the abutting edges as desired to form the required join, (g) thereafter increasing the current flow to raise the web temperature and thereby melt the adhesive, and (h) terminating the current flow when the adhe-sive has melted to cause the melted adhesive to set and bond the said sheets to the web.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said web comprises a backing strip of paper material, a strip of aluminium foil overlying the backing strip, reinforcing threads or filaments on said foil and extending substan-tially transversely of said strip and one or more strips of thermoplastic adhesive extending along said foil, the layers being laminated, adhered or sewn together to form an elongated joining tape.
3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the current flow is controlled by selectively controlling the triggering of a Triac in the primary circuit of a power transformer, the secondary circuit of which is connected to said metal foil or electrically conductive wires.
4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the adhesive composition becomes tacky at a temperature of bet-ween 160°C and 180°C and melts to a flowable condition at a temperature between 180°C and 250°C.
5. A method according to claim 1 wherein said textile sheets comprise carpet pieces.
6. Apparatus for use in joining together abutting edges of woven, felted or other textile sheets, such as carpets, using a web which has a backing strip of paper or paper like material, a strip of metal foil or electrically conductive wires reinforcing filaments or threads at least some of which extend in a substantially transverse direction, and a heat softenable adhesive com-position, said backing strip, metal foil and reinforcing material being secured together by a plurality of lines of stitching extending longitudinally of the web, said appara-tus comprising means for connecting an electrical power source to spaced points on said strip of metal foil or wires to enable current to be passed therethrough, means to sense the voltage applied to the metal foil or electrically conductive wires and means to sense the current flowing therethrough, control means responsive to the voltage sensing means and the current sensing means to regulate the current to a predetermined value which will generate heat sufficient to soften the adhesive composition to a state of tackiness without fully melting the adhesive, whereby abutted edges of the sheets can be adjusted relative to each other to form the desired join, and means selectively operated to increase the current to fully melt the adhesive once the desired join is formed.
7. Apparatus for use in joining together abutting edges of woven, felted or other textile sheets, such as carpets, using a web which includes a strip of metal foil or electrically conductive wires and a heat sof-tenable adhesive composition, said apparatus comprising means including a transformer having an output of about 30 volts for connecting an electrical power source to spaced points on said strip of metal foil or electrically conduc-tive wires to enable current to be passed therethrough, means to sense the voltage applied to the metal foil or electrically conductive wires and means to sense the current flowing therethrough, control means including a Triac in the circuit of said transformer to regulate the current to a predetermined value which will generate heat sufficient to soften the adhesive composition without fully melting the adhesive, said Triac being triggered in response to sensed output current and voltage and the predetermined desired current value, and means selectively operated to increase the current to fully melt the adhesive.
8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 7, comprising a Triac trigger module to receive the sensed output current and voltage and to trigger said Triac, a controlling rheo-stat variable to vary the current output and an ammeter to indicate the output current, said controlling rheostat being operable to vary the output current by varying the trigger-ing of said Triac.
CA000363427A 1980-07-24 1980-10-28 Method and apparatus for joining sheet material Expired CA1177738A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/171,865 US4416713A (en) 1980-07-24 1980-07-24 Method and apparatus for joining abutting edges of sheet material
US171,865 1980-07-24

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KR (1) KR840001639B1 (en)
BR (1) BR8104750A (en)
CA (1) CA1177738A (en)
DE (1) DE3129339A1 (en)
FR (1) FR2487393B1 (en)
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Also Published As

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DE3129339C2 (en) 1990-07-12
GB2080727B (en) 1984-03-28
JPS64501B2 (en) 1989-01-06
BR8104750A (en) 1982-04-13
JPS57112460A (en) 1982-07-13
IT8123144A0 (en) 1981-07-24
FR2487393A1 (en) 1982-01-29
FR2487393B1 (en) 1986-01-24
KR830006520A (en) 1983-09-28
KR840001639B1 (en) 1984-10-12
IT1167550B (en) 1987-05-13
US4416713A (en) 1983-11-22
GB2080727A (en) 1982-02-10
DE3129339A1 (en) 1982-05-06

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