CA1165381A - Apparatus and method for controlling the adjustment of optical elements in an electrophotographic apparatus - Google Patents

Apparatus and method for controlling the adjustment of optical elements in an electrophotographic apparatus

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Publication number
CA1165381A
CA1165381A CA000363927A CA363927A CA1165381A CA 1165381 A CA1165381 A CA 1165381A CA 000363927 A CA000363927 A CA 000363927A CA 363927 A CA363927 A CA 363927A CA 1165381 A CA1165381 A CA 1165381A
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CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
background
line
stack
scanner
average
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
CA000363927A
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Paul J. Bradmon
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
International Business Machines Corp
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International Business Machines Corp
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Publication date
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Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CA1165381A publication Critical patent/CA1165381A/en
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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04NPICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/04Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa
    • H04N1/10Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using flat picture-bearing surfaces
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03BAPPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03B27/00Photographic printing apparatus
    • G03B27/32Projection printing apparatus, e.g. enlarger, copying camera
    • G03B27/52Details
    • G03B27/522Projection optics
    • G03B27/525Projection optics for slit exposure
    • G03B27/526Projection optics for slit exposure in which the projection optics move
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04NPICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/00002Diagnosis, testing or measuring; Detecting, analysing or monitoring not otherwise provided for
    • H04N1/00007Diagnosis, testing or measuring; Detecting, analysing or monitoring not otherwise provided for relating to particular apparatus or devices
    • H04N1/00013Reading apparatus
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04NPICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/00002Diagnosis, testing or measuring; Detecting, analysing or monitoring not otherwise provided for
    • H04N1/00007Diagnosis, testing or measuring; Detecting, analysing or monitoring not otherwise provided for relating to particular apparatus or devices
    • H04N1/00018Scanning arrangements
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04NPICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/00002Diagnosis, testing or measuring; Detecting, analysing or monitoring not otherwise provided for
    • H04N1/00026Methods therefor
    • H04N1/00031Testing, i.e. determining the result of a trial
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04NPICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/00002Diagnosis, testing or measuring; Detecting, analysing or monitoring not otherwise provided for
    • H04N1/00026Methods therefor
    • H04N1/00063Methods therefor using at least a part of the apparatus itself, e.g. self-testing
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04NPICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/00002Diagnosis, testing or measuring; Detecting, analysing or monitoring not otherwise provided for
    • H04N1/00071Diagnosis, testing or measuring; Detecting, analysing or monitoring not otherwise provided for characterised by the action taken
    • H04N1/00082Adjusting or controlling
    • H04N1/00087Setting or calibrating
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04NPICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/00795Reading arrangements
    • H04N1/00798Circuits or arrangements for the control thereof, e.g. using a programmed control device or according to a measured quantity
    • H04N1/00819Self-calibrating reading means
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04NPICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/024Details of scanning heads ; Means for illuminating the original
    • H04N1/02409Focusing, i.e. adjusting the focus of the scanning head
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04NPICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/024Details of scanning heads ; Means for illuminating the original
    • H04N1/028Details of scanning heads ; Means for illuminating the original for picture information pick-up
    • H04N1/03Details of scanning heads ; Means for illuminating the original for picture information pick-up with photodetectors arranged in a substantially linear array
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04NPICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/04Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa
    • H04N1/10Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using flat picture-bearing surfaces
    • H04N1/1013Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using flat picture-bearing surfaces with sub-scanning by translatory movement of at least a part of the main-scanning components
    • H04N1/1026Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using flat picture-bearing surfaces with sub-scanning by translatory movement of at least a part of the main-scanning components using a belt or cable
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04NPICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/04Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa
    • H04N1/10Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using flat picture-bearing surfaces
    • H04N1/1013Scanning arrangements, i.e. arrangements for the displacement of active reading or reproducing elements relative to the original or reproducing medium, or vice versa using flat picture-bearing surfaces with sub-scanning by translatory movement of at least a part of the main-scanning components
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04NPICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N2201/00Indexing scheme relating to scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, and to details thereof
    • H04N2201/04Scanning arrangements
    • H04N2201/0402Arrangements not specific to a particular one of the scanning methods covered by groups H04N1/04 - H04N1/207
    • H04N2201/0458Additional arrangements for improving or optimising scanning resolution or quality

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Exposure Or Original Feeding In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Variable Magnification In Projection-Type Copying Machines (AREA)
  • Automatic Focus Adjustment (AREA)
  • Facsimile Scanning Arrangements (AREA)

Abstract

Abstract The optical elements of a copier are automatically aligned by positioning the elements under the control of signals from an image-dissecting scanner. The scanner, mounted to receive the image normally pre-sented to the photoconductor, examines a master document placed in the position normally occupied by a document to be copied. Optical adjustments are made as a function of the examination of lines on the master document by the scanner. The contrast between a line and its background is maximum when optical elements between the master document and the scanner provide the sharpest focus of the line image to the scanner. Signals from the scanner for a plurality of lines on the master document determine optimum posi-tioning of the optical elements. The scanner deter-mines the apparent spacing between lines, which are a known distance apart on the master document, to position the optical elements for a desired magnifica-tion. The positions of selected lines, examined by the scanner, relative to absolute reference points are used to align the master document support for subsequent copying of original documents.

Digitized light-level value samples from the scanner are pushed into a last-in/first-out stack. A value significantly less than the average of the values in the stack indicates that the scanner has found a line. A plurality of scans of the line are then made while adjusting the optical elements. Corresponding light values are pushed into the stack and the average of the values stored in the stack is calculated. If the average is greater than previously calculated averages, a number of additional scans are made to insure that the best focus adjustment has been identified.

Description

i ~1653~

APPA~ATUS AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING
__.__ ~_ ___ __ ___ _ _ THE AWUS'rMENT OE~ OPTICAL ELEMENTS IN AN
ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC A PARATUS

BackcJroulld o~ the Inven-tion __~ _____ , Field of the _nvention The invention relates to an electrophotographic appa-ratus and, more particularly, to automatically deter-mining and achieving optimum optical focus therein.

Description of_ _e Prior Art .
An electrophotographic apparatus, for example a copier using xerocJraphic principles, focuses an illuminated image of an original document on a photoconductive surface. The surf~ce is selectively charged and discharged in accordance with the image.
Copies of the original result from the transfer of a developing material from this surface to the cop~
medium. A basic determinant of copy quality is therefore the accuracy of the image focus. Since the image is usually scanned onto the photoconductor by a moving reflector, another important factor in copy quality is the accuracy of the relationships among the scanning elements. Copiers often permit the copy to be smaller than the original, an affect obtained by optical manipulation. The accuracy of this manipu-lation will have a significant affect on copy qual-ity. A document glhss is normally used to position the original document. The placement of index marks on the glass relative to the image ultimately formed on the photoconductor surface significantly affects copy quality.

~ l ~; 5 ~

Assuming that the above fac-tors affec-ting copy quality can be accuL-ately adjusted and aligned initicll]y, with time, the copy quality will, never-t}leless, deteriorate due -to mechanical wear, slippage, stretch-ing and the like.

It is, therefore, evident that an accurate ini-tial adjustment and alignment technique is essential to the manufacture of a high-quality copier and that if this technique is simple, the same technique will be useful in main-taining -tlle operation of a copier.

Typically, adjustment of lenses, lights, carriages, fiber optic bundles, reflectors, mirrors, documellt glasses, etc. has been performed manually by skilled technicians. For example, the photoconductor surface may be replaced Wit}l a temporary screen for viewing the image durillg adjustment. The technician then adjusts the copier elements for the best apparent focus. Depending upon the complexity of the copier, the "best" focus may occur for different adjustments depending upon, for example, what part of the original document is scanned or whether the copy is beiny reduced; Among the problems with this approach i5 the difficulty of imitating the actual copier opera-tion (such as scanning), the requirement that a "best" focus be selected from among several possible best foci, reliance upon the technician's subjective evaluation of focus and the normal human failings resulting from fatigue and inattention. In addition, this approach is slow and gives inconsistant, as well as inaccurate, results. As the copier gets smaller and more complex, it becomes ever more difficult to quickly make the accurate adjustments necessary for an economically manufacturable copier.

3 ~ ~

The prior art discloses some attempts to millimize the manual steps involved in adjus-tillg and alignillc3 copiers. Ill U.S. Patent No. 3,S10,219, a variety of manual adjustmellts are facilitated by providincJ a leveling device for the document glass, a ulliversally adjustable lens mounting, and the like. It is also known to place a television ca;nera in a position which permits the technician to conveniently view the image essentially as it would appear on the photocon-ductor surface. Accuracy of adjustment and alignmenthas also been increased by substituting, during manufacture, a narrow beam of coherent light for the light source normally used during copying. None of these approaches eliminates all the manual steps and, therefore, to some extent, they all share the short-comings lnherent in humans.

Par-tially automated focusing and alignment systems are known in the prior art. In U.S. Patent No.
3,623,790, a servo loop maintains a constant spacing between a Lens and a film plane to both guarantee focus and avoid contact with the film. In U.S.
Patent No. 4,007,326, an electrical analog of a copy image is compared with an electrical analog of an original image. ~he copy and the original are - 25 adjusted until a comparison circuit connected to a television monitor causes the television images to cancel--indicating correc-t focus. U.S. Patent No.
~- 3,662,662 uses two optical systems to illuminate two photo cells. If one optical system is adjusted ; 30 identically to the other (reference) system, both cells will be equally illuminated--indicating correct focus. All the foregoing require either human judg-ment, duplicate optics or rlgidly-fixed adjustment parameters.

3 3. ~ 3 3 1 ~-ttempts have been made to completely remove the subjective lluman element from tlle determination of focus. In U.S. Patent No. 3,691,922, the pOillt of sharpest focus occurs when a phctocell detects a predetermilled brightlless/darklless dis-tribution. In U.S. Patent No. 3,593,286, an electronic image dissec-tor tube is used to electronically scan an opticalimage and store electrical signals of the image for subse~uently establishing similarities or changes between successive images. An electronic light sensor mechallically scans an image to ~ete~nine the point of best focus in the Focatro~ Model P-122 marketed by Lo~e-tronics, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia.
In the foregoing, changes in light distribution are analyzed and the plane of sharpes-t image is recognized when the largest number of tarqet objects is recog-nized. An ITT ~lodel F4100 Vidissector*camera tube used i.n ITT Model F5019 camera unit marketed by the ITT Aerospace/Optical Division, Fort Wayne, Indiana, electronically scans an image and supplies signals indicative of image light levels. A suggested proce-dure for determining the sharpest vidissector camera focus includes the step of monitoring the video output for maximum white level and dark levei response.
In an IBM TECHNICAL DISCLOSURE BULLETIN article published July, 1972, pages 504-505, focusing is .
automatically adjusted as a function of a comparison between the widths of photocurrent pulses from light .de.tectors.

Summary o _the Invention .
The invention automatically adjusts and aligns a copier's optical system during manufacture and prior to normal use as described in Canadian Patent No.
1,141,211, issued February. 15, 1983, "Auto-* Trade Maxk .

"' ~ .

5 3 ~3 1 matic Alignment of Optical Elemen-ts in an Electro-photograpl1ic Apparatus~, by I. P. ~irdsall, P. J.
Bradmon, D. L. Buddillg-ton, V. H. Garcia and D. S.
Nelson, assigned to International Business Machines Corporation. The position on the document glass normally occupied by an original document is filled by a master document carrying an alignment target of specially placed lines. The target is illuminated by the copier's normal light source operated in its normal manner. For exampIe, in a scanning light system, a bar of light scans the target. At the position normally occupied by the photoconductor is placed an image dissector electronic scanning camera connected to control circuits. The control circuits control electronic scanning of areas on the target, receive information from the camera identifying the locations scanned, and control drive motors which reposition the camera to different target areas and adjust various elements of the copier's optical system.

In operation, the camera is positioned to a target-area having a line. A scan is made until the line position is located and, then, repeated scans o~ the line location are made while the optical system is ~5 adjus-ted in steps through various degrees of focus.
.
Light level is measured during the line location scan. The line edge position is initially identified by a drop in light level from a predetermined function of the measured (background) light level. When the light level drops, the background light level is stored for subsequent focus determination. This line is then repeatedly scanned while the optical elements are adjusted to change the focus. The controls record the degree of focus detected as a function of -the light level available to the camera during each scan--the lower the light level, the sharper the focus. Line focus is determined by comparing light levels, measured while scanning a line, witl- the previously stored light levels. The lowest light level, less than the stored background light level, is the focus value of the line. The operation is repeated for a number of preselected target areas, each containing a line.

In more detail, the light level detected by the camera at each point is diyitized, and digital data representing both the light value and the corre-sponding position are supplied to a processor. A
last-in/first-out "push-down" (or "push-up") stack of registers receives the digital data under the control of signals stored in the processor. Initially, the camera reads the background of the image before the line is encountered. Several successive, essentially identical, light values result. These are digitized and their average is stored in a "compare" location.
When a line is encountered, the light value will be significantly less than the light value for the back-ground (for a dark line on a bright background).
This point is identified as a line edge, its position is recorded~and the background average light value, in the "com~are" location, is also entered into every stack register. Then, additional light level readings of the line are read for different adjustments of the optical ele~ents. For each reading, each successive light value is digitized and pushed into the stack.
An average of the data in all of the stack registers is calculated and compared with the value in the "compare" location. If the calculated average is less than the value in the "compare" location, the former replaces the latter and the line is read again :

3 ~ ~

for another optical adjustmellt. If the average light value in the stack is more than the value in the "compare" location, the line is read five more times for five different optical adjustments. If the value keeps increasing, the value currently in the "compare"
location represents the value most different from the background value. This value corresponds to the "best" current focus adjustment for the line.

The master document is placed'into registration with 10' a fixed set of reference axes by finding -two, or - more, points on the edges of each of twoj or more, lines which should be coincident with, or parallel ~ to, corresponding ones of the axes. The position of ; each such point on a line is compared wi-th the posi-' 15 tion of a pOillt on the corresponding-line and the correction signals are sent to drives ~hich adjust the master document's position to bring its lines into alignmeDt with the reference a~es.

The optical magnification may be determined and adjusted by finding edges of, for example, two paral-lel lines on the document. The relationship of the apparent difference between the positions of -the two edges and a preselected quantity represe1lting the difference for a desired magnification indicates the accuracy of magnification. Correction signals may be sent to drives for adjusting the optical elements until the apparent dlfference between the position of the two line edges gives'the desired ma~nification.
~ The optical elements are then adjusted a small amount and the entire Iine scan operation is repeated.
After a plurality of repetitions, the best current ~'~ focus values are examined and an optimum focus value is selected. The optical elements are then adjusted to the position which gave this value.
.' ' . ;' ~ BO979040 5 ~3 '3 1 The foregoincJ and other objects, features and advan-tages of tlle invention will be apparent from the fol-lowincJ more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustra-ted in the accompanying drawings.

- rl scription of th_ Dr~

FIGURE IA is a schematic representation of a copier incorporatincJ the inventiorl. FIGURE lB is a plan view of the master document of FIGURE lA.

FIGURE 2 is a three-dimensional view of the copier optical system.

FIGURE 3 illustrates scanning of a test pattern on a mas ter document .

FIGURE ~ is a block diagram of a minicomputer.
~ ., FIGURE 5A is a schematic diagram of a miliicomputer output circuit for driving a motor. FIGURE 5B is a schematic diagram of a minicomputer input circuit operated by a switch.
.
FIGURE 6A is a block diagram of an image dissector camera unit. FIGURE 6B is a block diagram of an image dissector camera control unit. FIGURE 6C is a cross-sectional schematic view of an image dissector tube. FIGURE 6D is a diagram illustratiny an image on the tube of FIGURE 6C.
. . .
FIGURE 7 is a block diagram illustrating operation of the invention;
' , ' .~ , ' ~ B09790~0 3 ~ l FIGURES 8A-8C are flow diacJrams illustratillg opera-tiOIl of the invention.

General Descriptioll FIGU~ES lA and_lB

Referring firs-t to FIGU~E lA, there is SIlOwIl a master document 1 mounted on a documen-t glass 2 carrying lines in juxtaposition with the document glass so that light may pass through the document glass 2 to the lines on the master document 1 which may be a . transparent, transIucent or opaque slleet. A movable primary carriage 3 carries a li.ght source 4 which emits light reflected from a reflector 5 and a mirror 6 onto the Master clocument 1 as the primary carriage moves in tlle direction shown. The light is reflected from the master document to another mirror 31 carried on the primary carriage 3 and then to mirrors 8 and 9 .~ on a secondary carriage 7 movable in the directions shown. The liyht reflected from the mirror 9 passes through a lens 10 and then is reflected from a mirror 11 which is in fixed -elationship to a scanner camera 12. The scanner camera 12 is capable of scanning an image of an area on the master document 1 made avail-able to its optical input as a result of the light scalmed onto the master document from the lamp 4.
The limited area made available -to the scanner 12 is "dissected" by -the electronic circuitry associated with the scanner 12 and.digitized so tllat, at an electronic output from the scanner 12, there is .: available digital data representing light values sequentially scanned by the scanner camera 12 in the area determined by the light 4.

- Stepping motors 13-22 are provided t.o move the docu-ment glass, the carriages 3 and 7, the le,ns 10 and the scanner camera 12. Sensor swi-tches 23 are pro-.

`i 165~ l vided at various points to sense the limits of motionof the mechanical elements associatecl wi-th the system.
The steppinc3 motors 13-22 ancl the sensor switches 23 interact to provide predetermilled areas of eXaminatiOIl to the scanner camera 12 so that digital data is available indica-ting ligh-t values on areas of the master documellt 1 necessary to operation of the invention.

The digital data available from the scanner camera 12 is interpreted by input/outpu-t controls 24 and 25 which are connected via an input/output channel 28 -to a processor 29 having a s-toracJe 30. Signals essential for the scanner camera 12 to operate in accordance with the necessary scanning commands are provided to the input/output control 24 from the processor 29 in accordance with a logical se~uence partially recorded in the storage 30. The necessary movements of the master document 1 and the associated optical elements, for example primary carriage 3, secondary carriage 7 and lens 10, are accomplished by commands from the processor transferred to the stepping motors 13-22 by ~- way of sensor input/output circuits 27 and motion interface circuits 26.
~, ' .
The general configuration and operation of the appara-tus incorporating the invention will be understood by reference to FIGURE lB, which is a plan view of the master document 1, illustrating the areas I-IX made .
available to the scanner camera 12 for scanning operations. Areas l-IX are arranged into columns (for example I, VI, VII) and rows (for example I, II, III). The master document 1 is illustrated as mounted on the document glass 2 which is viewed from the side from which light is scanned. The scanning camera 1~
is moved in desired directions by stepping motors to , ' 3 3 ~
].~ .
position different columns on the document 1 relative to the camera 12. A primary carriacJe 3 is moved by a motor 21 to position differen-t rows on the document 1 relative to the camera 12. As tl~e motors 13 and 21 are stepped, they move the primary carriage 3 and the scanner camera 12 to make available to the camera 12 selected areas I-IX on the master document 1 one at a time. A reference edge and a reference corner are provided for the document glass 2 to initialize it~
pOsitioll and provide reference information for proper alignment. Initially, area I is broucJht into the imaging area of the scanner camera 12. When opera-tions are completed in the area I, motor 13 causes the scanner camera 12 to move to bring area II into ~ 15 i-ts field of operation. Similarly, motor 13 causes field III to be examined by the camera 12. Movement from area III to area IV is accomplished by moving the primary carria~e 3 via motor 2.1. Subsequently, . areas V and VI are reached by movement of the camera . 20 1~2 by motor 13. Area VII is reached by moving the primary carriage 3j and areas VIII and IX are reached by movement of the camera 12.

Still referring to FIGURE lB, t~ere are provided on the master document 1 a number of lines which fall 25- within the areas I-IX. For example, a line (coluMn), shown dashed for illustration, falls within the area . . I. When the area I is made available to the camera : . 12,.the camera 12 electronically scans area I until the vertical line is found. The position, that is the coordinates, of the point at which the line was found is recorded as digital data by the processor 29. Prior to findilig the line, the light values of the background, that is the non-line area, of the master document 1 are also recorded by the processor . 35 29..... Once the vertical llne in the area I is found, .

5 3 3 ~

the line itself is repeatedly scanned and the light values'for eacll scall are recorded by the processor 29. The optical elements, for example secondary carriage 7, are adjusted for each scan so that -the light vaIues recordeci by the processor 29 will be a function of the positi.on of the optical elements.
Utilizing the observation that the line will appear ' to be darker when it is in focus than when it is not - in focus, the light values recorded will be indicative of the apparel~t degree of focus of the vertical line in the area I for each different optical e'lement position. The processor 29 will monitor the light values, attempting to identify any light value that is less than the previous light value. Thus, there will be recorded, for each line,~ a light value that indicates "improved" focus. That is, improving focus causes the line to appear to get darker relative to the previously recorded background. When light values increase, (get brighter), the optical element 20~ adjustments may either be causing the system to leave the point of "best focus" or there may be a temporary 'perturbation in the system. The condition involved is identified by continuing to take readings during subsequent scans and adjustments of the lens system.
If the light values continue increasing thereafter, it is assumed that the poi.nt of best focus has been passed, and the value recorded'for that point is then : used. However, if the light values again decrease, it is assumed that there was a temporary perturbation and the lower values continue to be recorded as ' before until there again is an increas~e in light values. In this way, a value is recorded for the "'dar}~est" light value of the vertical line in the area I during repeated adjustment of the optical - 35 -elements. The adjustments of the optical elements are als.o recorded so that when operations within the B09790~0 ~ ~53$~

area I are completed, there is recorded, as a minimum, the position of the vertical line and the adjustmenks of the optical system whicll gave the "best" focus for tllat vertical line.

When the scalmer camera 12 is moved by the motol- 13 to examine the area II, another line is examined, as shown, in exactly in the same manner as just described.
Similarly, lines in areas III-IX are examined and the positions of the lines are recorded, as are the adjustments of the optical system to obtain the darXest, that is best focus, for each line. The positions of the optical elements for the:"best focus"
at each of the nine areas I-IX are then averaged -~ together to give the optical adjustment for an optimum ~ocus. It will be noted that this op-timum focus adjustment is not necessarily the same as the "best focus" for any one of the nine areas. However, as an alternative, statistical techniques may be used to iden-tify a statistically "best focus" which may~be superior to the average.

Once the position of the optical elements for the ; optimum focus is determined, the optical elements, for example carriage 7, are moved to that position - and necessary physical adjustments are made to ensure that they will be fixed in that position during ~ normal operation.
. , .
The camera 12 is then moved by motor 13 back to area VIII where there are two additional lines spaced a known distance apart. The area VIII is again scanned;
- 30 this time, however, while lookin~ for the two lines in turn. When one of the lines is found, its coordi-nates are recorded and the second line is searched for. When the second line is found, its coordinates . , .

. .

~ 16~33~

(representing the apparent spacin~ of the -cwo lines) are record~cl. The differellce between the coordinates, calculated by the processor 29, is a function of tha magnification of the optical system and is adjustable by moving the lens 10~ The processor 29 supplies si~nals necessary to step mo-tor 17 the necessary amount to adjust the magnification of the optical - system to bring the apparent spacing between the lines in the area VIII to tlle amount necessary for a predetermined amount of magnification.

The motor 13 then steps the camera to area VII to ayain bring the upper line into the image area of the camera 12. The alea VII is used a secon~ time, in oonjunction with area I, to ensure that the document ~lass 2 is properly aligned. This is accom-plished by finding the top line in area VII and recording its position. Then the primary carria~e 3 is moved by motor 21 to bring the top line in area I
into the camera 12 image area. The camera 12 scans - 20 for the top line and records its position when found.
The difference between the coordinates of the top line in area VII and area I is an indication of -the skew, or lack of aligmnent, of the document glass 2.
The skew is corrected by rotating a reference edge about a reference corner under the control of motors 15, 16 and 18 until the coordinates of the horizontal line as detected in areas VII and I are identical.
.
Opt1cal S~stem - FIGURES 2 and 3 Referring now to FIGURE 2, an optical system for an electrophotographic apparatus, herein called a "cop-ier", such as a copier, information distributor, - facsimile terminal, printer, etc., is shown. The purpose of the system is to scan a "footprint" of .

sos79040 '3 ~

light rom the lamp 4 across a document, for example a test pattern 1, placed on the document glass 2. In equivalent systems (for example flash, laser, etc.
illumination), the scanning teclini~ue is replaced by other illumination devices or by clirect deposition (such as ink jet). In the particular optical system shown, the image may be reduced in accordance with the setting of the lens assembly 10, but image enlarge-: ` ment is alternatively possible. For purposes of achieving proper initial adjustment o the opticalsystem durin~ the manuacturing process, seve~al additional elements are provided, and several addi-tional adjustments which are fixed in normal operation are available or manual adjustment. Most important, the normal position of the photoconductor (in a plain-paper copier--in a coated-paper capier, a non-photo- `
conductive paper support surface is the equivalent) is replaced with the scanner camera 12 ocused on the image~plane normally occupied by the photoconductor surfaee. Once the optical elements are adjusted to an optimum series of settings, as seen by the scanner camera 12, replacement o the scanner camera 12 by an optical photoconductor at the image plane examined by the seanner camera 12 will give optimum operation o the electrophotographic apparatus. The particular adjustments made in the apparatus of EIGURE 2 are those necessary to achieve the sharpest focus at the image plane, to place the relative positions of the optieal elements i.n~a position for a desired amount of reduction and to align the document glass 2 in aecordance with a predetermined set of reference axes.
. ~ .
In FIGURE 2, there is provided a set o rails 201 and 202 carrying carriages 3 and 7 which are movable on the rails by rotation o wheels 203 and 204. A scan .
~ ~979040 : `

.

S 3 ~3 ~

drive strap 205 is placed over pulleys 23.3 and 234.to drive, under control of scan stepper motor 21, the primary carriage 3. The primary carriage 3 is fas-tened to the scan drive strap 205 by a fastener 206, and there is additionally provided a clamp 207 whicl is attached to scan drive cable 208 threaded around pulleys 209 and 210. Thus, when the scan stepper motor 21 drives the primary carriage 3 by means of ~ the scan drive strap 205, motion is also imparted to the scan drive cable 208. The secondary carriage 7 is attached to the frame 235 which carries the pulleys 209 and 210. I~ the scan drive cable 208 is fixed in position, for example to a bar 211 at setscrew point 212j then the seconda.ry carriage 7 will move as the :15 primary carriage 3 moves. The rate of motion of the secondary carriage 7 relative to the primary carriage 3 is 1:2. A normal relationship is provided whereby the secondary:carriage 7 moves relatlve to a fixed reference, half the distance that the primary carria~e 3 moves, relative to the same fixed reference. The offset of the primary carriage to the secondary carriage, that is the .initial spacing at their closest or most distant position, is a function of where point 212 is attached to cable 208. This point is
2~5 changed in normal operati.on by moving arm 211 under the control of reduction drive stepper 20. Howeyer, ~ -~ during adjustment operations, the set point is not : fixed; that is, the setsarew 2I2 is loose permi-tting the scan drive cable 208 to slide freely without 30~ movl~ng the arm 211. A resolution stepper 19 is .
- temporarily provided to change the fixed position of : . the scan drive cable by moving the point of connec-: tion in accordance with the positlon of the arm 213.
Once a desired relationship between the primary carri~age 3 and the secondary carriage 7 is determined, by adjustment of the resolution stepper 19, the ' .
3~3 1 setscrew 212 i.s ixed in position and the resolution stepper 19 is disconnected. It can, therefore, be seen that adjustment of the optical elements can be easily acllieved by.stepping the resolution stepper motor 19.

The magnification, that is reduction capability, of the opticaL system can be changed by adjustment of the position of the reduction drive stepper 20 and also requires adjustment of the position of the lens assembly 10. The adjustment of the lens assembly 10 is achieved by moving the lens assembly 10 on rails 218 and 222 under the control of reduction drive motor 1~. The reduction drive motor 14 rotates a cam 230 which causes a cam follower 229 to move an arm 228 which, in turn, moves the entire lens assembly 10 by c~using plate 225 to slide on the rails 218 and 222 via wheels 223 and 224. The relative position of the lens assembly lO may be adjusted by sliding the lens 220 inside its barrel 221 in accordance with.
si~nals to a magnification motor 17 which drives an arm 219. Once the desired position of the lens assembly 10 is achieved, setscrews 236 must be tight-. ened to fix the lens 220 in the lens barrel 221.
Further magnification, that is reduction, adjustments are made by controlling the position~of the plate 225 relative to the cam 230. This is achieved by joint operation of the slot 226 and a setscrew 227 provided on the plate 225. A reduction adjustment stepper .. motor 22 moves arm 231 to place the shaft of the followe~r wheél 237 in the slot 226 at the desired position. The setscrew 227 is then.brought to that point to fix the relationship of the cam 230 and the plate 225.: Both the reduction adjustment stepper motor 22 and the magnification mo:tor 17 are provided for purposes of adjustment only.
., ~ B0979040 5 3 i3 11 :The document glass 2 is fastened to a bezel claMp 214which may be positioned, and thus pOsitioll the docu-ment glass, under the control of documellt glass stepper motors 15, 16 and 18. The stepper motors 15 and 16 emit the control of document glass 2 in two aXes. The document glass stepper 15 causes the document glass 2 and also the document glass stepper motor 16 to move re.lative to a fixed.reference as the document glass stepper motor causes a slidin~ in block 217. Block 216 moves in accordance with opera-. tion of document glass stepper 15, and, thus, motion in a direction 90 from.the direction caused by document glass stepper 15 is caused by operation of documellt glass stepper 16. Document glass stepper 18 causes motion of the bezel clamp 214 in one direction as the document glass stepper motor 18 causes sliding in block 215.

Referring now -to FI.GURE 3, the patterns on the master document 1 mounted on the document glass are shown in more detail, together with the relative physical : motions involved by driving the motors 13-22 shown in : . FIGURE 2. FIGURE 2 shows -the camera 12 focused on, and movable in, the image plane (that.is without ~ : changing its position relative to the image plane, by ; ~ 25 . motor 13). The document glass 2 is movable by bezel : . adjustment stepping motor~s 15, 16 and 18, movable in the directions shown by the arrows. The master doeument 1 is divided into three rows, each having three columns. The areas defined by the rows and.
~30 columns are designated as areas I-IX, numbered in the .
:: . sequence in which they are examinçd. The camera is : ~ . moved by motor 13 to access areas in its row; that is, areas I, II, III are accessed by movement of the camera 12. It is necessary to move at least the carriage 3 under the control of scan stepper motor 21 ~ .
~' ' . .

3 ~

to brinc~ ano-ther row of areas to the camera 12. Eor example, it is necessary to brin~ areas IV, V and VI
into the view of the camera 12 before the camera 12 can access those areas by movemellt under the control of mo~or 13. In FIGURE 2, motion of the camera under control of the motor 13 is shown by a white arrow, and motion of the carria~es 3 and 7 under control of the mo~or 21 is shown by a dark arrow. The arrows are numbered: #1, #2, #3, ~4, #5, ~6, ~7, it8, #9, #10, ~11, #12 to indicate twelve sequential steps of accessing areas I IX. For exampl.e, in step ~1, the camera 12 is driven by the camera motor 13 to access area I. Thén, in step #2, the camera 12 is driven by the motor 13 to area II. In step #3, the camera 12 is~driven to area III, and in step ~4, the carriage 3 is stepped by the motor 21 to bring a new row of areas IV, V and VI into the field of the camera 12.
Each area of the master document 1 is examined by electronically scanning the camera 12 for a specified indicia. As is shown in FIGURE 2, there are provided a number of lines, illustratively shown as dashed lines, on the master document 1. Dependin~ upon the step of operation, the camera 12 will examine differ-ent aspects of the lines. For example, when area I
is examined initially, the vertical line is first located, and once it is found, it is scanned twenty-one times for twenty-one-different optical element adjustments. Similar operations occur in areas II-IX. Once the last line in area IX is scanned, the tenth step takes the camera 12 back to area VIII
where two vertical lines instead of one are located for purposes of determininy magnification. Then, in steps ~11 and ~12, the two sèyments of the vertical line in areas VII and I are reexamined to determine the difference between the coordinates of their positions for alignlng the document glass 2 until the " ' .

' 3 ~ 1 coordinates are substantially the same. The following table summarizes the operations performed upon the master document 1 as shown in E'IGURE 3:

Area Step # Drive Motor No OEeration __ _ ___ 1 Camera 13I Find and Scan 2 Camera 13II Eind and Scan 3 Camera 13III Find and Scan
4 Carriage 21 IV Find and Scan Camera 13V Find and Scan 6 Camerà 13VI Find and Scan 7 Carriage 21 VII Eind and Scan 8 Camera 13VIII Find alsd Scan , 9 Camera 13IX Find and SCa '- 15 10 Camera 13VIII Find and Find 11 Camera 13VII Find 12 Carria~e 21 I Fin.~1 : , Control. Circuits - FI_ RES 4 and 5 . ' ' Referring now to FIGURE 4, there is shown a gen-eralized block diagram of a commercially available processor which may be utilized as the processor 29 in FIGURE lA. The particular processor utilized has associated with it input/output channel and storage circuits 28 and 30 and special circuits for dealing With electrical signals from external sources. For purposes of illustration, FIGURE 4 shows a processor '' 29 marketed by the International Business Machines Corporation as the IBM Series/l, Model 3, 4953 Pro-cessor. It will be understood that a detailed descrip-30' tion of this processor is not necessary because theinformation is'general'ly available. A description of the 4953 Processor is found in'a publication entitled "4953 Processor Description", Form No. GA34-0022-2, Third Edition, dated November, 1977, and publis~led by .

' J ;l~3~31 the International Business Machines Corporation. It will be understood that other processors may be substituted for the processor disclosed herein without affecting the operation of the inve2~tion. Another processor usab].e in the inventi.oll is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,086,658, filed October 4, 1976, by . D. E. Finlay, assigned to the Internatiollal Business Machines Corporation.
. ~ .
Central to the processor 29 ShOWIl in FlGUP~E 4 is a processor bus 400 to which are connected all the .~ operational registers and other elements necessary to the operation of a processor. Information is trans-ferred to and from external sources via an input/
: output channel 28 connected to the processor 29 by a channel address bus 401 and a channel data bus 402.
The storage 30 is attached to the channel buses 401.
and 402 in the embodiment shown. The information in the-form of digital data representations s:up~lied to - the input/output channel is placed on the chanllel address and channel data buses 401 and 402 and placed into storage and operated upon by the processor 29 in ~ ~ accordance with programs of instructions stored in -. :. . the main sto.rage 30 and interpreted by facilities in the processor 29. ~SimiIarly, results of operations 25~ within the processor 29 ar.e transferred to the in-put/output channel 28 via the address and data buses .
~ 401 and 402 under the control of programs of instruc-: ~ tions stored in the main storage 30. Locations in . . the main storage 30 are addressed by digital represen-:~ ~ 30 tations of storage addresses placed into the stora~e add~ress register 403. The data.at the locations specified by the stora~e.address register 403 is placed in storage data register 404. When the data in the storage data-register 404 represents instruc-3~ tion information, as opposed to data, the instructions - .

.
BOg79Q40 ' ~ ' ' .

J ~&~5.~ 3 are interpreted by circuitry connected to the opera-tion register 40$. Data is manipulated in an ari-th-metic and logic unit 406 in accordallce with the interpreted instructions. A local storage 407 is provided for a large number of specialized registers, coun-ters, and control devices. Additional registers and facilities are utilized within the processor 29 to enable the transfer o~ information on the buses 401 and 402 in accordance with operations specified by proyran~s of instructions in the main storage 30.
An assembly languacJe listing of a program of instruc-tions for configuring the control circuits to operate in accordance with the invention is incorporated herein. The commellts included in the listing are self explanatory.

.
Operations involving external devices, such as the operation of stepper motors and the sensing of signals from switches, are performed by sensor input/output circuits normally associated with the processor 29 and described in a publication entitled "IBM Series/l 4982 Sensor Input/Output Unit Description", Form No.
GA34-OOZ7-2, Third Edition, dated June, 1978, published by International Busine.ss Machines Corporation.
Referring to FIGURE 5A, there is shown a circuit for interconnecting digital data representations from the sensor input/output circuits 27 to the stepper motors 13-22. For purposes of economy, the operation of only one stepper motor 13 is illustrated in FIGURE
5A~ One series of digital signals frorn the sensor-input/output circuit 27 is used to decrement, that isstep downward, the stepper motor 13, and another set of diyital representations is used to increment, that is step in the other direction, the stepper motor 13.
The decrement and increment signals from the sensor input/output circuit 27 are supplied through drive 3 ~ ~

transistors 500 and 501 to a counter 502. The counter 502 may be stepped in either direction, but the exclusive OR circuit 503 guarantees that there will be a signal to drive transistors 510~513 only if it is stepped in one clirection and not if it is stepped simultaneously in both directions. The counter 502 outputs QA and QB are inverse outputs, and together with inverters 504, 509 provide signals to the field coils 514-517 of stepper motor 13 necessary to rotate the rotor 518 one inGrement in one direction for each digital puls-e from sensor input/output 27 placed into transistor 500 and in the other direction for every digital representation entering transistor 501. The incrementing is accomplished by utilizillc~ transistors 15 510-513 to appropriately switch the coils 514-517 in anticipation o~ an increment pulse received from the pulse generator 520 when a signal is received at either of the counter 502 inputs. The pulse generator 520 supplies a five hundred microsecond pulse through 20 an inverter 521 and drive transistor 522 to appropri-ately step the stepper motor 13, rotor 518.

Reerring to FIGURE 5B, an example of the connection of a sensor switch 23 to the sensor input/output circuit 27 is illustrated. The purpose of the circuit shown in FIGURE 5B is to isolate the circuits in the sensor input/output 27 from the potential source +5 when the sensor switch 23 is closed. This is accom-plished by illuminating the light emittincJ diode 524 - connected across ~the transistor 523 to activate the 30 transistor 525 when transistor 525 detects the occur-rence of light from the emitter 524. The transistor 525 is light sensitive.

.
' ' , . .
.
, ,:
~0919040 .
, .

3~

- Camera_Circuits - _IGU~ES 6A-6D

Referring now to FIGURES 6A-6D, an input/output control 24 and scanner camera 1,2 usable wi-th the invention will be described. The camera is an ITT
Model FS019 camera utilizincJ an ITT Model F~100 , vidissector,camera tube. The camera tube is mounted in the camera which is, in turn, connected to an input/output control which is operable to control the scanning of areas viewed by the camera tube and to supply, at an output conllected to an input/output channel 28 by way of a data processing in~ut/outp-lt connection 25, signals indicating tlle coordinates of the positions scanlled and digital data representing the light value of the points scanned. The vidissec-lS tor tube is a camera tube receiving an image on a photosensitive cathode which is scanlled in accordance with magnetic fields to place the apparent image at different pOSitiOIIS on a fixed scanning aperture. As shown in more detail in FIGURE 6C, an image entering the vidissector tube 601 appears in a plane 650 on one side of a translucent photosensitive cathode 651.
Deflection coils 657 and 658 control the position of the image from the cathode 651 to the aperture 654 . such that only the desired point of that image is projected througll the aperture 654. The aper-ture 65~ -has a fixed opening across which is scanned the entire image, one point at a time. The amount of light on the aperture 654 determines the magnit-lde of the electron beam impinging tllro~lgh the aperture at the time a particular point is scanned. Electron multiplier elements 655 amplify the signal to supply at an output 6S9 at the anode 653 a series of elec trical pulses representing the light values at sequen- !
tially scanned points on the image 550.
* Trade Mark ~ ~ 6 ~

Referring a~aiil to FIGU~E 6A, the focus coil 658 is driven by focus currel1t reg-llator source 604, and the deflection coils 657 are driven by deflection amp~i-fiers 605. ~ video co~lpler 606 couples the high voltaye vidissector 601 anode current to a video preamplifier 607 via line 659. A power supply 611 is connected to a high voltage power supply 610 whi.ch in turn drives the vidissector 601 through a voltage divider 608. Dynamic focusing is achieved by dynamic 10 focusing circuits 609 which allow the vidi.ssector 601 tube to have adjusted its photocathode voltage; In operation, the scanner camera 12 receives deflection signals for the X and Y directions at its deflection amplifier 605 so that magnetic fields are generated by the deflection yoke 657 to cause the vidissecto tube 601 to scan the image 650 and supply video - signals corresponding -to the ligllt values on the image at the video output of video preainplifier 607.

Referrillg to FIGURE 6B, there is shown input/output control circuitl~y 24 which supplies the X and Y
deflec:tion signals and receives the video information from the scanner camera 12. The input/output control circuit 24 connects to the data processing input circuit 25 which is connected to the processor 29 by way of the input/output channel 28 It functions to convert to deflection signals usable by the scanner camera 12 digital data received from the processor 29. Similarly, it supplies to the processor 29 . digital data representations of the video signals-which are a function of the light values of the .image. The processor 29 supplies to the input/
: output control 24 digital data words (twenty-eight bits each) representing X and Y coordinates at which the electron beam of the vidissector camera tube 601 is to focus a point. The X and ~ latch registers 675 , . .

.

3~

and 676 hold this informatlon until digital-to-analog converters 677 and 678 can supply analog siynals corresponding to the digital information held in the latches 675 and 676. Video illformation in the form of analog sigllals from the camera tube 601 is supplied to the video processor 679, which samples the signals and converts them to digital data representations which are converted to appropriate voltage levels usable by the processor 29 in the interface circuits 680.

- Op_ration - FIGURE _3, 7, 8A-8C

The operation of the invention will now be described with reference to FIGURES 3, 7, 8A-8C in particular.
Referring first to FIGURE 7, there is shown a block diagram useful in illus-trating opera-tions performed in the processor 29.- Tlle copier optics ele~nents, for exampIe the elements 1-12 shown in FIGURE lA, are enclosed within the copier optics block 701, and the electronic scanner digitizing circuits, for example those shown as elements 12, 24, 25, 28 in FIGURE lA, appear as scanner digitizer block 702. Blocks 703-713 illustrate areas within the input/output channel 28, processor 29 and storage 30 of FIGURE lA. Adjust-ments to the optics in FIGURE lA achieved there by ~25 stépping motors 13-22, motion interface 26 and sensor input/output circuit 27 are illustrated by the line labeled "optlcs adjustment 714".
, The operation of the invention will be described in sections based on FIGURE 3: finding a line, scanning -30 a line, checking magnification and aligning the docu-ment glass.

3~1 Finding a L_ne Referring to FIGURE 3, in each o~ areas I-IX, there lS an operation initially performed to find the loca-tion of a line and note its pCsitioll. Tllis is accom-S plished by moving the ¢amera 12 under control ofmotor 13, and carriage 3 under control of motor 21, to an area and initiating an electronic scan of that area. ~eferring to the flow diagram of FIGUR~ 8A, the camera 12 is reset to a home (area ~) position and a line edge "find" operation commenced. Referring to FIGU~E 7, the image in the copier optics 701 is digitized point by point by the circuitry 702. Data representing the light level of every point on the image area presented to -the camera-12 is digitally represented to level logic 703. As points on the document 1 are scanned, background light levels ~Jill, initialIy, be digitized. At least ten background light level readings are taken, averaged in averaging logic 704 and stored in a "compare" location 705.
Comparison logic 706 compares the average backgroulld iight-value in the !'compare" location 705 with the average of subsequent light values and updates the "compare" location to contain the current avera~e.
When the eomparison logie 706 detects an averaging logie 704 output significantly less than:the value in the "compare~' location (for example 80% of the baek-ground value), a signal indicating that a line edge has been sensed is-supplied. A position counter 707 is stepped to indieate the coordinates of every point sca~ned by the-scanner digitizer 702 on the master document 1. When the compar~ison logic 706 indicates that a line edge has been sensed, the current position eount in the position counter 707 is gated by ~ND
circuit 708 into a line edge location register 709.
~5 The comparison logle 706 eauses the average background .

" ' .

3~

level in the l'compare" location to be yated by'AND
circuit 710 into a stack 711 consistincJ of positions HLl-HL8. This stack 711 is kllowll either as a "push-up" or "push-down" stack, meaning that it operates on the principle of las-t-in/first-ou-t. The actual operation of the stack 711 need not necessarily correspond to this description. E'or example, it may - be accessed by a pointer digit maintained in a pointer register Which accesses one of regis-ters HLl-HL8 after another, without necessarily causing transfers of data among any of the registers HLl-HL8.

Scan Line Once the edge of a line within an area is located, the scanning operation will repeatedly cause the copier optics 701 to be adjusted, thus changing its focus, while simultaneously causing the scanner ' digitizer 702 to examine the line for contrast between the darkness of the line and the brightness of the background. The relative contrast may be reversed by providing a~ dark background and a light line and looking for the brightest image on the line. In FIG-~ES 8A and 8C, a "scan line, save data" operation is performed to calculate an averaye background liyht ~ value, load it into the stack, read line liyht values, enter them into the stack, compare the stack average ~ to the calculated background value and recognize when - the darkes-t line liyht value has been detected.
Initially, when the line edge is detected, the average background light value in "compare" location 705 is placed into each of the stack 711 reyisters HLl-HL8.
As subsequent points (on the line) are read, the corresponding digital values from the level logic 703 are pushed into the stack 711 register HLl and the stack ~or its pointer) is advanced. The digital .

: Bos7so40 .

` J ~6~3~

values in the stack 711 registers HL1-HL8 are averaged in averaging lo~ic 704 ancl compared ,to the "compare"
location 705 value by comparison logic 706. If the average of the values in the stac~ 711 is less'than the value in the "compare",location 705, the average value from t}le averaging logic 704 replaces the previous value in the "compare" location. This is achieved by gating of AND circuit 712 by comparison logic 706. The next point is then read. When aver-aging logic 704 detects that the current average of ', 'the light levels is equal to or more than the contentsof the "coinpare" location 705, the comparison logic 706 ' , , ca~lses five more readings to be takell. If the addi-tional readings give another light level average lower than the value in the "compare" location 705, that lower aVeraCJe is entered into the "compare"
location and readings are continued as before.
However, if all subse~uent readings give greater - average light values, it is assumed that lowest light level had occurred, and that light level (stored in the "compare" location 705) is used together with indicia of optics adjustment 713 which corresponds to that light level. That is, the condition of best focus is assumed to occur at the point at which the line appears to be darkest with respect to the background. -In FIGURES 8A and 8B, the 'ifind" and "scan" operationsare repeated for each area I-IX. Then the op-timum focus is calcul,ated, the optics are adjusted to give this ~ocus, and alea VIII is examined again.

ification Check ' - When the area VIII in FIGURE 3 is scanned a second time, two successive find operations are repeated for . .

1~53i~ 1 the two ou~side vertical lines in area VII r . The operations are identical to -tllose described except that the position counter 707 supplies two sets of ~ coordinates to the line edge location 709, one for each line. The processor 29 thereafter calcula~es the difference between the positions and relates it to the desired magnification. For example, if the apparent distance between the edges of the two lines is greater than desired, the magnification is too large and must be reduced by appropriate adjustmellt 713 of the optics 701.- In FIGURES 8A and 8B, areas VII and I are next examined again.

Document Glass Adjustlent The examination of areas VII and I in FIGVRE 3 involves the examination of the coordinates of segments of a single vertical line. If the documellt glass 2 is properly adjusted, the horizontal coordinates will be identical. As described previously, the line edge for each of the areas is determined and stored in the line edge location 709. If there is a difference between the data resulting from the examination of the single line in areas VII and I, appropriate adjust-ments via the optics adjustment 713 are made to the copier optics 701 until the line segmellts fall within one line, indicating that the document glass 2 is properly aligned.

~ Wllile the invention has been particularly shown and - described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

3~1 . .
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Claims (16)

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1. An apparatus for optimumly adjusting the optical elements of a copier to positions forming images of lines, on an illuminated background which have the greatest background-to-line illumination contrast;
including an electronic scanner for examining, at different optical adjustments, point-by-point, target line and background images and generating at an output signals identifying the amount of light re-flected at each point; wherein the invention is characterized by means for indicating the adjustment at which there is greatest contrast, comprising:

stack means, connected to the electronic scanner output for retaining, in each of a plurality of positions, one of the light level representations;

first means interconnecting the scanner and stack means for sequentially entering into the same one of said positions the light level representations at each current target point as the scanner repeatedly progresses across a target line and causing the contents of each position to be placed into an adja-cent position;

a storage register for retaining background light level representations;

comparison means, connected to the stack storage register and scanner, for comparing background light level representation in the storage register with the average of the representations in all of the stack positions and supplying at an output a first compari-son signal if average is less than the background and a second comparison signal if it is more;

second means, interconnecting the scanner, the stack and storage register, operable by a first comparison signal from the comparison means output, to enter into the storage register aforesaid average of the representations in all of the positions;

recognition means, connected to the comparison means output and to the scanner, operable upon the occur-rence of a second signal following a first signal, to supply an indication that the lowest light level representation has occurred; and utilization means, connected to the recognition means and to the scanner, for supplying at an output signals identifying the optical adjustment giving the lowest amount of reflected light.
2. The apparatus of Claim 1, wherein the recognition means is further operable by said second signal to supply an indication for causing a fixed plurality of additional scans of the target line to occur after an increase in the amount of reflected light occurs.
3. An apparatus for optimumly adjusting the optical elements of a copier to positions forming images of lines, on an illuminated background, Which have the greatest background-to-line illumination contrast;
including an electronic scanner for examining, point-by-point, target line and background images; wherein the invention is characterized by means for indicating the optical adjustment at which there is greatest contrast, comprising:

means for detecting, during scanning, the light level and position of each background point and line exam-ined and supplying at an output light level signals;

last-in/first-out (LIFO) storage means, connected to the detecting means output for retaining, in each of a plurality of storage positions, the light level signals and for retaining corresponding optical adjustment signals;

first means, interconnecting the detecting and the LIFO storage means, for sequentially pushing into the LIFO storage the light level as the scanner passes across a target line;

a background register, for storing signals which are a function of light levels;

comparison means, connected to the LIFO storage and background register, for comparing light level signals in the background register with the average of the light level signals in all of the LIFO storage posi-tions, and supplying at an output a "compare" signal if the average is less than the signals in the back-ground register;

second means, interconnecting the background register and LIFO storage means, operable by a "compare"
signal from the comparison means output, to enter into the background register aforesaid average of the signals in all of the LIFO storage positions; and utilization means, connected to the storage and comparison means, for supplying at an output signals identifying the optical adjustment at which the lowest amount of light is reflected.
4. The apparatus of Claim 3, wherein the utilization means supplies signals only after a fixed plurality of additional target points have been examined follow-ing an increase in light between two successive optical adjustments.
5. In a system, wherein focus is determined by scanning an image for the point of greatest illumina-tion contrast between a background and a line on the background, apparatus comprising:

scanning means, for examining the image point-by-point and indicating, as digital data, the illumina-tion value of each point examined;

background calculation means, connected to the scanner, for calculating and retaining a background illumina-tion value from the digital data resulting from the scanning of a plurality of background points of the image;

a data exchange bus, connected to the background calculating means;

a storage stack, connected to the bus, comprising a plurality of locations, each selectively arranged to exchange data either with the bus or with an adjacent location;

first control means, connected to the scanning, calculation, bus and stack means, for entering directly into each location the background illumination value and for pushing into the s-tack successive illumination values from the scanning means;

comparison means, connected to the background calcula-tion means and the stack, for indicating when the background illumination value differs from the average of all the values in the stack;

second control means, connected to the scanning, calculation, bus, stack and comparison means, for retaining in said calculation means the average of all the illumination values in the stack, if the comparison means indicates that the current background illumination value differs from the average in the stack; and third control means, connected to the first and second control means, for indicating that the illumi-nation value most different from the background illumination value has been retained in the calcula-tion means, and supplying the illumination value thereof.
6. The system of Claim 5, wherein the third control means additionally causes a fixed number of illumina-tion values to be pushed into the stack when the background value is greater than the average in the stack.
7. In combination:

a master document, carrying lines on a background;

an illumination source, operable to illuminate selected areas of the master document;

a scanner arranged to receive images of illuminated areas of the master document;

a digitizer, connected to the scanner, for supplying digital data representing the illumination intensity of the master document images;

averaging means, connected to the digitizer, operable to receive digital data and compute therefrom current averages of a plurality of successively received digital data;

a first storage, connected to the averaging means, operable to store the current averages one at a time;

a second storage, connected to the averaging means, operable to receive previous averages one at a time;

a comparator, connected to the first and second storages, operable when the current average in the first storage is less than the previous average in the second storage, to transfer the current average to the second storage; and controls, connected to the scanner and comparator, operable to cause the scanner to continue to receive images when the current average is less than the previous average and to cause the scanner to receive a predetermined number of images when the current average is not less than the previous average.
8. In a combination for automatically adjusting a copier optical system for optimum focus by deter-mining the apparent darkness of a line on a light background while changing the relationship of optical elements in the system to achieve the darkest apparent line; the invention comprising apparatus for indi-cating the optical relationship giving the darkest line; including:

receiving means, operable to receive the light level signals as the image is scanned, and to supply digital data representing the light levels and the optical adjustment corresponding thereto;

level logic means, connected to the receiving means, operable in accordance with the light level data to initially supply data which is a function of the light level of the background and, subsequently, when a first decrease in light level occurs, to supply data which indicates the light level of a line;

a first position means, connected to the receiving and level logic means, for recording the idicia of the optical relationship at which said first decrease in light level occurs;

a last-in/first-out storage stack, connected to the receiving means, comprising a plurality of individu-ally accessible storage register locations, operable initially to hold in each register aforesaid back-ground light level data and, subsequently, after the first decrease in light level, to receive in an input register aforesaid line light level data as data is pushed into the stack;

averaging logic, connected to the push-up stack , for receiving data stored in all the stack registers, calculating the average of the data and providing a best-focus signal when the stack average is less than a precalculated value; and second position means, connected to the receiving means and the averaging logic, for recording the optical relationship at which the best-focus signal occurs.
9. In the combination of Claim 8, the averaging logic further including means for continuing to receive additional line light level data after the best-focus signal occurs, supplying another best-focus signal only if additional line light level data causes the stack average to be less than the precalcu-lated value.
10. In a combination for automatically controlling the adjustment of a copier optical system by examining a number of lines on a background the invention com-prising apparatus for finding the edge of a line in accordance with the level of light reflected from an image carrying the line as points on the image are scanned; including:

receiving means, operable to receive the light level signals for each point of the image scanned, and to supply digital data representing the light levels and the position on the image of the point corresponding thereto;

level logic means, connected to the receiving means, operable in accordance with the light level data to initially supply data which is a function of the light levels of points on the background;

averaging logic, connected to the receiving means, for calculating the average of portions of the digital data, providing an indication of light level data that is significantly less than the average, and providing an edge-of-line signal when the line light level data is less than the average; and position means, connected to the receiving means and the averaging logic, for recording the position on the image at Which the edge-of-line signal occurs.
11 The combination of Claim 10, further comprising apparatus for indicating the apparent focus value of the line in accordance with the level of light re-flected from an image carrying the line as points on the image are scanned, including:

a stack, connected to the receiving means, comprising a plurality of individually accessible positions, operable initially to hold in each register aforesaid background light level data and, subsequently, after the edge-of-line signal, to receive in an input position aforesaid line light level data as data is pushed into the stack;

the averaging logic further including means for receiving data stored in the stack positions, calcu-lating the average of the data and providing a best apparent focus value signal when the average is less than a specified variable value; and aforesaid position means, recording identifiers of optical adjustments at which the best apparent focus value signal occurs
12 The combination of Claim 11, wherein the variable value represents the lowest previous average
13. The combination of Claim 11, further including alignment apparatus, for reqistering the position of the image with respect to fixed position refel-ence axes, comprising:

logic means, connected to the position means, operable in accordance with signals representing the posi-tion of a plurality of points on the same line at which edge-of-line signals occur, and signals representing the position of at least one axis to supply adjustment signais representing image position changes required to register at least one line on the image with at least one reference axis; and control means, connected to the comparison means, operable as a function of the adjustment signals to bring the image into registration with the reference axes.
14. The combination of Claim 11, further including apparatus for determining and correcting the accuracy of actual magnification relative to a predeterMined, desired, magnification, comprising:

logic means, connected to the position means, operable in accQrdance with signals representing the position of a plurality of pOintS, at least two of which are on different lines, to supply signals determined by the difference between pOints on different lines; and comparison means, connec-ted to the logic means, operable to supply correction signals for adjusting the optical system as a function of the signals from the logic means and signals representing the predeter-mined, desired, magnification.
15. A method for optimumly adjusting the optical elements of a copier to positions forming images of lines, on an illuminated background, which have the greatest background-to-line illumination contrast, comprising the steps of:

(a) examining, point-by-point, target line and background images while changing the optical element relationships;

(b) detecting, during scanning, the light level and position of each background point and line point examined;

(c) supplying, at an output, light level signals;

(d) retaining, in each of a plurality of storage positions, the light level signals;

(e) sequentially entering into a selected one of said storage positions the light level;

(f) recording the position of each current target point in sequence as the scanner progresses across a target line;

(g) causing the contents of each storage position to be moved to an adjacent position;

(h) comparing light level signals in all of the storage positions with the lowest previous value; and (i) supplying at an output signals identifying the optical element relationship at which the lowest amount of light is reflected.
16. A process for focus determination, comprising the steps of:

(a) scanning an image for the point of greatest illumination contrast between a background and a line on the background;

(b) changing the focus setting elements between each scan;

(c) examining the image point-by-point;

(d) indicating, as digital data, the illumination value and focus for each scan;

(e) calculating a background illumination value from the digital data resulting from the scanning-of a plurality of background points and the image;

(f) entering directly into each position of a last in/first-out (LIFO) stack the background illumi-nation value and separately storing the value;

(g) pushing into the stack each illumination value;

(h) indicating when the separately stored value differs from the average of all the values in the stack;

(i) indicating when the stack average is the most different from the background illumination; and (j) supplying the illumination value and the focus setting thereof.
CA000363927A 1979-12-17 1980-11-04 Apparatus and method for controlling the adjustment of optical elements in an electrophotographic apparatus Expired CA1165381A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/104,206 US4268165A (en) 1979-12-17 1979-12-17 Apparatus and method for controlling the adjustment of optical elements in an electrophotographic apparatus
US104,206 1979-12-17

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CA1165381A true CA1165381A (en) 1984-04-10

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JPS6022336B2 (en) 1985-06-01
JPS5694373A (en) 1981-07-30
US4268165A (en) 1981-05-19

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