CA1161901A - Induced polarization logging - Google Patents
Induced polarization loggingInfo
- Publication number
- CA1161901A CA1161901A CA000367300A CA367300A CA1161901A CA 1161901 A CA1161901 A CA 1161901A CA 000367300 A CA000367300 A CA 000367300A CA 367300 A CA367300 A CA 367300A CA 1161901 A CA1161901 A CA 1161901A
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- formation
- phase
- conductivity
- electrodes
- quadrature
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
- G01V3/18—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging
- G01V3/20—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with propagation of electric current
- G01V3/24—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with propagation of electric current using ac
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V3/00—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation
- G01V3/38—Processing data, e.g. for analysis, for interpretation, for correction
Abstract
ABSTRACT
"INDUCED POLARIZATION LOGGING"
An apparatus and a method for borehole measurements of the induced polarization of earth formations. The apparatus consists of an induced polarization logger capable of measuring both in-phase and quadrature conductivities in the frequency domain. A
method is described which uses these measurements to determine cation exchange capacity per unit pore volume, Qv, brine conductivity, Cw, and oil and water saturations, So and Sw, in shaly sands.
"INDUCED POLARIZATION LOGGING"
An apparatus and a method for borehole measurements of the induced polarization of earth formations. The apparatus consists of an induced polarization logger capable of measuring both in-phase and quadrature conductivities in the frequency domain. A
method is described which uses these measurements to determine cation exchange capacity per unit pore volume, Qv, brine conductivity, Cw, and oil and water saturations, So and Sw, in shaly sands.
Description
"INDUCED POLARIZATION LOGGING"
The invention relates to an apparatus and a method using electrical resistivity logging and in particular induced polarization logging to determine certain quantities of interest in clay-bearing sands. The term "induced polarization logging"
is used to describe a logging method wherein an electrical current is induced in the formation and then the resulting out-of-phase voltage is measured. In particular, induced polarization logging relates to measurements of the quadrature or reactive component of the electrical impedance of the forma~ion.
Electrical resistivity logging is one of the oil industry's basic tools for in-situ determination of hydrocarbon saturation.
Since 1942, the so-called Archie's empirical relations have been used to calculate oil (and water) saturations in clean sands. In shaly sands the exchange counterions associated with the clay minerals increase the rock conductivity compared to that of a clean or clay-free sand and the simple Archie relations are no longer valid. In the case of shaly sands, the so-called Waxman-Smits equation has been successful in accounting for the additional clay conductance and thereby permitting the quantitative evaluation of oil (and water) saturations in these formations. The above-mentioned relations and equations are known to those sXilled in the art and will not be described in detail.
The Waxman-Smits equation for 100 percent water-saturated shaly sands refers to the following equation:
C - 1 .
~ ( w Qv) ~1) where Cï = in-phase conductivity (mho-cm ) of the completely water-saturated formation '~.
6~9~
Fx = formation resistivity f&ctor as defined by Waxman-Smits Cw = conductivity of saline solution (mho-cm contained in the formation rock Qv = Waxman-Smits shaliness factor, defined as the cation exchange capacity of the shaly sand per unit pore volume of the sand (meq-ml or equivalent-litre1).
`~ = equivalent conductance of the exchange cations assoeiated with the clay minerals in the sand ~ormation (mho-cm2-meq 1). B is expressed by Waxman-Smits as a function of Cw.
F~ according to Waxman-Smits is described by the relation:
3~
F = ~ (2) where ~ is the porosity of the rock and m~is the cementation factor, usually varying from about 1.5 to 2.2.
The Waxman-Smits equation for the in-phase conductivity of a partially brine-saturated shaly sand is:
CI w ~ + v~ (3) ~ ~ w Sw ~
where CI' = in-phase conductivity (mho-cm ) of the partially oil-saturated shaly sand n = saturation exponent defined by Waxman-Smits S = fraction of sand pore volume filled with water or the water saturation. Note that S = (1 - SO) where SO is the fraction of sand pore volume filled with oil or the oil saturation.
1 ~ Bl~ ~
.
From the equations describing CI and CI', the expression for the Resistivity Index ~ as given by Waxman-Smits is:
CI S -n ~ w + BQv ~ (4) I = = w CI l C + BQV
w La~oratory measurements as well as current industry usage have confirmed the Waxman-Smits equations for CI, CI' and I as given above. Also the temperature dependence of ~ is given.
As currently used by the industry, the Waxman-Smits e~uation requires independent measurement of petrophysical parameters including the cation exchange capacity of the rock per unit pore volu~e ( ~ ). With known techniques it has not been possible to measure this quantity in situ.
Determination f Qv values general1y re~uires the use of expensive rock samples from the earth formations of interest, either obtained from cores or side-wall samples. Such rock samples are not usually available. Another disadvantage of obtaining ~ from core samples is that the sample may not be representative of the formation as a ~hole. Furthermore, even if Qv values are known at the specific depths where samples were taken, calculation of oil saturations are subject to large errors if the in-situ waters are fresh, i.e. contain only low concentrations of soluble electrolytes.
A known apparatus for obtaining an induced electrical polarization log of an earth formation includes means for inducing electrical polarization of an earth formation in a manner such that each succeeding polarization is in an opposite direction to the preceding one. A measuring circuit controlled by timing logic measures the induced electrical potential difference between two locations during two other time intervals in each cycle of operation. The measured signals are applied to a differential amplifier which produces a difference signal and 9~
during one o~ the two measuring time intervals of each cycle the difference signal is inverted. The signal which is not inverted and the inverted signal are integrated to provide an output which is a measure of the decay of the potential difference. From the above brief description it is seen that this apparatus applies a DC pulse to the formation, then measures the decay signal to determine the induced polarization of the formation. The decay signal is, of course, the result of the reactive component of the induced polarization and is related thereto.
Another known method for determining the electrical resistivity of a shaly formation the dielectric constant of the formation from the voltage decay. Previously determined correlations between dielectric constants and conductivity parameters from earth samples are used to determine the effect of shaliness on resistivity. As already indicated in the above, these known techniques are not suitable to measure the quantity Qv in situ.
The present invention now provides an apparatus and a method using electrical resistivity logging and particularly induced polarization logging to determine the value f Qv in-situ and the oil/water saturations, SO and Sw, in clay-bearing sands.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method and an apparatus for measuring the quadrature conductivity of the formation at discrete frequencies and to provide means for obtaining the shaliness factor Qv downhole without earth samples.
The advantages of measuring the quadrature conductivity at discrete frequencies, rather than from the voltage decay following a pulse, will appear hereafter in the detailed description which follows. Another object of the invention is attempting to define the oil saturation of the formation which is, of course, the most important information that is obtained from logging measurements.
The invention therefore provides a method for determining the cation exchange capacity per unit pore volume, Qv' and electrolyte conducti1Jity, C , of shaly sand formations comprising:
.
\~
inducing an electrical current in the formation; measuring both the in-phase and quadrature conductivity of the formation in response to said induced current; and, determining the Qv and Cl~ from the equations C = ~C + BQV) I ~ w Q F~ eff v Further, the invention provides an apparatus for induced polarization logging comprising: a sonde, said sonde having a housing formed of a non-metallic material and adapted for lowering in a borehole on a logging cable;
at least a pair of current electrodes and a pair of non-polarizing voltage electrodes mo~lted on said sonde at various spaced longitudinal positions; a source of alternating current, said source being coupled to the pair of current electrodes and supplying alternating current to said electrodes; a reference resistor coupled in series with said alternating current source, and located in the sonde; an amplifier means with high input impedance, said high input impedance amplifier being coupled to the pair of voltage electrodes; a phase detector, both-said series resistor and said amplifier being coupled to said phase detector, said phase detector comparing the voltage across said series resistor and said amplifier signal, said phase detector supplying a voltage signal proportional to the phase shift induced by the earth formation; a jumper cable having both a stress member and a plurality of conductors, one end of the stress member of said jumper cable being secured to said sonde and the other endof the stress member being secured to a well logging cable coupling head, the output of said amplifier being coupled to at least some of the conductors in said cable and the outer surface of said jumper cable being electrically I ~6~9~1 insulated; a logging cable, said logging cable being coupled to said coupling head; and, a recording means, said recording means being located at the surface and coupled to said logging cable.
The phase detector may be located in the sonde for transmission of the voltage signal to the surface, or it may be located at the surface.
In a preferred embodiment the apparatus further comprises analog-to-digital converting means, the amplifier signal from said amplifier being supplied to said analog-to-digital converting means for conversion to a digital signal, the voltage across said series resistor also being supplied to said analog-to-digital converting means for conversion to a digital signal; and the output of said analog-to-digital converting means is coupled to at least some of the conductors in said jumper cable.
In accordance with the teachings of this invention, a sinusoidal electric current is generated in the formation at a discrete frequency and the in-phase and quadrature voltage induced in the formation at that frequency in response to said current are measured. The apparatus of this invention consists of a non-metallic sonde containing a pair of current electrodes and a pair of voltage electrodes of the non-polarizable type. The sonde contains a high input impedance differential amplifier, a reference resistor, and a phase detector.
These elements are configured so as to avoid spurious phase shifts due to electrode polarization and interwire capacitance in the logging cable.
Voltage measurements may be made in the frequency domain. Either in-phase and quadrature conductivities, CI and CQ, or CI and phase angle ~ = CQ/C
are obtained from the voltage measurements and are corrected for the effects of finite borehole diameter, mud invasion and finite bed thickness. Corrected values for CI and CQ, together with à downhole measurement of porosity, are used in the equations:
1 IB~901 CI = - (Cw BQv) Q F~ eff to determine cation exchange capacity per unit pore volume, Q , and brine conductivity, Cw, in a 100 percent brine-saturated shaly sand. The parameter is the quadrature equivalent - 6a -9~
conductivity (mho-cm2-meq 1) for shaly sands. In an oil-containing shaly sand, the oil saturation S can be determined in addition from the equations:
CQ' = w FX ~eff Qv where SO w The invention will now be described by way of example in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a block diagram of the logging tool of this invention.
Figure 2 is an elevation view of the logging tool constructed according to this invention.
Figure 3 is an example of a borehole departure curve for a 16" ~ormal array in an 8" borehole at ?, frequency of 1 Hz.
Figure 4 is an example of a borehole departure curve for a 16" Normal array in an 8" borehole at a frequency of 10 Hz.
Figure 5 shows the values of the ~eff parameter, required to relate the quadrature conductivities of shaly sands to their respective shaliness factors, Qv' as a function of sodium chloride concentration present in the a~ueous phase of the sedimentary formation at 25C.
Figure 6 is a graph of the quadrature conductivity CQ' of a typical oil-bearing sand as a function of oil saturation.
Referring now to Figure 1 there is sho~m in block diaeram form a logging instrument which is capable o~ making accurate - ~6l~al measurements o~ both the in~phase and the quadrature components of the induced polarization signal at a discrete frequency. In particular, there is shown an AC current source 10 which is coupled to two electrodes 11 and 12 disposed in a borehole. The ,' 5 current should have a frequency of between l and 100 kHz and preferably in the range of 0.1 to 10 ~z. The signal induced in the formation by the application of the current is measured at two electrodes 13 and 14 and amplified by the high input impedance differential amplifier 15. The signal from the differential amplifier is supplied to the phase detector 17 which also receives a reference voltage proportional to the AC current across series resistor 16. The phase detector measures the in~
phase and quadrature components VI and VQ, or equivalently, the modules VR =~VI2 + VQ2 and phase angle ~= VQ/VI of the signal from amplifier 15 by comparing it with the reference signal across resistor 16. The in-phase and quadrature outputs of the phase detector are then sent to the surface to be recorded on a chart recorder 20 or supplied to suitable computing means not shown. It is well within the skill of the art to take the signals and program a general purpose computer to provide numerical outputs if so desired.
Although the system of the present invention has shown the phase detector 17 and reference resistor 16 as being located in the logging tool, it would be obvious to one skilled in the art to locate aforesaid phase detector and reference resistor at the surface. Under such an arrangement the signal from amplifier 15 is transmitted uphole. However, this arrangement would only be satisfactory using short lengths of logging cable because capacitive coupling in the cable would cause phase shifts not due to the induced polarization of the formation. It is also obvious that the reference resistor 16 could still be located in the tool while the phase detector 17 is located at the surface.
Under this arrangement both the signal from amplifier 15 and the reference signal from reference resistor 16 are transmitted uphole. This arrangement has the advantage that both re~erence signal and amplifier signal experience the same phase shift from cable capacitance, and therefore no relative phase shift.
Since relative phase shift between current and voltage is the important quantity in induced polarization measurements, this arrangement would be satisfactory with long logging cables.
Still another possible embodiment of this invention is to locate the phase detector 17 at the surface, digitize the signal from amplifier 15 within the logging tool, transmit the digitized signal to the surface, convert the signal back to analog form, and supply said signal to the phase detector 17. Under this arrangement there are no phase shifts due to cable capacitance because only digital signals are transmitted to the suxface.
This arrangement would be satisfactory with any cable length.
It is expressl~ understood that -these embodiments of the invention are not to be construed as defining the limits of -the invention.
The apparatus described in Figure 1 has several advantages compared with the existing art for induced polarization logging tools. Compared to the known time-domain logging tools, the frequency-domain sinusoidal current source in this invention improves the signal~to-noise ratio because the phase detector excludes noise at all frequencies except a narrow band at the source frequency. In addition, there is no requirement for compensation of spontaneous potentials, because these potentials will vary at frequencies different from the source frequency.
Still another advantage of this invention is that the high input impedance amplifier in the sonde prevents polarization of the voltage electrodes by currents coupled into the voltage leads from the alternating current source. Still another advantage is that capacitive coupling between leads in the cable does not introduce spurious phase shifts which would mask the true induced polarization of the formation.
The magnitude of the phase shift a in sedimentar~ rocks is typically less than 30 milliradians. Therefore, small instrumental 1 ~6~90~
effects which are indistinguishable from true formation induced polarization must be eliminated in the logging tool. The additional conditions under which valid induced polarization results are obtained are further disclosed in the following.
Referring now to Figure 2 there is shown an elevation view of a logging tool suitable for carrying out the measuremen-ts of the present invention. In particular, there is shown a sonde 30 which is ~ormed of a non-conducting material, for example, fiberglass, rubber or plastic material. The exterior of the logging tool must be non-metallic to avoid electrical polarization of the housing by the current in the boreholeO
The sonde is connected to a jumper cable 31 which has a length of at least 50 feet and preferably on the order of 100 feet or more. In addition, jumper cable 31 is electrically insulated on its outer surface to avoid electrical polarization by the current in the borehole. The upper end of the jumper cable is provided with a suitable cable head 32 which will mate with cable head 34 of a conventional well logging cable 33. The term "conventional well logging cable" is used to refer to a cable having a central electrical conductor surrounded by six additional electrical conductors which are maintained in a relative position by suitable flexible insulating material with conductors surrounded by steel armor which serves both as a stress member for raising and lowering logging instruments in a borehole and as a ground return for the cable. If an attempt was made to connect this type of logging cable directly to the sonde, the steel outer armor of the cable would distort any measurements being made.
The sonde is provided with a plurality of electrodes, four of which are shown, 40-43. In Figure 2 the current electrodes are labeled A and B, and the voltage electrodes are labeled M
and N. The electrode arrangement determines the depth of investigation in the formation and the response of the device opposite thin beds. While four electrodes are shown, any additional number can be used and spaced at any desired loca-tion.
1 ~6~
However, the electrodes must consist of at least one pair of current electrodes and a separate pair o~ voltage electrodes to avoid polarization of the voltage electrodes which would occur if current were to be conducted through them. This is an essential feature of this invention. A two-electrode logging tool, which is known as such, cannot make valid measurements of induced polariæation because of electrode polarization effects.
In addition, further precautions should be taken to prevent or minimize electrode polarization phenomena. This may be accomplished through the use of a porous platinum-black coating on lead electrodes, or the use of non-polarizable voltage electrodes such as silver/silver chloride or copper/copper sulphate electrodes.
Referring now to a method for interpreting the measurements of the aforementioned logging tool apparent values of CI and CQ are first calculated from the measured in-phase and quadrature voltages:
( I)Apparent KIo/VI (5) (cQ)Apparent K O/ Q (6) where Io is the peak amplitude of the sinusoidal current I = Io sin ~t, and K is a geometry factor that depends on the arrangement of electrodes on the logging tool:
K = 1 ~ ( ~ ~ AM BN ~N BM J
Here AM refers to the distance between current electrode A and voltage electrode M, BN re~ers to the distance between current electrode B and voltage electrode N, etc.
11 1$190~
~2 The apparent phase angle is computed from Apparent ~ tan ~ = VQ/VI = (CQ)App t (8) (cI)Apparent where the approximation is valid for small values of phase angle such as are found in sedimentary rocks.
I Apparent' (CQ)Apparent~ and (~)Appa t are now corrected for the effects of the borehole on the measurement by using borehole departure curves for the particular electrode configuration and frequency of the logging tool. The method of preparation of departure curves to determine true values of CI, CQ, and 9 is well known to those skilled in the art. Referring now to Figure 3 there is shown an example of a borehole departure curve at 1 ~z for an electrode array with AM = 16", AN = 20', ; BN = 69', BM = ~ computed for an 8" borehole co-ntaining drilling mud with a resistivity of 1 ohm-metre. The horizontal (Apparent) in milliradians, whereas the verti axis represents the apparent resistivity PA in (Q -m). ~he method used to generate Figure 3 is known as such. Referring now to Figure 4 there is shown a departure curve for the sa~e conditions as Figure 3 except the source frequency is 10 Hz. The hori~ontal (Apparent) in milliradians, whereas the vertical axis represents the apparent resistivity PA in ( Q -m).
Figure 4 differs from Figure 3 because the inductive coupling in the formation is larger at the higher frequency.
After true values of CI, CQ and a are obtained, t'ne petrophysical parameters Qv~ Cw and Sw are determined from the equations and method now described as part of this invention.
This invention teaches that the quadrature (or out-of-phase) conductivity in shaly sands is caused by gradients of ion concentration induced at clay sites in the sandstone resulting from the applied electric field. A physical model leads to a general equation for the quadrature conductivity in completely ~ ~19~
water-saturated sands:
Q F~ A eff Qv (g) where CQ is the quadrature conductivity (mho-cm ) of the ~ater-bearing shaly sand, A ff is the quadrature equivalent conductivity (mho-cm -meq ) and all other parameters ( ~ , Qv) are as defined by Waxman-Smits. This invention demonstrates that for a particular water salinity, the value of Aef~ is essentially constant and is uniquely valid for shaly sands in general, independent of the different earth formations in which the rocks are found. As part of this invention, Figure 5 reveals the speci*ic values of Aeff in 10 mho - om -meq 1 (vertical axis) as a function of varying sodium chloride concentration at 25C (horizontal axis), the latter representing brines commonly encountered in earth formations. The error bars shown in Figure 5 represent 95 percent confidence limits at each salinity value, and are derived from extensive measurements utilizing twenty sandstone samples taken from eleven different earth formations. These sam~les represent wide variations both in clay mineral types and clay distribution in the rocks; Qv values for these sa~ples also cover a wide range, from 0.03 to 0.95 meq/ml. Values ofA ~f are tabulated in Table 1 for NaCl electrolyte ~or temperatures up to 100 C. The aforesaid values of Aef~ in Table 1 may be incorporated into various computer programs as described in this invention.
The cited values for Ae~ as given in Figure 5 and Table 1 are valid over a wide frequency range, from .001 Hz to 100 kHz as shown by direct experimental measurements utilizing the above mentioned sample set. These Aeff values are required for use with all of the cited equations and combinations thereof in conJunction with the downhole Induced Polarization Logging Tool, also revealed in this invention, thereby leading to the in-situ determinations of shaliness factor Qv~ brine conductivity Cw and oil/water saturations in l ~1901 shaly sands.
Since the parameter values of ~ ff are given in Table 1, in-situ measurements of quadrature (or out-of-phase) conductivity CQ provide a unique means of direct and continuous borehole measurements of the shaliness factor Qv Further, since ~ ff is demonstrated to be only weakly dependent on sodium chloride solution concentration, the borehole Qv determinations can be made with only small errors even if the in situ electrolyte concentration is not well known.
This invention also shows that the quadrature conductivity for a partially oil-bearing shaly sand (Sw ~ 1) is CQ~ = - A f Qv Sw (10) where CQ' is the quadrature conductivity of a partially oil-bearing sand (mho-cm ), and F , ~ eff~ Qv~ and n are as previously defined. The above equation for CQ' has been confirmed by direct experimental measurements on laboratory shaly sand samples, where the oil saturation has been varied systematically under conditions of capillary equilibriu~. A
typical example of the experimental measurements is revealed in Figure 6, in which the hori~ontal axis represents the brine saturation S , whereas the vertical axis represents the quantity It is well within the state o~ the art to write a computer program to solve equations (1,3,9,10) for the following set of petrophysical parameters:
~ ~6~
{ (Qv)brine_saturated sand, (Qv)oii_bearing sand, w' w from in-situ measurements of ¦ CI~ CQ~ CI ~ CQ' and porosit~3.
Various combinations of borehole data derived from the Induced Polarization Log, as revealed in this invention, and commonly available porosity tools (Compensated Density Log, Acoustic Log) and Resistivity/Conductivity Logs may be used to 5 obtain continuous measures o~ the shaliness factor Q and oil saturation S downhole in formations of interest. Note that measUrements on earth cores are now Unnecessary because~ f* as 3iven in Table 1 below and Figure 5 is the same for all shaly sands.
TEMPERATURE
NaCl ~ORMALITY 25 C 50C 75 C 100 C
The invention relates to an apparatus and a method using electrical resistivity logging and in particular induced polarization logging to determine certain quantities of interest in clay-bearing sands. The term "induced polarization logging"
is used to describe a logging method wherein an electrical current is induced in the formation and then the resulting out-of-phase voltage is measured. In particular, induced polarization logging relates to measurements of the quadrature or reactive component of the electrical impedance of the forma~ion.
Electrical resistivity logging is one of the oil industry's basic tools for in-situ determination of hydrocarbon saturation.
Since 1942, the so-called Archie's empirical relations have been used to calculate oil (and water) saturations in clean sands. In shaly sands the exchange counterions associated with the clay minerals increase the rock conductivity compared to that of a clean or clay-free sand and the simple Archie relations are no longer valid. In the case of shaly sands, the so-called Waxman-Smits equation has been successful in accounting for the additional clay conductance and thereby permitting the quantitative evaluation of oil (and water) saturations in these formations. The above-mentioned relations and equations are known to those sXilled in the art and will not be described in detail.
The Waxman-Smits equation for 100 percent water-saturated shaly sands refers to the following equation:
C - 1 .
~ ( w Qv) ~1) where Cï = in-phase conductivity (mho-cm ) of the completely water-saturated formation '~.
6~9~
Fx = formation resistivity f&ctor as defined by Waxman-Smits Cw = conductivity of saline solution (mho-cm contained in the formation rock Qv = Waxman-Smits shaliness factor, defined as the cation exchange capacity of the shaly sand per unit pore volume of the sand (meq-ml or equivalent-litre1).
`~ = equivalent conductance of the exchange cations assoeiated with the clay minerals in the sand ~ormation (mho-cm2-meq 1). B is expressed by Waxman-Smits as a function of Cw.
F~ according to Waxman-Smits is described by the relation:
3~
F = ~ (2) where ~ is the porosity of the rock and m~is the cementation factor, usually varying from about 1.5 to 2.2.
The Waxman-Smits equation for the in-phase conductivity of a partially brine-saturated shaly sand is:
CI w ~ + v~ (3) ~ ~ w Sw ~
where CI' = in-phase conductivity (mho-cm ) of the partially oil-saturated shaly sand n = saturation exponent defined by Waxman-Smits S = fraction of sand pore volume filled with water or the water saturation. Note that S = (1 - SO) where SO is the fraction of sand pore volume filled with oil or the oil saturation.
1 ~ Bl~ ~
.
From the equations describing CI and CI', the expression for the Resistivity Index ~ as given by Waxman-Smits is:
CI S -n ~ w + BQv ~ (4) I = = w CI l C + BQV
w La~oratory measurements as well as current industry usage have confirmed the Waxman-Smits equations for CI, CI' and I as given above. Also the temperature dependence of ~ is given.
As currently used by the industry, the Waxman-Smits e~uation requires independent measurement of petrophysical parameters including the cation exchange capacity of the rock per unit pore volu~e ( ~ ). With known techniques it has not been possible to measure this quantity in situ.
Determination f Qv values general1y re~uires the use of expensive rock samples from the earth formations of interest, either obtained from cores or side-wall samples. Such rock samples are not usually available. Another disadvantage of obtaining ~ from core samples is that the sample may not be representative of the formation as a ~hole. Furthermore, even if Qv values are known at the specific depths where samples were taken, calculation of oil saturations are subject to large errors if the in-situ waters are fresh, i.e. contain only low concentrations of soluble electrolytes.
A known apparatus for obtaining an induced electrical polarization log of an earth formation includes means for inducing electrical polarization of an earth formation in a manner such that each succeeding polarization is in an opposite direction to the preceding one. A measuring circuit controlled by timing logic measures the induced electrical potential difference between two locations during two other time intervals in each cycle of operation. The measured signals are applied to a differential amplifier which produces a difference signal and 9~
during one o~ the two measuring time intervals of each cycle the difference signal is inverted. The signal which is not inverted and the inverted signal are integrated to provide an output which is a measure of the decay of the potential difference. From the above brief description it is seen that this apparatus applies a DC pulse to the formation, then measures the decay signal to determine the induced polarization of the formation. The decay signal is, of course, the result of the reactive component of the induced polarization and is related thereto.
Another known method for determining the electrical resistivity of a shaly formation the dielectric constant of the formation from the voltage decay. Previously determined correlations between dielectric constants and conductivity parameters from earth samples are used to determine the effect of shaliness on resistivity. As already indicated in the above, these known techniques are not suitable to measure the quantity Qv in situ.
The present invention now provides an apparatus and a method using electrical resistivity logging and particularly induced polarization logging to determine the value f Qv in-situ and the oil/water saturations, SO and Sw, in clay-bearing sands.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method and an apparatus for measuring the quadrature conductivity of the formation at discrete frequencies and to provide means for obtaining the shaliness factor Qv downhole without earth samples.
The advantages of measuring the quadrature conductivity at discrete frequencies, rather than from the voltage decay following a pulse, will appear hereafter in the detailed description which follows. Another object of the invention is attempting to define the oil saturation of the formation which is, of course, the most important information that is obtained from logging measurements.
The invention therefore provides a method for determining the cation exchange capacity per unit pore volume, Qv' and electrolyte conducti1Jity, C , of shaly sand formations comprising:
.
\~
inducing an electrical current in the formation; measuring both the in-phase and quadrature conductivity of the formation in response to said induced current; and, determining the Qv and Cl~ from the equations C = ~C + BQV) I ~ w Q F~ eff v Further, the invention provides an apparatus for induced polarization logging comprising: a sonde, said sonde having a housing formed of a non-metallic material and adapted for lowering in a borehole on a logging cable;
at least a pair of current electrodes and a pair of non-polarizing voltage electrodes mo~lted on said sonde at various spaced longitudinal positions; a source of alternating current, said source being coupled to the pair of current electrodes and supplying alternating current to said electrodes; a reference resistor coupled in series with said alternating current source, and located in the sonde; an amplifier means with high input impedance, said high input impedance amplifier being coupled to the pair of voltage electrodes; a phase detector, both-said series resistor and said amplifier being coupled to said phase detector, said phase detector comparing the voltage across said series resistor and said amplifier signal, said phase detector supplying a voltage signal proportional to the phase shift induced by the earth formation; a jumper cable having both a stress member and a plurality of conductors, one end of the stress member of said jumper cable being secured to said sonde and the other endof the stress member being secured to a well logging cable coupling head, the output of said amplifier being coupled to at least some of the conductors in said cable and the outer surface of said jumper cable being electrically I ~6~9~1 insulated; a logging cable, said logging cable being coupled to said coupling head; and, a recording means, said recording means being located at the surface and coupled to said logging cable.
The phase detector may be located in the sonde for transmission of the voltage signal to the surface, or it may be located at the surface.
In a preferred embodiment the apparatus further comprises analog-to-digital converting means, the amplifier signal from said amplifier being supplied to said analog-to-digital converting means for conversion to a digital signal, the voltage across said series resistor also being supplied to said analog-to-digital converting means for conversion to a digital signal; and the output of said analog-to-digital converting means is coupled to at least some of the conductors in said jumper cable.
In accordance with the teachings of this invention, a sinusoidal electric current is generated in the formation at a discrete frequency and the in-phase and quadrature voltage induced in the formation at that frequency in response to said current are measured. The apparatus of this invention consists of a non-metallic sonde containing a pair of current electrodes and a pair of voltage electrodes of the non-polarizable type. The sonde contains a high input impedance differential amplifier, a reference resistor, and a phase detector.
These elements are configured so as to avoid spurious phase shifts due to electrode polarization and interwire capacitance in the logging cable.
Voltage measurements may be made in the frequency domain. Either in-phase and quadrature conductivities, CI and CQ, or CI and phase angle ~ = CQ/C
are obtained from the voltage measurements and are corrected for the effects of finite borehole diameter, mud invasion and finite bed thickness. Corrected values for CI and CQ, together with à downhole measurement of porosity, are used in the equations:
1 IB~901 CI = - (Cw BQv) Q F~ eff to determine cation exchange capacity per unit pore volume, Q , and brine conductivity, Cw, in a 100 percent brine-saturated shaly sand. The parameter is the quadrature equivalent - 6a -9~
conductivity (mho-cm2-meq 1) for shaly sands. In an oil-containing shaly sand, the oil saturation S can be determined in addition from the equations:
CQ' = w FX ~eff Qv where SO w The invention will now be described by way of example in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a block diagram of the logging tool of this invention.
Figure 2 is an elevation view of the logging tool constructed according to this invention.
Figure 3 is an example of a borehole departure curve for a 16" ~ormal array in an 8" borehole at ?, frequency of 1 Hz.
Figure 4 is an example of a borehole departure curve for a 16" Normal array in an 8" borehole at a frequency of 10 Hz.
Figure 5 shows the values of the ~eff parameter, required to relate the quadrature conductivities of shaly sands to their respective shaliness factors, Qv' as a function of sodium chloride concentration present in the a~ueous phase of the sedimentary formation at 25C.
Figure 6 is a graph of the quadrature conductivity CQ' of a typical oil-bearing sand as a function of oil saturation.
Referring now to Figure 1 there is sho~m in block diaeram form a logging instrument which is capable o~ making accurate - ~6l~al measurements o~ both the in~phase and the quadrature components of the induced polarization signal at a discrete frequency. In particular, there is shown an AC current source 10 which is coupled to two electrodes 11 and 12 disposed in a borehole. The ,' 5 current should have a frequency of between l and 100 kHz and preferably in the range of 0.1 to 10 ~z. The signal induced in the formation by the application of the current is measured at two electrodes 13 and 14 and amplified by the high input impedance differential amplifier 15. The signal from the differential amplifier is supplied to the phase detector 17 which also receives a reference voltage proportional to the AC current across series resistor 16. The phase detector measures the in~
phase and quadrature components VI and VQ, or equivalently, the modules VR =~VI2 + VQ2 and phase angle ~= VQ/VI of the signal from amplifier 15 by comparing it with the reference signal across resistor 16. The in-phase and quadrature outputs of the phase detector are then sent to the surface to be recorded on a chart recorder 20 or supplied to suitable computing means not shown. It is well within the skill of the art to take the signals and program a general purpose computer to provide numerical outputs if so desired.
Although the system of the present invention has shown the phase detector 17 and reference resistor 16 as being located in the logging tool, it would be obvious to one skilled in the art to locate aforesaid phase detector and reference resistor at the surface. Under such an arrangement the signal from amplifier 15 is transmitted uphole. However, this arrangement would only be satisfactory using short lengths of logging cable because capacitive coupling in the cable would cause phase shifts not due to the induced polarization of the formation. It is also obvious that the reference resistor 16 could still be located in the tool while the phase detector 17 is located at the surface.
Under this arrangement both the signal from amplifier 15 and the reference signal from reference resistor 16 are transmitted uphole. This arrangement has the advantage that both re~erence signal and amplifier signal experience the same phase shift from cable capacitance, and therefore no relative phase shift.
Since relative phase shift between current and voltage is the important quantity in induced polarization measurements, this arrangement would be satisfactory with long logging cables.
Still another possible embodiment of this invention is to locate the phase detector 17 at the surface, digitize the signal from amplifier 15 within the logging tool, transmit the digitized signal to the surface, convert the signal back to analog form, and supply said signal to the phase detector 17. Under this arrangement there are no phase shifts due to cable capacitance because only digital signals are transmitted to the suxface.
This arrangement would be satisfactory with any cable length.
It is expressl~ understood that -these embodiments of the invention are not to be construed as defining the limits of -the invention.
The apparatus described in Figure 1 has several advantages compared with the existing art for induced polarization logging tools. Compared to the known time-domain logging tools, the frequency-domain sinusoidal current source in this invention improves the signal~to-noise ratio because the phase detector excludes noise at all frequencies except a narrow band at the source frequency. In addition, there is no requirement for compensation of spontaneous potentials, because these potentials will vary at frequencies different from the source frequency.
Still another advantage of this invention is that the high input impedance amplifier in the sonde prevents polarization of the voltage electrodes by currents coupled into the voltage leads from the alternating current source. Still another advantage is that capacitive coupling between leads in the cable does not introduce spurious phase shifts which would mask the true induced polarization of the formation.
The magnitude of the phase shift a in sedimentar~ rocks is typically less than 30 milliradians. Therefore, small instrumental 1 ~6~90~
effects which are indistinguishable from true formation induced polarization must be eliminated in the logging tool. The additional conditions under which valid induced polarization results are obtained are further disclosed in the following.
Referring now to Figure 2 there is shown an elevation view of a logging tool suitable for carrying out the measuremen-ts of the present invention. In particular, there is shown a sonde 30 which is ~ormed of a non-conducting material, for example, fiberglass, rubber or plastic material. The exterior of the logging tool must be non-metallic to avoid electrical polarization of the housing by the current in the boreholeO
The sonde is connected to a jumper cable 31 which has a length of at least 50 feet and preferably on the order of 100 feet or more. In addition, jumper cable 31 is electrically insulated on its outer surface to avoid electrical polarization by the current in the borehole. The upper end of the jumper cable is provided with a suitable cable head 32 which will mate with cable head 34 of a conventional well logging cable 33. The term "conventional well logging cable" is used to refer to a cable having a central electrical conductor surrounded by six additional electrical conductors which are maintained in a relative position by suitable flexible insulating material with conductors surrounded by steel armor which serves both as a stress member for raising and lowering logging instruments in a borehole and as a ground return for the cable. If an attempt was made to connect this type of logging cable directly to the sonde, the steel outer armor of the cable would distort any measurements being made.
The sonde is provided with a plurality of electrodes, four of which are shown, 40-43. In Figure 2 the current electrodes are labeled A and B, and the voltage electrodes are labeled M
and N. The electrode arrangement determines the depth of investigation in the formation and the response of the device opposite thin beds. While four electrodes are shown, any additional number can be used and spaced at any desired loca-tion.
1 ~6~
However, the electrodes must consist of at least one pair of current electrodes and a separate pair o~ voltage electrodes to avoid polarization of the voltage electrodes which would occur if current were to be conducted through them. This is an essential feature of this invention. A two-electrode logging tool, which is known as such, cannot make valid measurements of induced polariæation because of electrode polarization effects.
In addition, further precautions should be taken to prevent or minimize electrode polarization phenomena. This may be accomplished through the use of a porous platinum-black coating on lead electrodes, or the use of non-polarizable voltage electrodes such as silver/silver chloride or copper/copper sulphate electrodes.
Referring now to a method for interpreting the measurements of the aforementioned logging tool apparent values of CI and CQ are first calculated from the measured in-phase and quadrature voltages:
( I)Apparent KIo/VI (5) (cQ)Apparent K O/ Q (6) where Io is the peak amplitude of the sinusoidal current I = Io sin ~t, and K is a geometry factor that depends on the arrangement of electrodes on the logging tool:
K = 1 ~ ( ~ ~ AM BN ~N BM J
Here AM refers to the distance between current electrode A and voltage electrode M, BN re~ers to the distance between current electrode B and voltage electrode N, etc.
11 1$190~
~2 The apparent phase angle is computed from Apparent ~ tan ~ = VQ/VI = (CQ)App t (8) (cI)Apparent where the approximation is valid for small values of phase angle such as are found in sedimentary rocks.
I Apparent' (CQ)Apparent~ and (~)Appa t are now corrected for the effects of the borehole on the measurement by using borehole departure curves for the particular electrode configuration and frequency of the logging tool. The method of preparation of departure curves to determine true values of CI, CQ, and 9 is well known to those skilled in the art. Referring now to Figure 3 there is shown an example of a borehole departure curve at 1 ~z for an electrode array with AM = 16", AN = 20', ; BN = 69', BM = ~ computed for an 8" borehole co-ntaining drilling mud with a resistivity of 1 ohm-metre. The horizontal (Apparent) in milliradians, whereas the verti axis represents the apparent resistivity PA in (Q -m). ~he method used to generate Figure 3 is known as such. Referring now to Figure 4 there is shown a departure curve for the sa~e conditions as Figure 3 except the source frequency is 10 Hz. The hori~ontal (Apparent) in milliradians, whereas the vertical axis represents the apparent resistivity PA in ( Q -m).
Figure 4 differs from Figure 3 because the inductive coupling in the formation is larger at the higher frequency.
After true values of CI, CQ and a are obtained, t'ne petrophysical parameters Qv~ Cw and Sw are determined from the equations and method now described as part of this invention.
This invention teaches that the quadrature (or out-of-phase) conductivity in shaly sands is caused by gradients of ion concentration induced at clay sites in the sandstone resulting from the applied electric field. A physical model leads to a general equation for the quadrature conductivity in completely ~ ~19~
water-saturated sands:
Q F~ A eff Qv (g) where CQ is the quadrature conductivity (mho-cm ) of the ~ater-bearing shaly sand, A ff is the quadrature equivalent conductivity (mho-cm -meq ) and all other parameters ( ~ , Qv) are as defined by Waxman-Smits. This invention demonstrates that for a particular water salinity, the value of Aef~ is essentially constant and is uniquely valid for shaly sands in general, independent of the different earth formations in which the rocks are found. As part of this invention, Figure 5 reveals the speci*ic values of Aeff in 10 mho - om -meq 1 (vertical axis) as a function of varying sodium chloride concentration at 25C (horizontal axis), the latter representing brines commonly encountered in earth formations. The error bars shown in Figure 5 represent 95 percent confidence limits at each salinity value, and are derived from extensive measurements utilizing twenty sandstone samples taken from eleven different earth formations. These sam~les represent wide variations both in clay mineral types and clay distribution in the rocks; Qv values for these sa~ples also cover a wide range, from 0.03 to 0.95 meq/ml. Values ofA ~f are tabulated in Table 1 for NaCl electrolyte ~or temperatures up to 100 C. The aforesaid values of Aef~ in Table 1 may be incorporated into various computer programs as described in this invention.
The cited values for Ae~ as given in Figure 5 and Table 1 are valid over a wide frequency range, from .001 Hz to 100 kHz as shown by direct experimental measurements utilizing the above mentioned sample set. These Aeff values are required for use with all of the cited equations and combinations thereof in conJunction with the downhole Induced Polarization Logging Tool, also revealed in this invention, thereby leading to the in-situ determinations of shaliness factor Qv~ brine conductivity Cw and oil/water saturations in l ~1901 shaly sands.
Since the parameter values of ~ ff are given in Table 1, in-situ measurements of quadrature (or out-of-phase) conductivity CQ provide a unique means of direct and continuous borehole measurements of the shaliness factor Qv Further, since ~ ff is demonstrated to be only weakly dependent on sodium chloride solution concentration, the borehole Qv determinations can be made with only small errors even if the in situ electrolyte concentration is not well known.
This invention also shows that the quadrature conductivity for a partially oil-bearing shaly sand (Sw ~ 1) is CQ~ = - A f Qv Sw (10) where CQ' is the quadrature conductivity of a partially oil-bearing sand (mho-cm ), and F , ~ eff~ Qv~ and n are as previously defined. The above equation for CQ' has been confirmed by direct experimental measurements on laboratory shaly sand samples, where the oil saturation has been varied systematically under conditions of capillary equilibriu~. A
typical example of the experimental measurements is revealed in Figure 6, in which the hori~ontal axis represents the brine saturation S , whereas the vertical axis represents the quantity It is well within the state o~ the art to write a computer program to solve equations (1,3,9,10) for the following set of petrophysical parameters:
~ ~6~
{ (Qv)brine_saturated sand, (Qv)oii_bearing sand, w' w from in-situ measurements of ¦ CI~ CQ~ CI ~ CQ' and porosit~3.
Various combinations of borehole data derived from the Induced Polarization Log, as revealed in this invention, and commonly available porosity tools (Compensated Density Log, Acoustic Log) and Resistivity/Conductivity Logs may be used to 5 obtain continuous measures o~ the shaliness factor Q and oil saturation S downhole in formations of interest. Note that measUrements on earth cores are now Unnecessary because~ f* as 3iven in Table 1 below and Figure 5 is the same for all shaly sands.
TEMPERATURE
NaCl ~ORMALITY 25 C 50C 75 C 100 C
2.0 2.55 4.346.27 7.96 1.0 4.37 7.4310.75 13.63 o.5 5.36 9.1113.19 16.72 0.25 5.09 8.6512.52 15.88 O.lo 3.90 6.639.59 12.17 o.o5 3.12 5.307.68 9.73 0.025 2.60 4.426.40 8.11 O.Olo 2.25 3.835.54 7.02 0.005 2.12 3.605.22 6.61 0.0025 2.05 3.495. o4 6.40 0.0010 2.00 3.404.92 6.24 TABLE I. QUADPATURE EQUIVALE~T CO~DUCTIVITY AS A FUNCTIO~
OF TEMPERATURE AND SALI~ITY
ef~ ( X 10 mho-cm2-meq~1) 1 ~1903 Examples of the use of such combinations are given below.
As a first example, note that the downhole measurement of CI and CQ in a 100 percent brine-saturated formation, when combined with a measurement of porosity, leads to the evaluation of the shaliness parameter Qv and the water conductivity Cw via equations 1 and 9.
Use of the previously cited relations for CI, CI', CQ and CQ' lead to the following simple equations for the phase angles:
CQ AeffQV
CI (Cw + gQv) (11) C ~ Cw ~ ~Qv (12) CI~ Cw + BQv Sw Solving this set of equations for Sw leads to:
S = ~ (1 + v) _ v _ 9 valid when CW~BQv (13) ~, Cw w a~
Note that measurement of the phase angles 9 and ~' determines oil/water saturations via equation 13 without requiring a knowledge of the Waxman-Smits saturation exponent n~, if one assumes that only Sw varies from the brine-filled zone to the oil-bearing zone.
As a further example~ consider a completely water-bearing shaly sand adJacent to and connected with a similar sand, containing hydrocarbons. For the oil-bearing sand, it is common practice to assume that the interstitial brine conductivity Cw is the same as for the connected 100 percent water-bearing sand. ~owever, in undeveloped oil fields, both ~r and Cw parameters for the water sand are unknown. Manipulation of equations 1 and 9 yields the equation I 3LB~g~
Cw = ~ (CI ~ - Q (14) The above may also be written as:
B
log (CI - ) = m log~ ~ log Cw (15) ~eff The quantity B/~ e~f is a very weak function of C , so that a reasonable value of B/~ ff may be assumed~ i.e., the value at a salinity of 0.1 Normal ~aCl. The function log (CI ~ ~ CQ) is plotted versus log~ using downhole log-derived values for CI~ CQ and porosity, taken at a number of depths within the water sand. A regression line through these points will have the slope m~ and the intercept (log C ). This value of Cw can be used to refine the estimate of B/~ ff in a second iteration of this procedure. Xaving obtained the correct value of brine conductivity Cw by the above method, the shaliness parameter Q is calculated for the water-bearing zone using either equation 1 or 9 and the appropri-ate log responses. The - oil saturation SO in the oil bearing sand, as well as Qv in the oil-bearing sand, may now be calculated using equations 3 and 10. Note that use of this method re~uires only that C , and not Qv' be the same in the water-bearing and oil bearing sands.
OF TEMPERATURE AND SALI~ITY
ef~ ( X 10 mho-cm2-meq~1) 1 ~1903 Examples of the use of such combinations are given below.
As a first example, note that the downhole measurement of CI and CQ in a 100 percent brine-saturated formation, when combined with a measurement of porosity, leads to the evaluation of the shaliness parameter Qv and the water conductivity Cw via equations 1 and 9.
Use of the previously cited relations for CI, CI', CQ and CQ' lead to the following simple equations for the phase angles:
CQ AeffQV
CI (Cw + gQv) (11) C ~ Cw ~ ~Qv (12) CI~ Cw + BQv Sw Solving this set of equations for Sw leads to:
S = ~ (1 + v) _ v _ 9 valid when CW~BQv (13) ~, Cw w a~
Note that measurement of the phase angles 9 and ~' determines oil/water saturations via equation 13 without requiring a knowledge of the Waxman-Smits saturation exponent n~, if one assumes that only Sw varies from the brine-filled zone to the oil-bearing zone.
As a further example~ consider a completely water-bearing shaly sand adJacent to and connected with a similar sand, containing hydrocarbons. For the oil-bearing sand, it is common practice to assume that the interstitial brine conductivity Cw is the same as for the connected 100 percent water-bearing sand. ~owever, in undeveloped oil fields, both ~r and Cw parameters for the water sand are unknown. Manipulation of equations 1 and 9 yields the equation I 3LB~g~
Cw = ~ (CI ~ - Q (14) The above may also be written as:
B
log (CI - ) = m log~ ~ log Cw (15) ~eff The quantity B/~ e~f is a very weak function of C , so that a reasonable value of B/~ ff may be assumed~ i.e., the value at a salinity of 0.1 Normal ~aCl. The function log (CI ~ ~ CQ) is plotted versus log~ using downhole log-derived values for CI~ CQ and porosity, taken at a number of depths within the water sand. A regression line through these points will have the slope m~ and the intercept (log C ). This value of Cw can be used to refine the estimate of B/~ ff in a second iteration of this procedure. Xaving obtained the correct value of brine conductivity Cw by the above method, the shaliness parameter Q is calculated for the water-bearing zone using either equation 1 or 9 and the appropri-ate log responses. The - oil saturation SO in the oil bearing sand, as well as Qv in the oil-bearing sand, may now be calculated using equations 3 and 10. Note that use of this method re~uires only that C , and not Qv' be the same in the water-bearing and oil bearing sands.
Claims (16)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method for determining the cation exchange capacity per unit pore volume, Qv, and electrolyte conductivity, Cw, of shaly sand formations compris-ing: inducing an electrical current in the formation; measuring both the in-phase and quadrature conductivity of the formation in response to said induced current; and, determining the Qv and C w from the equations CI = CQ = wherein CI is the in-phase conductivity of the completely water-saturated formation, F? is the formation resistivity factor, Cw is the conductivity of saline solution contained in the formation rock, B is the equivalent conductance of the exchange cations associated with the clay minerals in the sand formation, CQ is the quadrature conductivity, and ?eff is the quadrature equivalent conductivity.
2. The method as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the in-phase and quadrature conductivities are measured in the frequency domain.
3 The method as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the modulus of the conductiv-ity and the phase angle are measured in the frequency domain.
.18.
.18.
4. The method as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the electrical current has a frequency of less than 100 kHz.
5. The method as claimed in Claim 1 and in addition determining the oil saturation of a shaly sand formation by using the equations CI = CQ = CI ' = CQ' = wherein CI, F?, CW , B, Qv, CQ and ?eff are as defined in Claim 1, and CI' is the in-phase conductivity of the partially oil-saturated shaly sand, Sw is the fraction of sand pore volume filled with water or the water saturation, n? is the saturation exponent, and CQ' is the quadrature conductivity of a partially oil-bearing sand.
6. The method as claimed in Claim 1 and in addition determining the oil saturation of a shaly sand formation by first determining the formation water conductivity C opposite an oil-free formation and then measuring the in-phase and quadrature conductivities opposite the oil-containing formation and .19.
determining the oil saturation from the following equations:
CI' = CQ' = wherein CI, F?, Cw, B, Qv, CQ and ?eff are as defined in Claim 1, and CI' is the in-phase conductivity of the partially oil-saturated shaly sand, Sw is the fraction of sand pore volume filled with water or the water saturation, n? is the saturation exponent, and CQ' is the quadrature conductivity of a partially oil-bearing sand.
determining the oil saturation from the following equations:
CI' = CQ' = wherein CI, F?, Cw, B, Qv, CQ and ?eff are as defined in Claim 1, and CI' is the in-phase conductivity of the partially oil-saturated shaly sand, Sw is the fraction of sand pore volume filled with water or the water saturation, n? is the saturation exponent, and CQ' is the quadrature conductivity of a partially oil-bearing sand.
7. The method as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the current is generated in the formation using a first pair of spaced electrodes and the in-phase and quadrature voltage is measured between a second pair of spaced electrodes and where the in-phase and quadrature conductivity is determined from the afore-mentioned current and voltages.
8. An apparatus for induced polarization logging comprising:
a sonde, said sonde having a housing formed of a non-metallic material and adapted for lowering in a borehole on a logging cable;
at least a pair of current electrodes and a pair of non-polarizing voltage electrodes mounted on said sonde at various spaced longitudinal positions;
a source of alternating current, said source being coupled to the pair of current electrodes and supplying alternating current to said electrodes;
a reference resistor coupled in series with said alternating current source, and located in the sonde;
an amplifier means with high input impedance, said high input impedance amplifier being coupled to the pair of voltage electrodes, a phase detector, both said series resistor and said amplifier being coupled to said phase detector, said phase detector comparing the voltage across said series resistor and said amplifier signal, said phase detector supplying a voltage signal proportional to the phase shift induced by the earth formation;
a jumper cable having both a stress member and a plurality of conductors, one end of the stress member of said jumper cable being secured to said sonde and the other end of the stress member being secured to a well logging cable coupling head, the output of said amplifier being coupled to at least some of the conductors in said cable and the outer surface of said jumper cable being electrically insulated;
a logging cable, said logging cable being coupled to said coupling head; and, a recording means, said recording means being located at the surface and coupled to said logging cable.
a sonde, said sonde having a housing formed of a non-metallic material and adapted for lowering in a borehole on a logging cable;
at least a pair of current electrodes and a pair of non-polarizing voltage electrodes mounted on said sonde at various spaced longitudinal positions;
a source of alternating current, said source being coupled to the pair of current electrodes and supplying alternating current to said electrodes;
a reference resistor coupled in series with said alternating current source, and located in the sonde;
an amplifier means with high input impedance, said high input impedance amplifier being coupled to the pair of voltage electrodes, a phase detector, both said series resistor and said amplifier being coupled to said phase detector, said phase detector comparing the voltage across said series resistor and said amplifier signal, said phase detector supplying a voltage signal proportional to the phase shift induced by the earth formation;
a jumper cable having both a stress member and a plurality of conductors, one end of the stress member of said jumper cable being secured to said sonde and the other end of the stress member being secured to a well logging cable coupling head, the output of said amplifier being coupled to at least some of the conductors in said cable and the outer surface of said jumper cable being electrically insulated;
a logging cable, said logging cable being coupled to said coupling head; and, a recording means, said recording means being located at the surface and coupled to said logging cable.
9. An apparatus according to Claim 8 wherein said phase detector is located in the sonde for transmission of the voltage signal to the surface.
10. The apparatus as claimed in Claim 8 or 9, wherein additional electrodes are mounted on said sonde and electrode arrangement is varied to obtain different depths of investigation into the earth formation.
11. The apparatus as claimed in Claim 8 or 9, wherein said electrodes .21.
are formed by several turns of lead wire disposed on the outer surface of said sonde.
are formed by several turns of lead wire disposed on the outer surface of said sonde.
12. The apparatus as claimed in Claim 8 or 9, wherein said electrodes are non-polarizable.
13. The apparatus as claimed in Claim 8 or 9, wherein said electrodes are silver/silver chloride electrodes.
14. The apparatus as claimed in Claim 8 or 9, wherein said alternating current source is disposed in the sonde.
l5. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 8 further comprising analog-to-digital converting means, the amplifier signal from said amplifier being supplied to said analog-to-digital converting means for conversion to a digital signal, the voltage across said series resistor also being supplied to said analog-to-digital converting means for conversion to a digital signal; and the output of said analog-to-digital converting means is coupled to at least some of the conductors in said jumper cable.
16. An apparatus as claimed in Claim 15 wherein said phase detector is located at the surface.
.22.
.22.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/115,472 US4359687A (en) | 1980-01-25 | 1980-01-25 | Method and apparatus for determining shaliness and oil saturations in earth formations using induced polarization in the frequency domain |
| US115,472 | 1980-01-25 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1161901A true CA1161901A (en) | 1984-02-07 |
Family
ID=22361629
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000367300A Expired CA1161901A (en) | 1980-01-25 | 1980-12-22 | Induced polarization logging |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4359687A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1161901A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2474700A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2068563B (en) |
| NO (1) | NO156265C (en) |
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| US2297828A (en) * | 1941-05-12 | 1942-10-06 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Coupling |
| US2779915A (en) * | 1952-01-08 | 1957-01-29 | Sigual Oil And Gas Company | Borehole electrodes |
| US2920266A (en) * | 1956-08-08 | 1960-01-05 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Electrical well logging |
| US2988690A (en) * | 1956-08-17 | 1961-06-13 | Newmont Mining Corp | Method and apparatus for geophysical exploration |
| US3098198A (en) * | 1958-03-18 | 1963-07-16 | Salimbeni Gherardo Bartolini | Method and apparatus for electrically logging earth formations by sensing the redox potential arising in a mud filled borehole |
| US3113265A (en) * | 1958-11-28 | 1963-12-03 | Atlantic Refining Co | Method and means of electrical prospecting using analog models and electrode impedance cancelling apparatus |
| FR1552081A (en) * | 1967-11-16 | 1969-01-03 | ||
| US3706025A (en) | 1969-12-29 | 1972-12-12 | Schlumberger Technology Corp | Induction logging methods and apparatus using more than one phase component of the received signal |
| SE352742B (en) | 1970-01-05 | 1973-01-08 | Boliden Ab | |
| GB1375412A (en) * | 1971-03-09 | 1974-11-27 | ||
| US3895289A (en) * | 1971-12-20 | 1975-07-15 | Exxon Production Research Co | Determination of electrical resistivity due to shaliness of earth formations utilizing dielectric constant measurements |
| US3902113A (en) * | 1974-03-14 | 1975-08-26 | Texaco Inc | Means and method for inducing electrical polarization of an earth formation and for measuring the induced electrical polarization and for providing spontaneous potential correction |
| US4015195A (en) * | 1975-03-03 | 1977-03-29 | Exxon Production Research Company | Method of determining hydrocarbon saturation in shaly formations by measuring dielectric constant in first and second portions of the formations |
| US4041372A (en) * | 1975-09-08 | 1977-08-09 | Continental Oil Company | Apparatus for multi-channel induced polarization surveying |
| US4087741A (en) * | 1976-08-24 | 1978-05-02 | Standard Oil Company (Indiana) | Downhole geoelectric remote sensing method |
| US4088945A (en) * | 1976-12-23 | 1978-05-09 | Atlantic Richfield Company | Logging probe for making redox potential measurements |
| US4122387A (en) * | 1977-08-24 | 1978-10-24 | Halliburton Company | Apparatus and method for simultaneously logging an electrical characteristic of a well formation at more than one lateral distance from a borehole |
| US4236113A (en) * | 1978-04-13 | 1980-11-25 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Electrical well logging tool, having an expandable sleeve, for determining if clay is present in an earth formation |
-
1980
- 1980-01-25 US US06/115,472 patent/US4359687A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1980-12-22 CA CA000367300A patent/CA1161901A/en not_active Expired
-
1981
- 1981-01-23 NO NO810232A patent/NO156265C/en unknown
- 1981-01-23 GB GB8102189A patent/GB2068563B/en not_active Expired
- 1981-01-23 FR FR8101214A patent/FR2474700A1/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NO156265B (en) | 1987-05-11 |
| NO810232L (en) | 1981-07-27 |
| US4359687A (en) | 1982-11-16 |
| NO156265C (en) | 1987-08-26 |
| GB2068563B (en) | 1983-11-23 |
| FR2474700B1 (en) | 1984-09-21 |
| GB2068563A (en) | 1981-08-12 |
| FR2474700A1 (en) | 1981-07-31 |
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