CA1152239A

CA1152239A - Flotation apparatus for concentration of minerals

Info

Publication number: CA1152239A
Application number: CA000373229A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Clinton A. Hollingsworth
Original assignee: Deister Concentrator Co Inc
Current assignee: Deister Concentrator Co Inc
Priority date: 1980-05-05
Filing date: 1981-03-17
Publication date: 1983-08-16
Also published as: PH17960A; US4287054A; ZA812626B; AU6865281A

Abstract

IMPROVED FLOTATION APPARATUS
FOR CONCENTRATION OF MINERALS
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
The invention relates to the concentration and benefication of particulate matter by froth flotation and in particular to improvements in hydraulic-pneumatic flotation apparatus which contributes to efficiency of operation. Such apparatus employs a constriction plate which separates vertically arranged flotation and aerating compartments. A discharge duct may be used to extend through the aerating compartment and to open through the constriction plate centrally thereof. Orifices in both the constriction plate and the discharge duct are in communication with the aerating compartment to provide a uniform dispersion of air bubbles in the flotation compartment. To prevent build-up of non-float fraction on the constriction plate, the latter may be dish-shaped toward the discharge opening.
In an alternative embodiment, the discharge duct is omitted and the constriction plate is conically shaped with the apex uppermost.
To minimize development of circulating currents, baffles plates may be used in the flotation compartment.

Description

~52;~39 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to hydraulic-pneumatic flotation apparatus and more particularly to improvement~
thereln for increasing ef~iciency of operation.
De~cription of the Prior Art Commerclally valuable minerals, for example, metal sulfides, apatitic phosphate~ and the like, are commonly found in nature mixed with relatively large quantities of gangue material~, and a~ a consequence it i~ usually nece~sary to beneficiate the ores in order to concentrate the mineral content thereof.
Mixtures of finely divided mineral particles and finely divided gangue particles can be separated and a mineral concentrate obtained therefrom by well known froth flotation technique~.
Broadly speaklng, froth flotation involves conditioning an aqueous slurry or pulp of the mixture of mineral and gangue particles with one or more flotation reagent~ which will pro te flotation of either the mineral or the gangue constituent-of the pulp when the pulp is aerated. The conditioned pulp is aerated by introdu¢ing into the pulp a plurality of minute alr bubblo~ whlch tend to become attached either to the mineral particle~ or to the gangue partlcle~ o~ the pulp, thereby oau81ng these partlale~ ~o rl~ to the ~ur~ace o~ tho body o~ pulp and form thereat a ~loat fraction whlch over~low~ or 1~ withdrawn from the flotation apparatus.
Typiaal of such ~lotatlon apparatus for accomplishing the foregoing is that di w losed ln U.S. Patent No. 3,371,779.
In such apparatus, the conditloned pulp is introduced into a flotation compartment containing a relatively quiescent body of an aqueous pulp, and aerated water is introduced into the lower portion o~ the flotation compartment through orlfices ~ .

~52Z~39 formed in the bottom wall o the flotation compartment. A
body of aerated water is e~tablished in a hydraulic compartment disposed directly below the flotation compartment by introducing air and water into the hydraulic compartment while simultaneously S dispersing a multitude of flne air bubbles throughout the water in the hydraulic compartment. The body of aerated water in the hydraulic compartment is in fluid communication with the aqueous pulp in the lower portion of the flotation compartment through the aforementioned orifices formed in the bottom wall of the flotation compartment. An overflow fraction containing floated particles of the pulp is withdrawn from the top of the body of aqueous pulp and an underflow or non-float fraction containlng non-floated particle~ of the pulp is withdrawn from the pulp in the lower portion of the flotation compartment.
In a modification of such apparatus, the underflow or non-float fraction i8 withdrawn from the central portion of the bottom wall of the flotation compartment by means of a discharge pipe opening through the wall. By reason of the diw harge opening being in the central portion of this bottom wall, otherwise referred to as a constrlction plate, for certain sized flotation aompartments, an inef~laioncy ln operatlon result~ due to the non-uniformity ln aeratlon in the flotatlon compartment immedlately above the constrlction plate and more particularly in the vicinity of the di~charge opening. Due to the absence o aeration immediately above the discharge opening, the partlculate matter, including the float fra¢tion tends to recirculate and dischArge through the opening. This results, then, in the loss of some of the desired float fraction of mineral.
A further problem encountered involves the removal of coarse and heavy particles of ore contained in coarse feed l~Z39 of a ~ize of about plus 14 mesh. With the constriction plate being flat and horizontally disposed, the coarse particles tend to settle and to collect onto the constriction plate thereby forming a relatively thick bed. This bed overlies and at least partially plugs the orifices thereby inhibiting the pa~age of aerated water and more particularly tiny air bubbles into the flotation chamber. Instead, the tiny bubbles combine intern-ally of the bed and release in the form of relatively large bubble~ which defeat the flotation function. In order to restore proper aeration of tiny bubbles rising in the flotation chamber, the bed of agglomerated material must be removed, requiring in some instance~ equipment shut-down.
Other prior art relating to the concentration of minerals 1~ disclosea in U.S. Patent Nos. 2,753,045, 2,758,714 and 3,298,519.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The apparatu~ of this invention overcomes one or more of the foregoing problems thereby contributing to efflciency of operation. Thls appar~tus comprises a flotatlon compartment adapted to contain a relatively quiescent body of aqueou~
pulp. Pulp feod means i8 provided for introducing aqueou~
pulp into tho flotatlon aompartment. ~roth ov~r~low moana i8 di~po~ed ad~acent to the upper end o th~ ~lotation aompart-ment and provides for the disaharge of a float fraction contalning floated partlcle~ of the aqueous pulp. A hydraulic compartment i9 dlsposed beneath the flotation compartment and is adapted to ¢ontain a hody of aerated water maintained at a higher static pre~sure than that of the aqueous pulp in the lower portion of the flotation compartment. A constriction plate separates the flotation compartment from the hydraulic compart-ment disposed therebeneath, the con~triction plate having a plurality of spaced orifices for uniormly distributing aerated water thereacross from the hydraulic compartment in tran~it to the flotat$on compartment. Each orifice i8 adapted to receive therethrough a stream of aerated water from the hydraulic compartment into the lower portion of the flotation compartment.
Means is provided for introducing air and water into the hydraulic compartment and for forming a multitude of air bubbles throughout the water in the hydraulic compartment, ~uch means conventionally including an a~pirating device but not restricted thereto.
Underflow means is provided for discharging a non-float fraction containing unfloated particles of said aqueous pulp from the flotation compartment, the underflow means including in one lnstance a di~charge pipe which opens through the con-striction plate. Means are provided for introducing air bubbles into the discharge pipe, in one form thi~ means including a number of orifice6 in the discharge pipe in communlcation wlth the hydraulic compartment. Another means would be a separate aspirator. A valve device serves in oontrolling the velocity of outflow through the discharge pipe such that the la~t-mentloned alx bub~le~ rlse lnto the ~lotat~on aompart~
ment. Aerated water i~ thus dl~tributed lnto the flotation compartment uniformly acro~s the area of the constrlction plate as well a~ the discharge openlng therethrough thereby preventlng the dovelopment of recirculating currents, aq mentioned hereinabove, the flotation chamber which could contribute to 1088 in efficien¢y by reason of the undesired discharge of some of the float fraction.
A different arrangement for inhibiting the development of su¢h recirculating currents comprehends the u~e of baffle " ~lS22~9 plate~ in the flotation compartment which upstand from the constriction plate. These baffle plates are spaced both peripherally and transversely of the flotation compartment in such configuration as to impede cros~ currents and other-wise provide channel-like columns which serve as vertical guides for the air bubbles.
With respect to the problem discussed in the preceding of the plugging of the orifices in the constriction plate by a bed of the heavier non-float particles the constriction plate is formed to incline outwardly from the opening into the discharge pipe whereby non-10at fractions which tend to collect on the plate gravitate toward and out of the opening.
Alternatively the constriction plate may be conically shaped with the apex portion uppermost: no discharge pipe would be required ln this arrangement. Particles that tend to collect on the plate thus gravitate outwardly to be discharged into an outflow passage that ~urrounds the plate. Thus no inhibit$ng bed develops. Mean~ are provided for ~electively dlstributing aerating water in the hydraulic compartments substantially uniformly acros~ the con~tr~ction plate such means including a plurality of air bubble entrapping aompartments dep-nding from the con~triction plate ln communication with di~cr~te, different groups of the orifice~ therein. The bubbles in the aerated water of the hydraullc aompartment are trapped in the individual compartments and e~cape therefrom only through the respective orifices. Without ~uch entrapping compartment~
the bubbles would tend to ri~e in the hydraulic compartment to the uppermo~t portion of the constriction plate and pass through only the uppermo3t orifices thereby resulting in non-uniform aeration of the water in the flotation compartment.

11~iZ239 In view of the foregoing it i5 an object of this inventionto provide for improvements in flotation apparatus for achieving an increase in operating efficiency.
The above-mentioned and other features and objects of 5 this invention and the manner of attaining them will become more apparent and the invention itself will be best understood by reference to the following description of an embodiment of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the drawing~, Fig. 1 is a perspective view partially broken away and sectioned for clarity of illustration of a flotation apparatu~ of the type to which the present invention relate~7 Fig. 2 i~ a longitudinal ~ection view of a preferred embodiment of this invention;
Fig. 3 i8 a oros~-section taken substantially along ~ection line 3-3 of Fig. 2s Fig. 4 is a partial longitudinal section of a second embodlment of this invention;
Fig. 5 i~ a vlew like Fig. 4 u~ed in explaining the principle of operatlon of tho embodiment of ~ig. 4~
Flg. 6 ls a view llke Flg. 2 of another embodiment of thlfi lnventlon;
Figs. 7 and 8 are ~ectlonal view~ of modlficatlons of the embodiment o~ Fig. 67 Fig. 9 i3 a view like Fig. 2 of yet another embodiment;
Fig. 10 is a cross-section taken substantially along section line 10-10 of Fig. 9; and Fig. 11 is a aross-seation taken on section line 11-11 of Flg. 2.

ilS223g DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
Referring to Fig. 1 for a general de~cription, the flotation apparatus comprises a flotation oompartment 10 adapted to contain a body of aqueous pulp to be separated into float and non-float fractions, a hydraulic compartment 12 di~posed directly below the flotation compartment 10 and adapted to contain a body of aerated water that is introduced into the flotation compartment through orifices 14 formed in the aon-striction plate 16 which serves as the bottom wall of the compartment 10. An apertured pulp feed well 18 is provided adjacent the upper end of the apparatus for introducing a conditioned aqueous pulp into the flotation ¢ompartment 10, and an apertured dispersion sleeve 19 coaxially surrounds the feed well 18. An annular, froth overflow launder 20 i~
provided ad~acent to the upper end of the flotation compartment 10 for withdrawing the float fraction therefrom. Low velocity underflow discharge means 22 i8 provided ad~acent to the lower end of the flotatlon compartment 10 for withdxawing underflow or non-float material from the flotation compartment 10.
~he flotation ¢ompartment 10 has a sub~tantially circular croJ~-sectlon defined by the cylindrlcal wall 23, the constric-tlon plate 16 serving, a~ pr~viou~ly noted a9 the bottom wall of ths flotatlon compartm~nt 10. The hydrAullc compartment 12 is defined by the con~triction plate 16 which ~erves as the top wall thereof, by the cylindrical wall 23 and a second constriction plate 24 6paced below and extending parallel to the constriction plate 16, the con~triction plate 24 servlng as the bottom wall of the hydraullc compartment 12. An aerating chamber 26 i8 disposed beneath and in paralleli~m with the hydraulic compartment 12 and i8 deined on the upper side thereof by the constriction plate 24, at the side~ by a ~lSZZ39 cylindrical wall 23 and at the bottom by the bottom wall 28 of the apparatus. The underflow discharge means 22 is in the form of a straight duct or pipe coaxially centered with respect to the wall 23 and sealingly secured at its upper end to and opening through the constriction plate 16, ~uch opening being indicated by the numeral 30 ~Figs. 4 and 5).
The constriction plate 24 is sealingly secured to the outer periphery of the pipe 22 as shown as is the bottom wall 28.
A cone-~haped valve 32 is disposed for movement within the lower end of the pipe 22 a~ shown, the valve 32 being mounted on a lever 34 pivoted at 36 to a bracket 38 secured to the lower end of the p~pe 22. A screw adjustment 40 i8 received by the bracket 38 and threads into the lever 34, rotation of the ~crew 40 servlng to move the valve 32 vertically.
The valve 32 serves in controlling the rate o discharge of water and non-float fraction from the flotation compartment 10.
The orlflces 14 in the constriction plate 16 are uniformly spaced, such as on two to three inch centers, a8 shown in Fig. 3 and in one worklng ombodlment are of a slze ranging from 1/8 to S/16th inch. The openings 42 ln the con~triction plate 24 are al~o spaced and arranged according to es~entlally the ~ame pattern a~ the orlflce- 14 with the exceptlon that they aro larger, an example belng 5/8th inoh.
In the upper end of the di~chargo plpe 22 and ~paced a sultable distance beneath the constrictlon plate 16 is an annular series of o~rifioes 44, ~lgs. 4 nnd 5) in dlrect communi-catlon with the hydraulic compartment 12. In a working embodi~
ment, these orifices 44 are spaced about 1 inch beneath the plate 16 and are of about the same ~ize and spacing as orifices 14~

115ZZ~9 It is important tha~ the hydraulic compartment 12 contain a uniformly aerated body of water maintained at a slightly higher pressure than~that of the aqueous pulp in the flotation compartment 10. Accordingly, the hydraulic compartment 12 is provided with means for introducing air and water thereinto and with means for forming a uniform dispersion o minute air bubbles through the water in the compartment. The functions of the air and water introducing means as well as the air dispersing means may be essentially the same as disclosed in Patent No. 3,371,779, but as shown in the drawings, are alternatively provided in part by the constriction plate 24, the compartment 26 having therein a series of circumferentially arranged, radial pipe extensions 45 ~Fig. 11) of different length. These extensions 45 are connected to pipes 46 leading to an annular, water man~fold 48 havlng a fitting 50 to which water at a pressure of, for example, 25 to 50 pounds per square inch is connected. In series with each of the pipes 46 i9 a conventional aspirator 52. Such an aspirator may be the same as that shown in the aforesaid Patent No. 3,371,779.
Another pipe 54 i8 connected at one end to the manifold 48 and at the other end to the feed well 18. An aspirator 56 like the aspirator 52 1~ connected in serie~ with the pipe 54.
It 18 important in the opcration of the apparatu~ de~crib~d that water and aeratinq air be introduced lnto the hydraulic compartment 12 st a rate suffi¢ient to insure that the static pre~sure in the hydraulic compartment 12 is above the ~tatic pressure of the aqueous pulp in the lower portion of the flota-tion compartment 10. Specifically, it ha~ been found that the pressure differential between the aerated water in the hydraulic compartment 12 and the aqueous pulp in the lower portion of the flotation compartment 10 not be permitted to -~S2239 fall below about 0.5 pounds per square inch, and preferably not below about 1 pound per square inch, in order to maintain the hydraulic compartment 12 substantially free of aqueous pulp. A preferred operating range is ~rom about 2 to 4 pounds S per square inch.
Water flowing in the pipe~ 46 and 54 i8 mixed with air drawn from the surrounding atmosphere by means of the a~pir-ator~ 52 and 56, respectively. The water flowing into the aerating compartment 26 is thus aerated, this aerated water flowing upwardly through the orifices in the constriction plates 24 and 16 into the ~lotation compartment 10. The orifices 14 and 42, ~Figs. 4 and 5) respectively, receive therethrough a plurality of streams of uniformly aerated water.
In this connection, it i5 important to note that the constric-tlon plates 16 and 24 are not primarily air diffusers andthat the orifices in the constriation plates are not intended to control the ~ize of the alr bubbleg, the ~tream of water flowing through each orifice already being aerated with a multitude of minute, uniformly di~per~ed air bubble~. The oriiaes 14 in the ¢on~triction plate 16 are relatively large and are dlstrlbuted in a relatively widely spaced geometrio pattern aoro~s tha entire aroa of the aonstriction plato in order to in~ure uni~orm di~tribution of tho a~rated water being introduced lnto the ~lotatlon compartment and, thereby to insure uniform aeration of the aqueous pulp in ths flota-tion compartment.
Since the di~charge opening 30 in the ¢onstriction plate 16 constitutes an lnterruption in the geometrlc pattern of the orifices 14, the orlfice~ 44 in the discharge pipe 22 serve in providing aerated watar, hence air bubbles, which rise throuqh the opening 30 into the flotation compartment 10.

1~52239 This then serves to provide a substantially uniform dispersion of air bubbles across the entire areas of the constriction plate 16 as well as the discharge opening 30. In operation, the pulp to be separated is delivered at a suitable rate into the feed well 18 where it encounters aerated water delivered thereto by the pipe 54, this aerated water passing upwardly through spaced, apertured, constriction plates 58 and 60 therein to provide an aerated body of water which carries the floatable fractions upwardly and horizontally into the flotation compart-ment 10. The usual flotation reagent~ as disclosed in theaforesaid Patent No. 3,371,779 are introduced into the feed well as de~ired by first being thoroughly mixed with the pulp feed before it is fed to the feed well 18.
More specifically, the wall of the feed well 18 is provided wlth aperture~ 21 either round or elongated, the latter being preferred, also, the dispersion sleeve 19 is provided with like apertures 27, sleeve 19 being mounted on the feed well 18 by means of bar-like braces 25. Aerated pulp not only flow~ upwardly out of the well 18 but al80 through apertures 21 and 27, there to encounter further aeration in the compartment 10. The presenae of the aperture~ 21 and 27 tends to reduce turbulenae and ~olling and to dlsper~ the aontent o~ the feed well 1Q~8 vlgorou~ly thsn would be the casa lf no aperture~
wnre used. The elongated, circumferentlal arrangement of the apertures provldes a ribbon-like, radial flow offering maximum expo~ure to the levltating bubbles in compartment 10.
The froth that form~ on the upper surface of the aqueous pulp in the flotatlon compartment 10 contains the floatable partlcles from the aqueous pulp which overflows into the annular launder 20 and out of the float discharge. pipe 64.
The es~entially non-floatable particles entering the flotation compartment 10 gravitate downwardly to be discharged through the pipe 22. The rate of discharge as explained previously is controlled by means of the valve 32. The floatable particles not captured and floated at the feed well as they settle through flotation compartment lO are subjected to continuous floating action by the rising bubbles in the compartment 10. The pulp feed is thereby separated in the manner described in the afore-said Patent No. 3,371,779 into the desired and undesired con-tituents.
Further considering the operation, and referring to Fig. 4, if the orifices 44 in the discharge pipe 22 were not present, a column immediately above the discharge opening 30 would have no air bubbles therein. By reason of the downflow through the di~charge openins 30, circulating or recirculating currents develop within the flotation compartment lO which carry with them both floatable and non-floatable fractions downwardly and out of the di~charge pipe 22. The float fractions thus disaharged represent a los~ of de~lred aon~tituent~ re1ected a~ a 108~ of efficiency in the operation of the apparatus. How-ever, by use of the orifices 44, the circulating or recirc~lating currents are avoided and alr bubbles ri~ into the flotatlon compartment lO to ~oin the bubbles which omanate from the con~trictlon plate 16. Greater e~ficlency ln the operation of the apparatus i8 thereby realized.
While the u~e of the aerating aperture~ 44 nre desired ln all ~izes of the apparatus, they have been found to be more effective in the larger apparatu~es, those whioh are 6-1/2 feet or larger in diameter. While use of the orifices 44 in the discharge pipe 22 are preferred, an alternative or additional arrangement for introdu¢ing air bubbles into the discharge pipe 22 may be in the form of any eductor or aspirator ~læzas 66 (Figs. 4 and 5) which is aonnected to the water manifold 48, the aspirator 66 being of the same design as the aspirators 52 and 56. An alternative could be the addition of compressed air into pipe 22 by mean~ of a suitable pipe or nozzle.
S In the use of any such aerating arrangements, it is impor-tant that the velocity of water discharged through the pipe 22 be controlled to be less than the velocity of the rising bubbleg in the pipe 22 itself. The problems previously discussed regarding the circulating and recirculating currents within the flotation compartment 10 are thus avoided.
Now referring more particularly to Figs. 2 and 5, and first to Fig. 5, in the handling of coar~e feed having a size of, for example, plus 14 mesh, it i5 possible for the coarser, non-float fraction to settle onto the constriction plate 16 lS to a sufflclent thickne~s as forms a bed of partiales indicated by the numeral 68. The bed 68 thus in effect plugs or clogs the orifices 14 interfering with the passage of the tiny air bubbles upwardly into the flotation compartment 10. Instead, the tiny bubbles entering the bed 6S tend to form into relatively large bubbleQ which eventually erupt through the bed and 10at upwardly in the form indicated by the numeral 70. Thu~, the character of the tlny bubble~ 1~ altered ~eriou~ly roduclng flotation efflaienay and in ~ome in~tanaes de~troying the flotation function ¢ompletely.
The arrangement ~hown in Flg. 2 avoids this problem of the ~ormation of the partiaulste bed 68. In this arrangement, the constriction plate 16a which separates the flotation com~
partment 10 from the hydraulic compartment 12 is dish or conic-ally shaped from the discharge opening 30 as shown, An angle of inclination of about three to ten degrees is normally satisfactory. This constriction plate 16a is provided with orifices 14a of suitable size and arrangement as the orifices 14 previously described~ Shallow air entrapping compartments are provided on the underside of the constriction plate 16a in order to prevent the air bubbles in the hydraulic oompartment 12 from naturally migrating toward the highest portions thereof and generally concentrating ~or passage through those orifice~
14a in only the outer peripheral portion of the constriction plate 16a. These compartments in the embodiment shown are indicated by the numeral 72 and are formed by concentric tubular wall~ or rings 74 sealingly secured at one end to the constriction plate 16a. Thu~, the air bubbles in the compartment 12 that rise into the respective compartment 72 are there trapped and pass outwardly therefrom only through the re~pective orifices 14a. This ensures a uniform distribution of air bubbles upwardly from the constriction plate 16a. Any particulate matter that tends to settle out onto the constriction plate 16a tends to slide or gravitate down the inclination of the constriction plate 16a until it passes outwardly through the discharge opening 30 in pipe 22. Clogging o~ the constriction plate 16a is thus prevented. Orifices 44 in the di~charge pipe may or may not be used as d~sired.
Re~errlng now to Flg. 6, A ~urther ~mbodiment of thl~
lnvention will now be de~crlbed in aonn2ation with which like numerals indicate like part~. The lower end of the compartment wall 23 is enlarged as indicated by the numeral 23b whiah at it~ lower end connects into a conically shaped di~aharge chamber 76 having a discharge pipe 22b provided with a valve assembly 32, 38. Coaxially disposed within the enlargement 23b is a cylindrical aerating enclosure 78 which contain~
the hydraulic compartment 12b and the aerating chamber 26b.
The enclosure 78 has a cylindrical wall 80 on the upper end S~S2239 of which is secured the constriction plate 16b as shown.
The lower end of the wall 80 ha~ secured thereto a bottom plate 82, both the constriction plate 16b and bottom plate 82 being secured to the discharge pipe 22b which opens there-5 through. The bottom plate 82 i~ configured as shown withan annular ridge 84 and surfaces 86 and 88 which incline therefrom toward the discharge pipe 22b and the wall 80, respectively.
The reason for this configuration of bottom plate 82 will be explained later.
The enclosure 78 is fixedly secured coaxially within the enlargement 23b by means of pipe sections 90 leading from the respective, peripherally arranged water pipes 46, the pipe sections 90 being secured at the opposite ends thereof to the walls of the enclosure 78 and the enlargement 23b.
As will be noted in Fig. 6, the diameter of the aerating enclosure 78 is substantially equal to that of the flotation compartment 10 ~uch that the area of the constriction plate 16b is e~entially coextensive with a pro~ected cross-sectional area of the flotation compartment 10. ~hus arranged, the 20 enclosure 78 forms with the enlargement 23b an annular outflow duct 92 which con~nunlcate~ with the di~charge chamber 76.
The crow-~ectlonal area of thi~ outflow duct 92 plu~ that of the pipe 22b provlde~ a relatlvely large outlet which reduc~s to a mlnimum the velocity of water flow from the flotation 25 compartment 10 into the discharge chamber 76. Such low velocity enables the tlny alr bubbles to a~cend through th~ flotation compartment 10 to form the froth at the top.
Another or auxiliary compartment indicated generally by the numeral 94 i8 mounted within the discharge chamber 30 76 beneath and in coaxial spaced relation with respect to the enclosure 78. This aerating compartment 94 is preferably ~iS2239 cylindrical having a peripheral wall 96 to which is secured top and bottom constriction plates 98 and 100, these constriction plates being provided with a ~eries of orifices as previously described. In one arrangement, the number of orifices in the constriction plate 100 are fewer than in the plate 98 or there may be none at all~ The compartment 94 is coaxially secured within the discharge chamber 76 by means of one or more pipe extensions 102 which lead from the water pipe 46 as well as one or more radiating bars 104 secured at the opposite ends thereo to the wall of the discharge chamber 76 and the wall 96 of the compartment 94.
The compartment 94 is either larger or smaller in diameter than that of the annular ridge 84 on the bottom plate 82 for a purpose which will be explained later.
The operation of this embodiment of Fig. 6 is es~entially the same as that of the preceding embodiment~, with aerated water being supplied to both the aerating enclo~ure 78 and the compartment 94. Tiny air bubble~ pa88 thxough the orifices 14b in the constriction plate 16b upwardly through the flotation compartment 10 as previously explained. Tiny bubbles in the aerated water delivered to the compartment 94 pas~ out through the orl~laes in ~he two aon8trlatlon platos 98 and 100, certain of the~e bubble# which ~wend ~rom the platc 98 being dlrected by the inclined ~ur~ace 86 lnto the dischaxge duct 22b from which they pa~s upwardly into the flotatlon compartment 10.
Other bubble~ emerging from the aonstrlction plates 98 and 100 ascend through the bath within the discharge chamber 76 and annular duct 92 into the flotation compartment 10, these bubbles picking up flotable particle~ which may have escaped fxom the flotation compartment 10 and were being carried by the low velocity outflow toward the discharge end of the 1~52239 apparatus. It will thus be seen that efficiency in the operation of the apparatus as measured by the quantity of flotable particles separated from the aqueous pulp is enhanced, since those particles which otherwise would be discharged from the apparatus through the downflow ducts encounter ascending bubbles from the auxiliary aerating compartment 94 and are floated upwardly to the upper end of the flotation compartment 10 where they form a part of the overflow froth.
In order to prevent clogging of the constri¢tion plate 16b, it may be inclined as shown and as described in connection with the embodiment of Fig. 2.
In Fig. 7, the embodiment there shown i8 essentially identical to that of Fig. 6 with the exception that the constric-tion plate 16c is inclined oppositely to that of 16b such that the coarser, non-flotable particles will gravitate outwardly through the annular duct 92.
The embodiment of Fig. 7 may further be modified as follows.
The aerating compartment 94 i8 omitted, the center duct 22c i8 omitted, the constriction plate 16c i8 extended to fill in the central space otherwise oacupied by the duct 22c as are the plates 24c and 88, the plate 16c coming to an apex in the center and both plate~ 16c an~ 24c having oriflce~
14c and 42c ln th~ aentral areas, re~pectively, which would otherwi~e coincide wlth the duct 22c. The constriction plate 16c would thus be conically shaped. The plate 88 in this in~tance could be flat, cover~ng the area of duct 22c. Further, the aerating enclosure 78 may be o~ a diameter larger than the compartment 10 and provided in the side wall 80 with a plurality of aerating orifices 81 like orifices 14c and spaced about the same.

~lS2239 This modified Fig. 7 arrangement provides aeration in the cen~ral portion of compartment 10 without the need of orifices 44c or the aerating compartment 94. ~he orifices 81 provide aeration in the duct 92 for floating the desired fraction which otherwise would escape therethrough. Non-float fraction which collects on constriction plate 16c gravitates toward the periphery to discharge through duct 92.
With respect to all of the embodiments of Figs. 6, 7 and 8, the orifices 81 may or may not be used as desired.
The embodiment shown in Fig. 8 is essentially like that of Fig. 6 with the exception that the compartment 94, here indiaated by the numeral 94b, is located above the aerating enclosure 78 in vertical alignment with the discharge pipe 22b. This compartment 94b provides additional aerated water and bubbles to th0 flotation compartment 23, and more especially to the portion thereof ad~acent to the upper end of the discharge pipe 22b where additional bubbles are required to inhibit the outflow and loss of flotable particles through the discharge pipe 22b. To further enhance the aeration of water within the pipe 22b, the orifices 44b, previously described, may also be used.
Considering for example the embodiment of Flg. 6, ~hree stage~ of a~ration ar~ prov~ded, on~ in th~ ~orm o~ the ~eedwell 18, the second the aerating enclosure 7~ and ~he third the auxiliary aerating compartment 94. These three aerating devices are vertically spaced suah that primary flotation of the flotable particles occurs by reason of the aerated water supplied to the feedwell 18, secondary flotation by that supplied by the aerating enclosure 78 and tertiary flotation by the bubbles emanating from the auxiliary compartment 94, the secondary and tertiary flotation stages tending to pick l~Z239 up that flotable material which otherwise might escape with the discharge of the unwanted non-flotable particles. The aerating devices are not only arranged in series verti¢ally, but are spaced horizontally (the aerating devices 78 and 94, for example) such that a volume of bubbles are produced through-out the cross section of the flotation compartment to increase the probability of picking up any flotable material which otherw1se might be lost. Proper distribution and volume of aeration also minimizes or eliminates the development of recir-culating currents which tend to carry off the desired flotable materials along with the non-float aggregate.
With reerence to Figs. 6, 7 and 8, the aerating enclosures 78 have been described as being coextensive with or larger in area than the cross-sectional area of flotation compartment 10. In practice, the size of this enclo~ure 78, may be larger, equal to or smaller than that of compartment 10 provided adequate aeration of the aqueous pulp in compartment 10 results. The various aeration deviaes may be selected in different permuta-tions as di wlosed to maximize flotation efficiency and recovery of the float fr~ction.
Referring to Figs. 9 and 10, a further embodiment ofthis invention is di~closed wheroln a plurallty of ba~le plateQ 106 up~tand wlthin the flo~atlon compartm~nt 10. These baffle plates 106 are secured to an upstand from the conatriction plate 16 in circumferentially and radially spaced relation~
esch plate 106, ln the preferred embodiment, being arcuately haped and disposed concentrically of the compartment wall 23 and coaxially wit~l respect to the discharge openi~g 30.
While the various plates 106 may be of different heights, they are shown as having the upper ends thereof disposed just short of the feedwell 18. The plates 106 have radial spaces ~iæ23s 108 therebetween such that non-float material tending to settle toward the constriction plate can pass therethrough and migrate inwardly to be discharged from the opening 30.
The number, spacing and arcuate extent of these plates 106 may vary also so long as the development of the circulatlng or recirculating currents within the flotation compartment 10 are prevented or inhibited. Preferably, in each circle three plates are used, with the plates in adjacent aircles being circumferentially staggered in overlapping relation as ~hown. The orifices 44 in aentral discharge pipe 22 may or may not be used a~ desired, depending upon the diameter of the flotation compartment 10. Thus, this embodiment utilizes two different structures ~or inhibiting or preventing recircu-lation, these being either the orifices 44 or baffle plates 106, or a combination of the two. The baffle arrangement may also be used with the othex disalosed embodiments.
Further as part of such recirculation or as a separateconsideration, the baffle plates 106 are so arranged to inhibit water cross-flow~ i.e. flow within the flotation compartment corresponding to the height of the baffle plates which eventually lead~ out of the discharge duct, whether such duct be in the form a~ shown in elther Flg. 6 or Fig. 9. The recircul~tlng current~ develop~d h~ve a aurvilin~ar, elliptlaal or ciroulsr geometry lying yenerally in vertiaal plane~ which include radil of the flotation compartment and discharge duct, each suah current having a horizontal or aro~s-flow component. These aurrents result from the upward stream~ of water through the orifices in the constriction plate which eventually aurve toward the discharge duct, and roll or recirculate in the elliptical or circular pattern which terminates through the duct. Other cross-flow - ~52Z3g theoretically is possible directly rom an orifice to the discharge duct.
By providing baffle plates transversely of the cross-flow, such cross-flow is minimized and loss of float fraction out of the discharge duct is inhibited. The pulp is further fluidized in the region above the constriction plate and the particles are maintained in suspension, increasing retention time, thereby increasing the probability of bubble attachment.
Recapitulating, the present forms of the invention provide for multiple stage~ of aeration, reduces the velocity of outflow of the aqueou~ pulp to a ~ufficiently low level that will assure ascendency of the froth-forming bubbles, and eliminates the need for using two or more flotation apparatuses or cells of prior art design ln a vertical series arrangement wherein the upper cells discharge into the lower cells, the lower cells in this instance being u~ed for the purpose of recovering any flotable materials lost from the upper cells. Improved efficiency is therefore realized by means of apparatus of minimal overall height.
A further efficiency 18 realized in the provision of means minimizing or avoiding the development of circulating or recir-ulating current~ withln the flotation compartment 10, the~e mean~
b~lng in the form p eith~r oriflce 44 or the b~ffle plate~ 106 or a combination of the two. Thu~, float fraction which hereto-fore has become entrained within the recirculating currents has tended to be lost through the dlscharge duct; however, by reason of the provision of air bubbles in the space of the duct 22 and/or the presence of the baffle plates 106, such recirculating currents are prevented rom forming such that the ascending bub~le3 within the central portion of the flotation compartment 10 capture the float fraction and carry lt upwardly.

While there have been described above the principles of this invention in connection with specific apparatus, it i6 to be clearly understood that this description is made only by way of example and not as a limitation to the scope of the invention.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. Apparatus for separation of minerals from an aqueous pulp comprising a mixture of mineral and gangue particles by froth flotation comprising:
a flotation compartment adapted to contain a relatively quiescent body of said aqueous pulp, pulp feed means for introducing aqueous pulp into said flotation compartment, froth overflow means disposed adjacent to the upper end of the flotation compartment for discharging therefrom a float fraction containing floated particles of said aqueous pulp, a hydraulic compartment disposed adjacent to the bottom portion of the flotation compartment, said hydraulic compartment being adapted to contain a body of aerated water maintained at a higher static pressure than that of the aqueous pulp in the lower portion of the flotation compartment, a stationary constriction plate forming the top of said hydraulic compartment and interposed between the flotation compartment and the hydraulic compartment and extending sub-stantially horizontally, said constriction plate having a plurality of spaced orifices for uniformly distributing aerated water thereacross from the hydraulic compartment to the flotation compartment, each orifice being adapted to receive therethrough a stream of aerated water from said hydraulic compartment into the lower portion of said flotation compartment, means for introducing air and water into said hydraulic compartment and for forming a multitude of air bubbles through-out the water in the hydraulic compartment, underflow means for discharging a non-float fraction containing unfloated particles of said aqueous pulp from said flotation compartment, said underflow means including a dis-charge duct which opens through said constriction plate, means for introducing aerated water into said discharge duet, and means for controlling the velocity of outflow through said discharge duet to a level such that the air bubbles in the last-mentioned aerated water rise into said flotation compartment.

2. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said discharge duct extends downwardly through said hydraulic compartment, said means for introducing air bubbles into said discharge duct includes a plurality of spaced orifices in said discharge duct in communication with said hydraulic compartment.

3. The apparatus of Claim 2 wherein said discharge duct is disposed centrally of said constriction plate and said hydraulic compartment.

4. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said means for intro-ducing air bubbles into said discharge duct includes an air aspirating device connected to said discharge duct.

5. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said discharge duct is disposed in the mid-portion of said constriction plate, said constriction plate inclining outwardly from the opening of said discharge duct whereby non-float fraction which tends to collect on said constriction plate will gravitate toward said opening, and including means for selectively distributing aerated water in said hydraulic compartment through said orifices substantially uniformly across said constriction plate, said distributing means including a plurality of bubble-entrapping compartments depending from said constriction plate and encircling said discharge duct, the bottoms of said bubble-entrapping com-partments being open and communicating with said hydraulic compartment.

6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said bubble-entrapping compartments are concentrically arranged about the opening of said discharge duct through said constriction plate, said bubble-entrapping compartments being formed by tubular walls affixed at one end to said constriction plate and extending downwardly into said hydraulic compartment.

7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said means for introducing air bubbles into said discharge duct includes a plurality of spaced orifices in said discharge duct in communication with said hydraulic compartment.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said constriction plate inclines outwardly from the opening into said discharge duct whereby non-float fractions that tend to collect on said plate gravitate toward said opening, and including means for selectively distributing aerated water in said hydraulic compartment substantially uniformly across said constriction plate, said discharge duct opening being disposed centrally of said con-striction plate, and said distributing means including a plurality of bubble-entrapping compartments depending from said constriction plate and encircling said discharge duct, the bottoms of said bubble-entrapping compartments being open and communicating with said hydraulic compartment.

9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said compartments are concentrically arranged about the opening of said discharge duct through said bubble-entrapping constriction plate, said compartments being formed by tubular walls affixed at one end to said constriction plate and extending downwardly into said hydraulic compartment.

10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said air and water introducing means includes an aerating compartment beneath said hydraulic compartment, a second constriction plate separating said hydraulic compartment from said aerating compartment, said second constriction plate having a multiplicity of spaced orifices which receive therethrough streams of aerated water, and a source of aerated water connected to said aerating compartment.

11. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said means for selectively distributing aerated water includes a plurality of air bubble-entrapping compartments depending from said constriction plate in communication with discrete different ones of said orifices, the bottoms of said bubble-entrapping compartments being open and communicating with said hydraulic compartment.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein said air and water introducing means includes an aerating compartment beneath said hydraulic compartment, a second constriction plate separating said hydraulic compartment from said aerating compartment, said second constriction plate having a multiplicity of spaced orifices, which receive therethrough streams of aerated water, and a source of aerated water connected to said aerating compartment.

13. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said hydraulic compartment is enclosed by a top, bottom and peripheral side wall, said constriction plate serving as said top, and including an outflow duct which communicates with the lower portion of said flotation compartment and surrounds said hydraulic compartment, said outflow-controlling means including means for controlling the velocity of outflow through both duets such that said last-mentioned air bubbles rise into said flotation compartment.

14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said discharge duct passes through said constriction plate, said constriction plate radially outwardly of said duct being angled with respect to the horizontal whereby non-float fraction which tends to collect on said constriction plate gravitates toward one of said ducts, and including means for selectively distributing aerated water in said hydraulic compartment through said orifices substantially uniformly across said constriction plate.

15. The apparatus of claim 13 including a discharge chamber beneath said hydraulic compartment which communicates with both of said ducts, a discharge pipe connected to said discharge chamber, said outflow-controlling means including a valve cooperatively associated with said discharge pipe;
said means for introducing air bubbles into said discharge duct including an aerating compartment disposed below said hydraulic compartment, said aerating compartment having a substantially horizontal constriction plate in vertical alignment with said discharge duct whereby air bubbles emanating therefrom levitate through said discharge duct into said flotation compartment, and means for supplying aerated water to said aerating compart-ment.

16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said aerating compartment is an enclosure with spaced top and bottom plates and a side wall, the last-mentioned top plate being said constriction plate of said aerating compart-ment, said bottom plate of said aerating compartment also being configured as a constriction plate, said bottom of said hydraulic compartment having a portion which inclines toward the bottom end of said discharge duct whereby air bubbles from said aerating compartment are directed toward and into said discharge duct.

17. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said flotation compartment is of upright columnar form, said hydraulic compartment and the constriction plate thereof being of a side substantially coextensive with the cross-section of said flotation compartment, said outflow duct being in the form of a peripheral enlargement of the lower end portion of said flotation compartment, a discharge chamber connected to the lower end of said peripheral enlargement and in communication with both of said ducts, and said outflow-controlling means including a discharge pipe connected to said discharge chamber and an adjustable valve therefor.

18. An apparatus as described in claim 1 wherein said flotation com-partment is upstanding and defined by a closure wall; said underflow means being located downwardly beyond said constriction plate and including a discharge duct which bypasses said constriction plate; and further comprising an inhibiting means which includes a plurality of vertical baffle plates upstanding from said constriction plate, the bottom edges of said baffle plates being immediately adjacent to said constriction plate thereby to in-hibit flow of aqueous pulp between said bottom edges and said constriction plate and said baffle plates further extending transversely of radii extending from the discharge duct.

19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein said baffle plates are spaced apart peripherally and transversely of said flotation compartment.

20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said flotation compartment is of cylindrical shape and said baffle plates are concentrically formed and positioned with respect thereto, the transversely spaced plates being partially overlapped peripherally, said discharge duct being disposed centrally of said constriction plate.

21. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein said inhibiting means includes said discharge duct being provided with a plurality of orifices at a location beneath said constriction plate to receive aerated water and a portion of said air bubbles therethrough, and means for controlling the velocity of outflow through said discharge duct such that said last-mentioned air bubbles rise through said discharge duct and into said flotation compartment.

22. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said baffle plates are curvilinear and concentric about said duct, said baffle plates further being partially overlapped radially of said constriction plate.

23. An apparatus as described in claim 18 wherein said inhibiting means minimizes current cross-flow in said flotation compartment above said constriction plate and comprises baffle plates extending transversely of such cross-flow and being upright in said flotation compartment.

24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein said discharge duct either surrounds or is within said constriction plate.