CA1141782A - Hydraulic cements - Google Patents
Hydraulic cementsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1141782A CA1141782A CA000358832A CA358832A CA1141782A CA 1141782 A CA1141782 A CA 1141782A CA 000358832 A CA000358832 A CA 000358832A CA 358832 A CA358832 A CA 358832A CA 1141782 A CA1141782 A CA 1141782A
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- Prior art keywords
- cement
- hydrated
- aldehyde
- additive
- product according
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
- C04B24/008—Aldehydes, ketones
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
- C04B24/12—Nitrogen containing compounds organic derivatives of hydrazine
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
Abstract
- ? -ABSTRACT
HYDRAULIC CEMENTS
A modified hydraulic cement product comprises a hydraulic calcium silicate-based cement having a Blain surface area of at least 3,000 cm2/g, e.g. Rapid Hardening cement, and/or an iron content of less than 2.5% by weight expressed in terms of the ferric oxide content of the dry cement, e.g. WPC, in which the cement has been treated with an additive comprising an aldehyde or an amide or substance convertible to an aldehyde or amide under the alkaline conditions prevailing in the cement before or during the setting reaction. Treated cement may be hydrated subsequent to or in parallel with the additive treatment to give hydrated products which characteristically exhibit modified cement morpho-logies, in particular fibrous cement morphologies, and generally also modified physical strength properties, e.g. tensile strengths of at least about 10 MN/m2 and compressive strengths of at least about 60 MN/m , as compared with untreated hydrated cement products.
The cements may be used with other materials including aggregates and also reinforcing elements and in preferred embodiments may be used in the production of pre-cast units for use in the construction industry. Additionally some treated products prior to hydration exhibit desirable properties: cement slurries with certain aldehydes, e.g. acetalehehyde, providing extrudable cement compo-sitions, and treatment of cements with salicyladehyde, particularly in the absence of water, providing a quick-set cement composition which may be hydrated subsequently.
HYDRAULIC CEMENTS
A modified hydraulic cement product comprises a hydraulic calcium silicate-based cement having a Blain surface area of at least 3,000 cm2/g, e.g. Rapid Hardening cement, and/or an iron content of less than 2.5% by weight expressed in terms of the ferric oxide content of the dry cement, e.g. WPC, in which the cement has been treated with an additive comprising an aldehyde or an amide or substance convertible to an aldehyde or amide under the alkaline conditions prevailing in the cement before or during the setting reaction. Treated cement may be hydrated subsequent to or in parallel with the additive treatment to give hydrated products which characteristically exhibit modified cement morpho-logies, in particular fibrous cement morphologies, and generally also modified physical strength properties, e.g. tensile strengths of at least about 10 MN/m2 and compressive strengths of at least about 60 MN/m , as compared with untreated hydrated cement products.
The cements may be used with other materials including aggregates and also reinforcing elements and in preferred embodiments may be used in the production of pre-cast units for use in the construction industry. Additionally some treated products prior to hydration exhibit desirable properties: cement slurries with certain aldehydes, e.g. acetalehehyde, providing extrudable cement compo-sitions, and treatment of cements with salicyladehyde, particularly in the absence of water, providing a quick-set cement composition which may be hydrated subsequently.
Description
l19082 HYDRAULIC CEMENTS
This invention relates to hydraulic cements and in particular to the modification of hydraulic cements by chemical additives.
Hydraulic cements are staple materials of the building industry usually employed in combination with various aggregates 05 to provide concretes and mortars. Such cements include Portland cement and other similar cements which undergo setting reactions on addition of water, involving the hydration of calcium silicate materials, to give strong durable products.
Numerous chemical additives have been proposed for hydraulic cements for modication of either their setting properties or the resultant properties of hydrated products. Amongst these additives, neutralised wood resins as air entraining agents, lignosulphonates as agents for increasing workability and resultant strength, fatty acids and fatty acid salts as adsorption and permeability reducing agents, and recently hydroxycarboxylic acids and polycarboxylic acids as components of plasticiser compositions, have gained wide-spread commercial acceptance. Over 30 years ago, proposals were made to modify hydraulic cements by addition of water-soluble aldehydes and/or ketones (Belgian Patent No. 463,851, Penners) and also by addition of mixtures of waste lye of sulphite with at least one water-soluble aldehyde (Swiss Patent No. 233,795, Heppe) but neither of these proposals appears to have been adopted by the building industry.
In has been found that satisfactory modification of properties f hydrated products can only be achieved on use of certain additives, if careful attention is paid to the physical and chemical properties of the cement starting material.
According to the present invention a modified hydraulic cement product comprises a hydraulic calcium silicate-based cement having a Blain surface area of at least 3,000 cm /g and/or an iron content of less than 2.5% by weight expressed in terms of the ferric oxide content of the dry cement, which has been treated with an additive comprising an aldehyde or an amide or substance conver-tible to an aldehyde or amide under the alkaline conditions prevail-ing in the cement before or during the setting reaction.
q~
The invention also includes a process for the production of a modifiedhydraulic cement product comprising treating a hydraulic calcium silicate-based cement as defined above with an additive comprising an aldehyde or an amide or a substance convertible to an aldehyde of an amide under the alkaline conditions prevailing in the cement before or during the setting reaction.
The hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements of the invention are typi-cally those whose cementing action predominantly involves the hydration of calcium silicates, including both dicalcium silicate (C2S) and tricalcium silicate (C2S~, as distinct from cements whose cementing action relies to a large extent on the hydration of calcium aluminate materials e.g. tricalcium aluminate (C3A), such as the cements commonly known as high alumina cements (HAC). The cements of the invention are usually of Portland type cements including mixtures of Portland type cements with other materials such as blast furnace slag and pozzalana, though other similar cements, whose action relies upon hydration of similar calcium sil-icate materials, are included within the scope of the invention.
Characteristically, however, the cements of the invention are of fine particle size and/or low iron content and are typically of finer particle size and/or lower iron content than ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Suitable cements of fine particle size are those having a Blain surface area usually greater than 3,500 cm 2/g or especially greater than about 4,500 cm2/g or more e.g. up to about 10,000 quare centimetres per gramme, and preferred cements include finely ground Portland cement type materials, such as Rapid Hardening cement, Ultra Rapid Hard-ening cement and "Swiftcrete". Alternatively or in addition, suitable cements typically contain less than about 2.5% by weight, or especially less than about 1% by weight, of iron (expressed in terms of the Fe203 content of the dry untreat-ed cement material i.e. corresponding to a ferrite phase comprising less than about 10% by weight of the dry untreated cement) and particularly preferred cements are low iron content Portland cement type materials such as those known as White Portland cement (WPC) or "Snowcrete".
8;~
Aldehydes and amides in general may be used to modify hydraulic cements according to the present invention and preferred aldehydes or amides include simple aldehydes or amides such as simple aliphatic aldehydes e.g. formaldehyde, 05 acetaldhyde, butyraldehyde, or amides e.g. formamide, acetamide.
Suitable aldehydes or amides may also include aromatic aldehydes or amides, and both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and amides may have further substitution e.g. o- or p-chlorobenzaldehyde or p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, besides the aldehyde or amide carbonyl group. Particularly preferred aldehydes are simple unsaturated aldehydes, in particular conjugated unsaturated aldehydes, especiallyunsaturatedaldehydes including both aromatic e.g. phenyl, and ethylenically unsaturated aldehydes in which the unsaturation is conjugated with respect to the aldehyde carbonyl group, for instance, crotonaldehyde, and salicylaldehyde. Examples of aldehydes which have been found to be useful in practice for modification of hydraulic cements are: formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, heptaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, salicyl-aldehyde, ortho and para chlorobenzaldehyde, para dimethyl-aminobenzaldehyde and piperonaldehyde. Example of amides which have been found to be useful for modification of hydraulic cements include formamide and especially acetamide.
Suitable aldehyde and amide precursors may be used in the treatment of the present invention, typically those which give rise to aldehydes or amides under the alkaline conditions which are a characteristic of hydraulic cement environments. In particular, it has been found that presence of a certain amount of water and use of elevated temperatures may be desirable for production of aldehydes from some precursors. For example, addition of ethylene glycol to dry WPC gives rise to modification of hydrated products providedtheethylehe glycol contains at least 5% v/v of water and treatment is carried out at a temperature of at least 110 C. preferably, however, the hydraulic 7~Z
cements are treated according to the invention by addition of additives which ab initio comprise aldehydes and amides.
Hydration of the cement may be carried out in parallel with the additive rreatment, e.g. by use of addi-tives containing the 05 required water, or by addition of water to the cement together with the additive. It has been found, however that satisfactory modification of properties is obtained with additives containing water usually only when the active aldehyde or amide component is of suitable water solubility, such as , for instance, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Furthermore, it has been found that prior addition of water to the cement generally blocks modification on subsequent treatment with aldehydes and amides.
Preferably the cement is pre-trea-ted prior to hydration, for instance, by addition of substantially anhydrous additives, which may predominantly comprise aldehyde and/or amide or appropriate mixturesthereof, to the dry cement. Such addition of additive is usually accompanied by mixing, advantageously to bring about satisfactory dispersion of additive and cement. In some cases it may be desirable to present the active component of the additive to the cement in the form of a solution to assist dispersion , for instance when the aldehyde or amide active component is a solid under the conditions of treatment or when only small quantities of active component are being used.
Suitable liquids for use as solvents in solution additives are preferably inert, volatile, organic solvents and solution additives comprising from about 1% -to 50% by weight of aldehyde and amide active components in organic solvents, such as ethanol and carbon tetrachloride, have been used successfully.
A particularly preferred treatment according to the invention, however, comprises vapour phase pre-treatment of the cement, in which additive e.g. predominantly comprising aldehyde or amide, in the vapour phase, is intimately mixed with the cement grains, preferably substantially to coat the surfaces of the grains. For example, a dry gas stream comprising additive vapour and usually 11~17~32 also inert carrier gas e.g. N2, is passed through the cement clinker which is preferably subjected to agitation to assist mixing of the cement and vapour~ In a fluidised bed application, the gas stream may in addition be employed to fluidise the 05 cement particles. In practice it is envisaged that the vapour phase pre-treatment may be included as a stage within the scheme of production of the cement; for instance, cement particles may be passed directly from the final stages of the production process to a vapour phase contactor for treatment with additive vapour.
It has been found in some cases that the nature of the treatment employed may affect the modification obtained on subsequent hydration. For example~ treatment of WPC with crotonaldehyde by the solvent pre-treatment method gives rise on subsequent autoclaving to a product having high tensile strength though substantially reduced dynamic Young's modulus as compared with untreated autoclaved WPC products; whereas similar products which have been vapour phase pre-treated with crotanaldehyde exhibit enhanced dynamic Young's moduli as well as improved tensile strength. Generally, also,conditions employed during treatment e.g. temperature, pressure etc. may affect the modification obtained, and thus choice of treatment regime and conditions employed may be varied having regard to the properties desired for the hydrated products.
The amount of aldehyde or amide active component which is employed for the treatment may be varied widely, higher levels of active component generally giving rise to greater extent of modification in the hydrated products. Substantial quantities e.g. up to about 50% or more by weight, of active component, based on the weight of untreated cement, may be used; though more usually up to about 15%, especially from about 1% or less up to about 10%, by weight of active component is used. The quantity of active component required to give a particular level of modification may depend upon the treatment method employed, direct admixture usually being the most inefficient method and vapour 11~11782 phase pre-treatment generally representing the most efficient use of active material. For example, it has been found that up-take of active aldehyde additive during prolonged vapour phase treatment e.g. 2 - 3 hours, amounts to only about 1% by weight or less of 05 the dry cement prior to treatment.
Products which have been pre-treated with additive may be stored prior to use, at which time water is added to hydra-te the cement. Generally the treated cement is sealed during storage to prevent premature hydration, for instance, on chance contamination by water vapour and/or carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Pre-treated products may be stored in slurry form e.g. for ease of bulk transportation, or in dried form,for instance in impermeable bags such as plastic bags.
In addition, it has been discovered that pre-treated products in particular those in slurry form, may in themselves exhibit desirable physical properties. For instance, slurries of WPC
and fine grain Portland type cements with certain aldehydes e.g. acetaldehyde, have improved slump properties compared with water/cement mixes, and may also exhibit good plastic flow properties which maybe utilisedin particular applications of the cement material; for instance, plastic flow properties may be utilised in cement extrusion applications. Furthermore, it has been found that treatment of WPC and fine grain Portland type cements e.g. Swiftcrete or Rapid Hardening Cement, with salicyaldehyde, particularly in the absence of water, provides a material which is subject to a very rapid set e.g. less than about 1 minute, advantageously providing a quick-set cement which may be hydrated subsequently. Such pre-treated cement products and applications arising from their special properties are included within the scope of the invention.
Subsequent to the treatment of the invention or in parallel therewith, the cement may be hydrated to provide a hydrated cement composition product and such hydrated products are included within the scope of the invention. The conditions ~ ~4178Z
and methods employed for hydration are generally simllar to those which are customarily employed and may include the use of elevated temperatures and pressures e.g. temperatures up to about t80 or 215 C such as the conditions which are used during autoclavlng.
05 Indeed it has been found that with some aldehydes e.g formaldehyde and crotonaldehyde, it may be desirable to use elevated temperatures e.g. 100 C - 130 C, preferably about 120 C, during combined additive treatment and hydration to obtain satisfactory modifica-tion of properties for hydrated products. Other aldehydes including salicylaldehyde, p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and butyraldehyde give satisfactory modification after hydration at room temperature.
Generally, however, the level and type of modification obtained in the hydrated products may depend to some extent upon the conditions employed during hydration, The treated hydrated cement products usually provide end products in themselves, though the treated hydrated cement gel may be used as a seed material for treatment of further batches of cement. For example, the treated cement powder, usually without further materials e~g. sand1 aggregates or reinforcement, is hydrated and allowed to set, and the set product is finely ground for use as a modifier additive for further batches of cement.
Characteristically the hydrated cement products of the invention exhibit modified cement morphologies as compared with untreated hydrated cement products. A typical modified morphology comprises fibres which are clearly seen in scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs of fracture surfaces at magnifications of about lK up to about lOK e.g. about 5K. In comparison, SEM photographs of fracture surfaces of untreated hydrated WPC gels show no appreciable fibrous structure of comparable size at these magnifications~ Examples of aldehydes and amides which have been found to give fibrous hydrated products with WPC are formaldehyde, actaldehyde, butyraldehyde, salicylalde-hyde, p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, acrolein, formamide and acetamide.
Other morphologies which have been produced include continuous 11~178Z
3-dimensional structures one of which appears as a "honeycomb" like structure, and another which appears to have the form of coral, in SEM photographs of fracture surfaces of hydrated products~ For example, honeycomb structures have been produced in hydrated 05 products after treatment with crotonaldehyde, preferably at elevated temperature, e.g. 120 C, and coral structures have been produced after treatment with p-chlorobenzaldehyde.
In parallel with modification of morphology, the hydrated products generally also exhibit modified physical strength properties as compared with untreated hydrated products.
Advantageously the treated hydrated products have improved strength properties, though some products, notably those with almost completely fibrous morphologies, may be mechanically weaker than untreated hydrated cements. For example the tensile strength of the modified hydrated cement is often increased compared with untreated hydrated cement and tensile strengths of up to about 20 MN/m e.g. 22MN/m2 have been recorded for treated hydrated pro~ucts as compared with values of about 6 - 7 MN/m for untreated hydrated products. The compression strength properties may also be improved, increases in compressive strength of as much as 2.5 or more times that of untreated hydrated cements often being achieved in practice. For example, treated hydrated products having compressive strength of as high as 125 MN/m; have been obtained as compared with values of about 4 MN/m for untreated hydrated products, and values of about 100 MN/m are common for treated hydrated products. Preferred treated hy~rated products have tensile strengths of at least about 10 MN/m and compressive strengths of at least about 60 MN/m .
Advantageously, the hydrated cement products of the invention typically have improved strength properties as compared with hydrated OPC products which have undergone parallel aldehyde or amide treatment. Usually also the products of the invention tend to fracture in a progressive manner as compared with the more brittle fracture characteristics of untreated hydrated _ 9 _ cements. preferably the hydrated products of the invention have physical properties similar to those of fibre reinforced cement meterials e.g. glass fibre reinforced cements, and thus may in some cases be considered as equivalent to "self-reinforced"
05 materials.
The hydrated cement products of the present invention may be produced in a wide range of forms including those forms in which unmodified cement products, including reinforced products, are produced. The modified cement may be used in combination with other materials including aggregates such as crushed rocks, gravel, or sand to give products in the form of concretes or mortars. The products may also include introduced reinforcing elements such as steel rods and fibres in general. Such reinforced products may advantageously require less introduced reinforcement to achieve a given strength than similar unmodified cement products. The modified cements and concretes may be used for large and small structures alike and are particu-larly useful in applications where high tensile strengths are required.
In a preferred embodiment the modified cements may be used in the production of pre-cast units for use in the construction industry, in particular units of thin cross-section such as cladding panels and the like.
The modification of cement according to the invention is now described, by way of illustration only with reference to the accompanying photographs and diagram in which:-Figure 1 is an SEM photograph of a fracture surface of an untreated white Portland cement product which has been hydrated under normal circumstances;
Figures 2 - 5 are SEM photographs of fracture surfaces of hydrated WPC products according to the invention;
Figure 6 is a diagrammatic representation of a vapour phase contactor for use for treating cement by the process of the invention; and ~17~32 Figure 7 is an SEM photograph of a fracture surface of a hydrated fine grain Portland type cement according to the invention.
An untreated white Portland cement (WPC, a low iron content 05 Portland type cement containing less than about 2% by weight of iron, and having a Blain surface area of about 4,500 cm /g) product is prepared to be used as a comparison for treated products.
150 g. of dry WPC is mixed with 75 ml. of water and cast into 1~ x 1,, x 6~ moulds and then cured for 24 hours at room temperature The products are then hydrated under water for six days. Figure 1 is an SEM photograph of a fracture surface of the resultant product, at a magnification of 1.lK. Such an untreated WPC product was found to have a tensile strength of about 6 - 7 MN/m and a compression strength of about 40 MN/m .
Example 1 p-dimethylaminobenz ldehyde 150 g. of WPC is mixed with a reagent consisting of 75 ml.
of water and 37.5 g. of p-dimethylaminoben~aldehyde and cast into 1" x ~ x 6~ moulds and heated for three hours at a tempertaure of 120 C. After this treatment the product is hydrated under water, at ambient temperature, for seven days. The product produced subsequent to hydration is examined by scanning electron microscopy, and is shown to have a fibrous morphology. Figure 2 is an SEM
photograph of a fracture surface of the product at a magnification of 1.lK. A similar sample which is prepared, containing 1% by weight of the additive on testing is found to have a compression strength of at least 60 MN/m and a tensile strength of at least 10 MN/m .
Example 2 crotonaldehyde 150 g of WPC is mixed with a suspension of 37.5 ml. of crotonaldehyde with 32.5 ml. of water and cast into 1~' x 2~ X 6"
moulds. The cement is thereafter treated and subsequently hydrated as in the foregoing example. Figure 3 is an SEM photograph of a fracture surface of the resultant product at a magnification of 5.5K and appears as a dense "honeycomb" like structure. The 8~
compression and tensile strength of a similar product, containing 1% of the additive, are similar to those of the product obtained after treatment with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde as in Example 1.
Example 3 salicylaldehyde 05 150 g. of WPC is mixed with 75 ml. of a 50/50 mixture of water and salicylaldehyde, cast into 1" x -" x 6" mouldsand left for three hours atroom temperature. The cementis then hydratedunderwater atambient temperature for seven days. An SEM photograph ofthe fracture surface of the product is given at Figure 4. The magnification in thisphotograph isl.lK andthe productappears asa remarkable and highly fibrousmaterial. The compressionand tensile strengths of the product producedare slightly less than those of the untreated hydrated WPC
product as in Figure 1.
Example 4 p-chlorobenzaldehyde 150 g. of WPC is mixed with a solution of 37.5 g. of p-chlorobenzaldehyde in 75 ml. of water and cast into moulds as in previous examples. The cement is left for three hours at room temperature and then hydrated under water at ambient temperature for seven days. An SEM photograph of a fracture surface of the resultant product at a magnification of 1.2K
is given at Figure 5, and appears to have a coral like structure.
A similar product, containing 5% of the additive, has a compression strength of at least 60 MN/m and a tensile strength of at least 8 MN/m .
Example 5 Use of preformed fibres 50 g. of WPC is slurried with 50 ml. of neat salicylaldehyde cast into 1" x 2 ~ X 6" moulds and hydrated for seven days under water. The hydrated products are then dried and crushed in a ball mill to pass a 120~m sieve. The crushed fibrous product is added as 1% and 3% by weight additions to fresh dry WPC with mixing for 24 hours in a ceramic ball mill, and the mixture is then hydrated as in previous examples (cement/water ratio = 0.4) and physical properties of hydrated products determined. After 28 days hydration products made with 1% addition of fibre are found to 11~17t32 0 have average compression strengths of 90.5 MN/m and average tensile strengths of 7.8 MN/m and products made with 3% addition of fibre are found to have average compression strengths of 80.3 MN/m and average tensile strengths of 7.25 MN/m 05 Example 6 Solution pretreatment _ _ .
As an alternative to combined treatment and hydration as in previous examples, cement is pretreated with additives consisting of aldehyde or amide solutions in dry organic solvents (carbon tetrachloride or diethyl ether), subsequently hydrated and physical properties of hydrated products determined.
150g quantities of dry WPC are slurried with 50 ml aliquots of additive solutions (20 g/1) for from 1 up to about 24 hours, after which solvent is removed by vacuum evaporation. The precoated cement samples are then mixed with water (0 4 w/c ratio) using a high speed shear blade mixer, cast into 1l~ x 21~ X 6" moulds and hydrated. The uniaxial compressive strengths and indirect tensile strengths of the samples are measured after periods of hydration ranging from 7 days up to 28 days The results obtained are given below in Table 1, which includes information concerning quantities of additives used and conditions employed for treatment and hydration. The results clearly show that treatment of WPC with a range of additives according to the invention by the solution pretreatment method gives products having superior physical properties to untreated hydrated WPC products (i.e. tensile strength f about 6 - 7 MN/m and compression strength of about 40 MN/m for untreated hydrated products).
_. _ _. . .. .
~ _ _ _ . . . _ _ . .
17~1Z
~ l3 -Table 1 Results obtained for hyd_ated WPC products pretreated by the solvent_pretreatment method ¦ Additive ¦ Hydra- Additive Compresslon Tenslle I tion ~ Quantity Temp C Strength Strength ¦ ' % by wt.¦ (~/m ) ~MN/m2) days ~ ¦
_ . _ I .-----, ---- -- . I ." - -- -----~utyral- ¦ 7 1 1 1 20 48,09 1 11.99 dehyde ¦ ' l ~ _ Cj.nnamal- 1 7 l 1 ! 20 1 11.5 dehyde ~ _ ~ ~
lo-Chloro- ¦ 7 1 5 ¦ 20 37~67 8,46 i benzaldehyde 28 ~ 5 20 57.22 8 23 ._ . . ~
Piperonaldehyde 7 5 ! 20 47.47 10.44 1 28 5 1 20 64.45 ~ 9.43 Saiicylaldehyde j ¦1 ~ 20 r~. 7, 14 120 56 o 1 10.58 . , . __ .~Acetamide 7 5i 20 48,o6 ! 11~48 _ 28 51 20 _ ~Formamide _ 1~ 20 1 7,2 Example 7 Treatment of WPC with crotonaldehyde an~ acrolein Solvent and vapour phase pre-treatment techniques are used in the treatment of WPC with crotonaldehyde and acrolein.
Solvent pre-treatment is carried out as described in Example 6, and vapour phase pre-treatment is carried out as 05 described below.
With reference to Figure 6, dry WPC powder is placed in a two litre round bottom flask F which has been modified by inclusion of a system of flutes G, and liquid additive is introduced into the side flask E~ The apparatus is flushed through with dry nitrogen, the flask F and side flask E are then sealed to the apparatus, and 11~1782 thenitrogen circulatedthrough theapparatus by means ofthe peristaltic pump C, any water vapour present in the N2 being removed by a trap J which is cooled to -170 C. Trap J, containing any condensed water vapour is then isolated from the 05 circulating system of the apparatus by suitable tap means K, and the water bath D surrounding side flask E is heated to evaporate the li~uid additive. Whilst the additive is evaporated into the circulating nitrogen stream the flask F is set in motion rotating about its axis by drive means H e.g. an electric motor drive. The additive vapour mingles with the stirred WPC powder and the surfaces of the cement grains become coated with the additive. The vapour treatment is continued for from 2 to 3 hours after which the motor drive H is switched off and unabsorbed additive is collected by condensation at -170 C in the second trap B. The treated cement is removed from the apparatus and stored in a dessicator prior to use.
Samples of the treated cements are mixed with 300 mesh silica and hydrated under autoclave conditions to give a cement mortar product. Subsequently the physical properties of hydrated products are determined. The results obtained are given in Table 2 which indicates the treatment and hydration regimes employed for each sample. The results clearly show the anomalous properties of vapour and solution pre-treated products using crotonaldehyde particularly in terms of the dynamic Young's modulus measurement.
Typical Properties of Modfied White Portland Cement __ Compressive Tensile Impact Dynamic Experiment strength strength strength Young's MN/mMN/m2 KJ/ 2 ~N/ 2 103 . _ _ . ._. __ WPC/300 mesh SiO2 (blank) 54 13 15 19 . _ (1) WPC h 00 mesh SiO2 + crotonaldehyde 86 23 17 2ll __ _ .. _ __ + crotonaldehyde 125 17 20 <1 (3) WPC h 00 mesh SiO2 + acrolein 103 13 not measured The details of the experimental conditions used are as follows:
The cement/silica ratio was 1.5, the water/cement ratio was 0.34, and hydration was achieved in an autoclave at 180 C for seven hours.
Comparable results can probably be obtained with room temperature 05 hydration over a longer period. In Experiments (1) and (3) the organic additive was incorporated in the dry cement at a level ofr~1% by weight of cement by vapour phase pre-treatment, and in Experiment (2) the additive was incorporated by the solvent pretreatment technique at a 10% by weight level. The Brazilian me-thod was used to give indirect tensile strengths, whilst the impact strengths were obtained by Izod technique. All of the measured properties were consistent and reproducible.
Example 8 Ultra-R id Hardening cement A modified hydrated cement product is also prepared from a fine grain Portland type cement by the additive treatment of the invention.
1509 of Ultra Rapid Hardening cement (a fine grain Portland type cement material having a Blain surface area of about 10,000 cm /gm) is mixed with an additive consisting of 75 ml of water and 25 ml of salicylaldehyde and, after stirring, is cast in 1" x 2'1 X 6~ moulds and allowed to set at room temperature. After 24 hours the set products are removed from the moulds and hydrated under water at ambient temperature for 7 days. Fracture surfaces of the hydrated products are examined by scanning electron microscopy and are 05 found to have modified fibrous morphologies as compared with untreated hydrated products, as shown in Figure 7 which is a SEM photograph of a treated hydrated product at a magnification of 1.5K. SEM
photographs at the same magnification of fracture surfaces of untreated hydrated products show no significant fibrous structure, and appear similar to the SEM photograph of untreated hydrated WPC
shown in Figure 1, except for differences due to finer particle sizes. The compressive and tensile strengths of the treated hydrated products are also determined and found to be no less than, and in many cases substantially greater than, those of untreated hydrated Ultra Rapid Hardening cement products (e.g.
compressive strengths of about 60 MN/m and tensile strengths of about 10 MN/m for treated hydrated products.) Similarly other aldehyde and also amide additives are used to treat fine grain Portland cement type materials with similar effects on the morphologies and physical properties of hydrated products.
Example 9 Extrudable cement composition WPC is treated with acetaldehyde to provide an extrudable cement composition which may be formed by extrusion processes into shaped products which retain their shape on subsequent hydration.
100g of WPC is mixed with 100 ml of cooled acetaldehyde to provide an extrudable cement composition in the form of a coloured plastic mass. This composition is then extruded through a nozzle to give a shaped product which is then hydrated under water at ambient temperature for 7 days. The hydrated product retains its original, extruded shape, the colour of the extrudable cement composition being lost during hydration. In variations of the above method up to 40% by volume of water is added to the acetaldehyde and gives an extrudable cement composition which has satisfactory plastic properties for extrusion purposes.
~1~1'782 Example 10 Quick-Set cement composition Addition of dry salicylaldehyde to WPC gives a cement composition which sets into a hard mass after a very short period of time and may be hydrated subsequently to give a hydrated product. This "quick-set" cement composition may be used where a o5 rapid-setting cementing material is required having the additional benefits of the strength and durability properties of a hydrated cement product: for instance for use in sealing leaks in sub-merged structures or water pipes.
150g of WPC is mixed with 110 ml of dry salicylaldehyde to form initially a fluid mixture which, however, begins to stiffen after about 60 seconds and sets firm after about 70 seconds. In variations of the above method the proportion of cement used is increased resulting in a faster set.
The set product produced as a result of the additive treatment is mechanically strong and is slightly expanded in si3e. The set product is then hydrated for 7 days under water at ambient temperature to give a hardened cement product having properties similar to those of normal hydrated cement products~
This invention relates to hydraulic cements and in particular to the modification of hydraulic cements by chemical additives.
Hydraulic cements are staple materials of the building industry usually employed in combination with various aggregates 05 to provide concretes and mortars. Such cements include Portland cement and other similar cements which undergo setting reactions on addition of water, involving the hydration of calcium silicate materials, to give strong durable products.
Numerous chemical additives have been proposed for hydraulic cements for modication of either their setting properties or the resultant properties of hydrated products. Amongst these additives, neutralised wood resins as air entraining agents, lignosulphonates as agents for increasing workability and resultant strength, fatty acids and fatty acid salts as adsorption and permeability reducing agents, and recently hydroxycarboxylic acids and polycarboxylic acids as components of plasticiser compositions, have gained wide-spread commercial acceptance. Over 30 years ago, proposals were made to modify hydraulic cements by addition of water-soluble aldehydes and/or ketones (Belgian Patent No. 463,851, Penners) and also by addition of mixtures of waste lye of sulphite with at least one water-soluble aldehyde (Swiss Patent No. 233,795, Heppe) but neither of these proposals appears to have been adopted by the building industry.
In has been found that satisfactory modification of properties f hydrated products can only be achieved on use of certain additives, if careful attention is paid to the physical and chemical properties of the cement starting material.
According to the present invention a modified hydraulic cement product comprises a hydraulic calcium silicate-based cement having a Blain surface area of at least 3,000 cm /g and/or an iron content of less than 2.5% by weight expressed in terms of the ferric oxide content of the dry cement, which has been treated with an additive comprising an aldehyde or an amide or substance conver-tible to an aldehyde or amide under the alkaline conditions prevail-ing in the cement before or during the setting reaction.
q~
The invention also includes a process for the production of a modifiedhydraulic cement product comprising treating a hydraulic calcium silicate-based cement as defined above with an additive comprising an aldehyde or an amide or a substance convertible to an aldehyde of an amide under the alkaline conditions prevailing in the cement before or during the setting reaction.
The hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements of the invention are typi-cally those whose cementing action predominantly involves the hydration of calcium silicates, including both dicalcium silicate (C2S) and tricalcium silicate (C2S~, as distinct from cements whose cementing action relies to a large extent on the hydration of calcium aluminate materials e.g. tricalcium aluminate (C3A), such as the cements commonly known as high alumina cements (HAC). The cements of the invention are usually of Portland type cements including mixtures of Portland type cements with other materials such as blast furnace slag and pozzalana, though other similar cements, whose action relies upon hydration of similar calcium sil-icate materials, are included within the scope of the invention.
Characteristically, however, the cements of the invention are of fine particle size and/or low iron content and are typically of finer particle size and/or lower iron content than ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Suitable cements of fine particle size are those having a Blain surface area usually greater than 3,500 cm 2/g or especially greater than about 4,500 cm2/g or more e.g. up to about 10,000 quare centimetres per gramme, and preferred cements include finely ground Portland cement type materials, such as Rapid Hardening cement, Ultra Rapid Hard-ening cement and "Swiftcrete". Alternatively or in addition, suitable cements typically contain less than about 2.5% by weight, or especially less than about 1% by weight, of iron (expressed in terms of the Fe203 content of the dry untreat-ed cement material i.e. corresponding to a ferrite phase comprising less than about 10% by weight of the dry untreated cement) and particularly preferred cements are low iron content Portland cement type materials such as those known as White Portland cement (WPC) or "Snowcrete".
8;~
Aldehydes and amides in general may be used to modify hydraulic cements according to the present invention and preferred aldehydes or amides include simple aldehydes or amides such as simple aliphatic aldehydes e.g. formaldehyde, 05 acetaldhyde, butyraldehyde, or amides e.g. formamide, acetamide.
Suitable aldehydes or amides may also include aromatic aldehydes or amides, and both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and amides may have further substitution e.g. o- or p-chlorobenzaldehyde or p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, besides the aldehyde or amide carbonyl group. Particularly preferred aldehydes are simple unsaturated aldehydes, in particular conjugated unsaturated aldehydes, especiallyunsaturatedaldehydes including both aromatic e.g. phenyl, and ethylenically unsaturated aldehydes in which the unsaturation is conjugated with respect to the aldehyde carbonyl group, for instance, crotonaldehyde, and salicylaldehyde. Examples of aldehydes which have been found to be useful in practice for modification of hydraulic cements are: formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, heptaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, salicyl-aldehyde, ortho and para chlorobenzaldehyde, para dimethyl-aminobenzaldehyde and piperonaldehyde. Example of amides which have been found to be useful for modification of hydraulic cements include formamide and especially acetamide.
Suitable aldehyde and amide precursors may be used in the treatment of the present invention, typically those which give rise to aldehydes or amides under the alkaline conditions which are a characteristic of hydraulic cement environments. In particular, it has been found that presence of a certain amount of water and use of elevated temperatures may be desirable for production of aldehydes from some precursors. For example, addition of ethylene glycol to dry WPC gives rise to modification of hydrated products providedtheethylehe glycol contains at least 5% v/v of water and treatment is carried out at a temperature of at least 110 C. preferably, however, the hydraulic 7~Z
cements are treated according to the invention by addition of additives which ab initio comprise aldehydes and amides.
Hydration of the cement may be carried out in parallel with the additive rreatment, e.g. by use of addi-tives containing the 05 required water, or by addition of water to the cement together with the additive. It has been found, however that satisfactory modification of properties is obtained with additives containing water usually only when the active aldehyde or amide component is of suitable water solubility, such as , for instance, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Furthermore, it has been found that prior addition of water to the cement generally blocks modification on subsequent treatment with aldehydes and amides.
Preferably the cement is pre-trea-ted prior to hydration, for instance, by addition of substantially anhydrous additives, which may predominantly comprise aldehyde and/or amide or appropriate mixturesthereof, to the dry cement. Such addition of additive is usually accompanied by mixing, advantageously to bring about satisfactory dispersion of additive and cement. In some cases it may be desirable to present the active component of the additive to the cement in the form of a solution to assist dispersion , for instance when the aldehyde or amide active component is a solid under the conditions of treatment or when only small quantities of active component are being used.
Suitable liquids for use as solvents in solution additives are preferably inert, volatile, organic solvents and solution additives comprising from about 1% -to 50% by weight of aldehyde and amide active components in organic solvents, such as ethanol and carbon tetrachloride, have been used successfully.
A particularly preferred treatment according to the invention, however, comprises vapour phase pre-treatment of the cement, in which additive e.g. predominantly comprising aldehyde or amide, in the vapour phase, is intimately mixed with the cement grains, preferably substantially to coat the surfaces of the grains. For example, a dry gas stream comprising additive vapour and usually 11~17~32 also inert carrier gas e.g. N2, is passed through the cement clinker which is preferably subjected to agitation to assist mixing of the cement and vapour~ In a fluidised bed application, the gas stream may in addition be employed to fluidise the 05 cement particles. In practice it is envisaged that the vapour phase pre-treatment may be included as a stage within the scheme of production of the cement; for instance, cement particles may be passed directly from the final stages of the production process to a vapour phase contactor for treatment with additive vapour.
It has been found in some cases that the nature of the treatment employed may affect the modification obtained on subsequent hydration. For example~ treatment of WPC with crotonaldehyde by the solvent pre-treatment method gives rise on subsequent autoclaving to a product having high tensile strength though substantially reduced dynamic Young's modulus as compared with untreated autoclaved WPC products; whereas similar products which have been vapour phase pre-treated with crotanaldehyde exhibit enhanced dynamic Young's moduli as well as improved tensile strength. Generally, also,conditions employed during treatment e.g. temperature, pressure etc. may affect the modification obtained, and thus choice of treatment regime and conditions employed may be varied having regard to the properties desired for the hydrated products.
The amount of aldehyde or amide active component which is employed for the treatment may be varied widely, higher levels of active component generally giving rise to greater extent of modification in the hydrated products. Substantial quantities e.g. up to about 50% or more by weight, of active component, based on the weight of untreated cement, may be used; though more usually up to about 15%, especially from about 1% or less up to about 10%, by weight of active component is used. The quantity of active component required to give a particular level of modification may depend upon the treatment method employed, direct admixture usually being the most inefficient method and vapour 11~11782 phase pre-treatment generally representing the most efficient use of active material. For example, it has been found that up-take of active aldehyde additive during prolonged vapour phase treatment e.g. 2 - 3 hours, amounts to only about 1% by weight or less of 05 the dry cement prior to treatment.
Products which have been pre-treated with additive may be stored prior to use, at which time water is added to hydra-te the cement. Generally the treated cement is sealed during storage to prevent premature hydration, for instance, on chance contamination by water vapour and/or carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Pre-treated products may be stored in slurry form e.g. for ease of bulk transportation, or in dried form,for instance in impermeable bags such as plastic bags.
In addition, it has been discovered that pre-treated products in particular those in slurry form, may in themselves exhibit desirable physical properties. For instance, slurries of WPC
and fine grain Portland type cements with certain aldehydes e.g. acetaldehyde, have improved slump properties compared with water/cement mixes, and may also exhibit good plastic flow properties which maybe utilisedin particular applications of the cement material; for instance, plastic flow properties may be utilised in cement extrusion applications. Furthermore, it has been found that treatment of WPC and fine grain Portland type cements e.g. Swiftcrete or Rapid Hardening Cement, with salicyaldehyde, particularly in the absence of water, provides a material which is subject to a very rapid set e.g. less than about 1 minute, advantageously providing a quick-set cement which may be hydrated subsequently. Such pre-treated cement products and applications arising from their special properties are included within the scope of the invention.
Subsequent to the treatment of the invention or in parallel therewith, the cement may be hydrated to provide a hydrated cement composition product and such hydrated products are included within the scope of the invention. The conditions ~ ~4178Z
and methods employed for hydration are generally simllar to those which are customarily employed and may include the use of elevated temperatures and pressures e.g. temperatures up to about t80 or 215 C such as the conditions which are used during autoclavlng.
05 Indeed it has been found that with some aldehydes e.g formaldehyde and crotonaldehyde, it may be desirable to use elevated temperatures e.g. 100 C - 130 C, preferably about 120 C, during combined additive treatment and hydration to obtain satisfactory modifica-tion of properties for hydrated products. Other aldehydes including salicylaldehyde, p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and butyraldehyde give satisfactory modification after hydration at room temperature.
Generally, however, the level and type of modification obtained in the hydrated products may depend to some extent upon the conditions employed during hydration, The treated hydrated cement products usually provide end products in themselves, though the treated hydrated cement gel may be used as a seed material for treatment of further batches of cement. For example, the treated cement powder, usually without further materials e~g. sand1 aggregates or reinforcement, is hydrated and allowed to set, and the set product is finely ground for use as a modifier additive for further batches of cement.
Characteristically the hydrated cement products of the invention exhibit modified cement morphologies as compared with untreated hydrated cement products. A typical modified morphology comprises fibres which are clearly seen in scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs of fracture surfaces at magnifications of about lK up to about lOK e.g. about 5K. In comparison, SEM photographs of fracture surfaces of untreated hydrated WPC gels show no appreciable fibrous structure of comparable size at these magnifications~ Examples of aldehydes and amides which have been found to give fibrous hydrated products with WPC are formaldehyde, actaldehyde, butyraldehyde, salicylalde-hyde, p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, acrolein, formamide and acetamide.
Other morphologies which have been produced include continuous 11~178Z
3-dimensional structures one of which appears as a "honeycomb" like structure, and another which appears to have the form of coral, in SEM photographs of fracture surfaces of hydrated products~ For example, honeycomb structures have been produced in hydrated 05 products after treatment with crotonaldehyde, preferably at elevated temperature, e.g. 120 C, and coral structures have been produced after treatment with p-chlorobenzaldehyde.
In parallel with modification of morphology, the hydrated products generally also exhibit modified physical strength properties as compared with untreated hydrated products.
Advantageously the treated hydrated products have improved strength properties, though some products, notably those with almost completely fibrous morphologies, may be mechanically weaker than untreated hydrated cements. For example the tensile strength of the modified hydrated cement is often increased compared with untreated hydrated cement and tensile strengths of up to about 20 MN/m e.g. 22MN/m2 have been recorded for treated hydrated pro~ucts as compared with values of about 6 - 7 MN/m for untreated hydrated products. The compression strength properties may also be improved, increases in compressive strength of as much as 2.5 or more times that of untreated hydrated cements often being achieved in practice. For example, treated hydrated products having compressive strength of as high as 125 MN/m; have been obtained as compared with values of about 4 MN/m for untreated hydrated products, and values of about 100 MN/m are common for treated hydrated products. Preferred treated hy~rated products have tensile strengths of at least about 10 MN/m and compressive strengths of at least about 60 MN/m .
Advantageously, the hydrated cement products of the invention typically have improved strength properties as compared with hydrated OPC products which have undergone parallel aldehyde or amide treatment. Usually also the products of the invention tend to fracture in a progressive manner as compared with the more brittle fracture characteristics of untreated hydrated _ 9 _ cements. preferably the hydrated products of the invention have physical properties similar to those of fibre reinforced cement meterials e.g. glass fibre reinforced cements, and thus may in some cases be considered as equivalent to "self-reinforced"
05 materials.
The hydrated cement products of the present invention may be produced in a wide range of forms including those forms in which unmodified cement products, including reinforced products, are produced. The modified cement may be used in combination with other materials including aggregates such as crushed rocks, gravel, or sand to give products in the form of concretes or mortars. The products may also include introduced reinforcing elements such as steel rods and fibres in general. Such reinforced products may advantageously require less introduced reinforcement to achieve a given strength than similar unmodified cement products. The modified cements and concretes may be used for large and small structures alike and are particu-larly useful in applications where high tensile strengths are required.
In a preferred embodiment the modified cements may be used in the production of pre-cast units for use in the construction industry, in particular units of thin cross-section such as cladding panels and the like.
The modification of cement according to the invention is now described, by way of illustration only with reference to the accompanying photographs and diagram in which:-Figure 1 is an SEM photograph of a fracture surface of an untreated white Portland cement product which has been hydrated under normal circumstances;
Figures 2 - 5 are SEM photographs of fracture surfaces of hydrated WPC products according to the invention;
Figure 6 is a diagrammatic representation of a vapour phase contactor for use for treating cement by the process of the invention; and ~17~32 Figure 7 is an SEM photograph of a fracture surface of a hydrated fine grain Portland type cement according to the invention.
An untreated white Portland cement (WPC, a low iron content 05 Portland type cement containing less than about 2% by weight of iron, and having a Blain surface area of about 4,500 cm /g) product is prepared to be used as a comparison for treated products.
150 g. of dry WPC is mixed with 75 ml. of water and cast into 1~ x 1,, x 6~ moulds and then cured for 24 hours at room temperature The products are then hydrated under water for six days. Figure 1 is an SEM photograph of a fracture surface of the resultant product, at a magnification of 1.lK. Such an untreated WPC product was found to have a tensile strength of about 6 - 7 MN/m and a compression strength of about 40 MN/m .
Example 1 p-dimethylaminobenz ldehyde 150 g. of WPC is mixed with a reagent consisting of 75 ml.
of water and 37.5 g. of p-dimethylaminoben~aldehyde and cast into 1" x ~ x 6~ moulds and heated for three hours at a tempertaure of 120 C. After this treatment the product is hydrated under water, at ambient temperature, for seven days. The product produced subsequent to hydration is examined by scanning electron microscopy, and is shown to have a fibrous morphology. Figure 2 is an SEM
photograph of a fracture surface of the product at a magnification of 1.lK. A similar sample which is prepared, containing 1% by weight of the additive on testing is found to have a compression strength of at least 60 MN/m and a tensile strength of at least 10 MN/m .
Example 2 crotonaldehyde 150 g of WPC is mixed with a suspension of 37.5 ml. of crotonaldehyde with 32.5 ml. of water and cast into 1~' x 2~ X 6"
moulds. The cement is thereafter treated and subsequently hydrated as in the foregoing example. Figure 3 is an SEM photograph of a fracture surface of the resultant product at a magnification of 5.5K and appears as a dense "honeycomb" like structure. The 8~
compression and tensile strength of a similar product, containing 1% of the additive, are similar to those of the product obtained after treatment with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde as in Example 1.
Example 3 salicylaldehyde 05 150 g. of WPC is mixed with 75 ml. of a 50/50 mixture of water and salicylaldehyde, cast into 1" x -" x 6" mouldsand left for three hours atroom temperature. The cementis then hydratedunderwater atambient temperature for seven days. An SEM photograph ofthe fracture surface of the product is given at Figure 4. The magnification in thisphotograph isl.lK andthe productappears asa remarkable and highly fibrousmaterial. The compressionand tensile strengths of the product producedare slightly less than those of the untreated hydrated WPC
product as in Figure 1.
Example 4 p-chlorobenzaldehyde 150 g. of WPC is mixed with a solution of 37.5 g. of p-chlorobenzaldehyde in 75 ml. of water and cast into moulds as in previous examples. The cement is left for three hours at room temperature and then hydrated under water at ambient temperature for seven days. An SEM photograph of a fracture surface of the resultant product at a magnification of 1.2K
is given at Figure 5, and appears to have a coral like structure.
A similar product, containing 5% of the additive, has a compression strength of at least 60 MN/m and a tensile strength of at least 8 MN/m .
Example 5 Use of preformed fibres 50 g. of WPC is slurried with 50 ml. of neat salicylaldehyde cast into 1" x 2 ~ X 6" moulds and hydrated for seven days under water. The hydrated products are then dried and crushed in a ball mill to pass a 120~m sieve. The crushed fibrous product is added as 1% and 3% by weight additions to fresh dry WPC with mixing for 24 hours in a ceramic ball mill, and the mixture is then hydrated as in previous examples (cement/water ratio = 0.4) and physical properties of hydrated products determined. After 28 days hydration products made with 1% addition of fibre are found to 11~17t32 0 have average compression strengths of 90.5 MN/m and average tensile strengths of 7.8 MN/m and products made with 3% addition of fibre are found to have average compression strengths of 80.3 MN/m and average tensile strengths of 7.25 MN/m 05 Example 6 Solution pretreatment _ _ .
As an alternative to combined treatment and hydration as in previous examples, cement is pretreated with additives consisting of aldehyde or amide solutions in dry organic solvents (carbon tetrachloride or diethyl ether), subsequently hydrated and physical properties of hydrated products determined.
150g quantities of dry WPC are slurried with 50 ml aliquots of additive solutions (20 g/1) for from 1 up to about 24 hours, after which solvent is removed by vacuum evaporation. The precoated cement samples are then mixed with water (0 4 w/c ratio) using a high speed shear blade mixer, cast into 1l~ x 21~ X 6" moulds and hydrated. The uniaxial compressive strengths and indirect tensile strengths of the samples are measured after periods of hydration ranging from 7 days up to 28 days The results obtained are given below in Table 1, which includes information concerning quantities of additives used and conditions employed for treatment and hydration. The results clearly show that treatment of WPC with a range of additives according to the invention by the solution pretreatment method gives products having superior physical properties to untreated hydrated WPC products (i.e. tensile strength f about 6 - 7 MN/m and compression strength of about 40 MN/m for untreated hydrated products).
_. _ _. . .. .
~ _ _ _ . . . _ _ . .
17~1Z
~ l3 -Table 1 Results obtained for hyd_ated WPC products pretreated by the solvent_pretreatment method ¦ Additive ¦ Hydra- Additive Compresslon Tenslle I tion ~ Quantity Temp C Strength Strength ¦ ' % by wt.¦ (~/m ) ~MN/m2) days ~ ¦
_ . _ I .-----, ---- -- . I ." - -- -----~utyral- ¦ 7 1 1 1 20 48,09 1 11.99 dehyde ¦ ' l ~ _ Cj.nnamal- 1 7 l 1 ! 20 1 11.5 dehyde ~ _ ~ ~
lo-Chloro- ¦ 7 1 5 ¦ 20 37~67 8,46 i benzaldehyde 28 ~ 5 20 57.22 8 23 ._ . . ~
Piperonaldehyde 7 5 ! 20 47.47 10.44 1 28 5 1 20 64.45 ~ 9.43 Saiicylaldehyde j ¦1 ~ 20 r~. 7, 14 120 56 o 1 10.58 . , . __ .~Acetamide 7 5i 20 48,o6 ! 11~48 _ 28 51 20 _ ~Formamide _ 1~ 20 1 7,2 Example 7 Treatment of WPC with crotonaldehyde an~ acrolein Solvent and vapour phase pre-treatment techniques are used in the treatment of WPC with crotonaldehyde and acrolein.
Solvent pre-treatment is carried out as described in Example 6, and vapour phase pre-treatment is carried out as 05 described below.
With reference to Figure 6, dry WPC powder is placed in a two litre round bottom flask F which has been modified by inclusion of a system of flutes G, and liquid additive is introduced into the side flask E~ The apparatus is flushed through with dry nitrogen, the flask F and side flask E are then sealed to the apparatus, and 11~1782 thenitrogen circulatedthrough theapparatus by means ofthe peristaltic pump C, any water vapour present in the N2 being removed by a trap J which is cooled to -170 C. Trap J, containing any condensed water vapour is then isolated from the 05 circulating system of the apparatus by suitable tap means K, and the water bath D surrounding side flask E is heated to evaporate the li~uid additive. Whilst the additive is evaporated into the circulating nitrogen stream the flask F is set in motion rotating about its axis by drive means H e.g. an electric motor drive. The additive vapour mingles with the stirred WPC powder and the surfaces of the cement grains become coated with the additive. The vapour treatment is continued for from 2 to 3 hours after which the motor drive H is switched off and unabsorbed additive is collected by condensation at -170 C in the second trap B. The treated cement is removed from the apparatus and stored in a dessicator prior to use.
Samples of the treated cements are mixed with 300 mesh silica and hydrated under autoclave conditions to give a cement mortar product. Subsequently the physical properties of hydrated products are determined. The results obtained are given in Table 2 which indicates the treatment and hydration regimes employed for each sample. The results clearly show the anomalous properties of vapour and solution pre-treated products using crotonaldehyde particularly in terms of the dynamic Young's modulus measurement.
Typical Properties of Modfied White Portland Cement __ Compressive Tensile Impact Dynamic Experiment strength strength strength Young's MN/mMN/m2 KJ/ 2 ~N/ 2 103 . _ _ . ._. __ WPC/300 mesh SiO2 (blank) 54 13 15 19 . _ (1) WPC h 00 mesh SiO2 + crotonaldehyde 86 23 17 2ll __ _ .. _ __ + crotonaldehyde 125 17 20 <1 (3) WPC h 00 mesh SiO2 + acrolein 103 13 not measured The details of the experimental conditions used are as follows:
The cement/silica ratio was 1.5, the water/cement ratio was 0.34, and hydration was achieved in an autoclave at 180 C for seven hours.
Comparable results can probably be obtained with room temperature 05 hydration over a longer period. In Experiments (1) and (3) the organic additive was incorporated in the dry cement at a level ofr~1% by weight of cement by vapour phase pre-treatment, and in Experiment (2) the additive was incorporated by the solvent pretreatment technique at a 10% by weight level. The Brazilian me-thod was used to give indirect tensile strengths, whilst the impact strengths were obtained by Izod technique. All of the measured properties were consistent and reproducible.
Example 8 Ultra-R id Hardening cement A modified hydrated cement product is also prepared from a fine grain Portland type cement by the additive treatment of the invention.
1509 of Ultra Rapid Hardening cement (a fine grain Portland type cement material having a Blain surface area of about 10,000 cm /gm) is mixed with an additive consisting of 75 ml of water and 25 ml of salicylaldehyde and, after stirring, is cast in 1" x 2'1 X 6~ moulds and allowed to set at room temperature. After 24 hours the set products are removed from the moulds and hydrated under water at ambient temperature for 7 days. Fracture surfaces of the hydrated products are examined by scanning electron microscopy and are 05 found to have modified fibrous morphologies as compared with untreated hydrated products, as shown in Figure 7 which is a SEM photograph of a treated hydrated product at a magnification of 1.5K. SEM
photographs at the same magnification of fracture surfaces of untreated hydrated products show no significant fibrous structure, and appear similar to the SEM photograph of untreated hydrated WPC
shown in Figure 1, except for differences due to finer particle sizes. The compressive and tensile strengths of the treated hydrated products are also determined and found to be no less than, and in many cases substantially greater than, those of untreated hydrated Ultra Rapid Hardening cement products (e.g.
compressive strengths of about 60 MN/m and tensile strengths of about 10 MN/m for treated hydrated products.) Similarly other aldehyde and also amide additives are used to treat fine grain Portland cement type materials with similar effects on the morphologies and physical properties of hydrated products.
Example 9 Extrudable cement composition WPC is treated with acetaldehyde to provide an extrudable cement composition which may be formed by extrusion processes into shaped products which retain their shape on subsequent hydration.
100g of WPC is mixed with 100 ml of cooled acetaldehyde to provide an extrudable cement composition in the form of a coloured plastic mass. This composition is then extruded through a nozzle to give a shaped product which is then hydrated under water at ambient temperature for 7 days. The hydrated product retains its original, extruded shape, the colour of the extrudable cement composition being lost during hydration. In variations of the above method up to 40% by volume of water is added to the acetaldehyde and gives an extrudable cement composition which has satisfactory plastic properties for extrusion purposes.
~1~1'782 Example 10 Quick-Set cement composition Addition of dry salicylaldehyde to WPC gives a cement composition which sets into a hard mass after a very short period of time and may be hydrated subsequently to give a hydrated product. This "quick-set" cement composition may be used where a o5 rapid-setting cementing material is required having the additional benefits of the strength and durability properties of a hydrated cement product: for instance for use in sealing leaks in sub-merged structures or water pipes.
150g of WPC is mixed with 110 ml of dry salicylaldehyde to form initially a fluid mixture which, however, begins to stiffen after about 60 seconds and sets firm after about 70 seconds. In variations of the above method the proportion of cement used is increased resulting in a faster set.
The set product produced as a result of the additive treatment is mechanically strong and is slightly expanded in si3e. The set product is then hydrated for 7 days under water at ambient temperature to give a hardened cement product having properties similar to those of normal hydrated cement products~
Claims (30)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A modified hydraulic cement product comprising a hydraulic calcium silicate-based cement having a Blain surface area of at least 3,000 cm2/g and/or an iron content of less than 2.5% by weight expressed in terms of the ferric oxide content of the dry cement, in which the cement has been treated with an additive comprising an aldehyde or an amide or substance convertible to an aldehyde or amide under the alkaline conditions prevailing in the cement before or during the setting reaction.
2. A product according to Claim 1, in which the cement is a Portland type cement.
3. A product according to Claim 1 or 2, in which the cement has a Blain surface area greater than about 4,500 cm2/g.
4. A product according to Claim 1 or 2, in which the cement comprises a finely ground Portland type cement material and in which the cement has a Blain surface area greater than about 4,500 cm2/g.
5. A product according to Claim 1 or 2, in which the cement contains less than about 1% by weight of iron.
6. A product according to Claim 1 or 2, in which the cement comprises a low iron content Portland cement type material and in which the cement contains less than about 1% by weight of iron.
7. A product according to Claim 1 or 2, in which the cement has been treated with formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, heptalde-hyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, ortho or para chlorobenzaldehyde, para dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, piperonaldehyde, formamide or acetamide.
8. A product according to Claim 1, in slurry form or in dried form.
9. A product according to Claim 8 comprising an extrudable cement slurry, in which the cement has been treated with an aldehyde.
10. A product according to Claim 1 or 2, comprising a quickset cement com-position, in which the cement has been treated with salicylaldehyde in the absence of water.
11. A product according to Claim 1, comprising a hydrated cement product, in which the cement has been hydrated subsequent to or in parallel with the additive treatment.
12. A product according to Claim 11, consisting of hydrated cement gel in finely ground form for use as a modifier additive for cement.
13. A product according to Claim 11, having a modified cement morphology.
14. A product according to Claim 11 or 13, having a tensile strength of at least 10 MN/m2 and a compressive strength of at least 60 MN/m.
15. A product according to Claim 11 or 13, in the form of a pre-cast unit for use in the construction industry.
16. A product according to claim 11 or 13, having a tensile strength of at least 10 MN/m2 and a compressive strength of at least 60 MN/m2 in the form of a pre-cast unit for use in the construction industry.
17. A process for the production of a modified hydraulic cement product comprising treating a hydraulic calcium silicate-based cement having a Blain surface area of at least 3,000 cm2/g and/or an iron content of at least 2.5% by weight expressed in terms of the ferric oxide content of the dry cement with an additive comprising an aldehyde or an amide or a substance convertible to an aldehyde of an amide under the alkaline conditions prevailing in the cement before or during the setting reaction.
18. A process according to Claim 17, in which the cement comprises a fine grain Portland type cement having a Blain surface area greater than about 4,500 cm2/g, or a low iron content Portland type cement containing less than about 1%
by weight of iron expressed in terms of the Fe2O3 content of the dry untreated cement material.
by weight of iron expressed in terms of the Fe2O3 content of the dry untreated cement material.
19. A process according to Claim 17 or 18, comprising treating the cement with formaldehyde, para formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, butraldehyde, heptaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, ortho or para chloro-benzaldehyde, para dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, piperonaldehyde, formamide or acetamide.
20. A process according to Claim 17 or 18, comprising treating the cement with a simple aliphatic aldehyde or amide.
21. A process according to Claim 17 or 18, comprising treating the cement with an unsaturated aldehyde.
22. A process according to Claim 17 or 18, comprising treating the cement with an unsaturated aldehyde in which the unsaturation in conjugated with respect to the aldehyde carbonyl group.
23. A process according to Claim 17 or 18, in which the additive ab initio comprises an aldehyde or amide.
24. A process according to Claim 17 or 18, in which additive in the form of a solution in an inert volatile organic solvent is contacted with the cement.
25. A process according to Claim 17 or 18, in which additive in the vapour phase is intimately mixed with the cement grains.
26. A process according to Claim 17 or 18 in which from about 1% or less to about 10% by weight of active component (i.e. amide and/or aldehyde) is used.
27. A process according to Claim 17 or 18, in which a treated product in slurry form is subjected to extrusion processes.
28. A process according to Claim 17 or 18, in which the cement is hydrated subsequent to or in parallel with the additive treatment.
29. A process according to Claim 17 or 18, in which the modified cement is used in combination with other materials including aggregates.
30. A process according to Claim 17 or 18, in which products are made in the form of pre-cast units for use in the construction industry.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB7929165 | 1979-08-22 | ||
| GB7929165 | 1979-08-22 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1141782A true CA1141782A (en) | 1983-02-22 |
Family
ID=10507346
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000358832A Expired CA1141782A (en) | 1979-08-22 | 1980-08-22 | Hydraulic cements |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4416695A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0024854B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5645854A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE12622T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU6162280A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1141782A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3070453D1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK360780A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2056963B (en) |
| NO (1) | NO802488L (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA804936B (en) |
Families Citing this family (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4515636A (en) * | 1984-08-17 | 1985-05-07 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Reinforced cement |
| DE8602600U1 (en) * | 1986-02-01 | 1986-03-13 | Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Device for holding monolith catalysts |
| US5326396A (en) * | 1993-07-29 | 1994-07-05 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Low shrinkage cement composition |
| US5326397A (en) * | 1993-07-29 | 1994-07-05 | W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Low shrinkage cement composition |
| US7231249B2 (en) * | 2003-07-24 | 2007-06-12 | Mirowski Family Ventures, L.L.C. | Methods, apparatus, and systems for multiple stimulation from a single stimulator |
| JP2006188399A (en) * | 2005-01-07 | 2006-07-20 | Mitsubishi Shoji Construction Materials Corp | Method for production of unburned ceramic building material |
| JP6250385B2 (en) * | 2013-12-26 | 2017-12-20 | 花王株式会社 | Whitening agent for hydraulic composition |
| US11072562B2 (en) | 2014-06-05 | 2021-07-27 | The Intellectual Gorilla Gmbh | Cement-based tile |
| CA2985505C (en) * | 2014-06-05 | 2021-05-25 | The Intellectual Gorilla Gmbh | Extruded cement based materials |
| CN109206033B (en) * | 2017-06-29 | 2022-01-21 | 润泰精密材料股份有限公司 | Non-calcined cement composition, non-calcined concrete and method for producing the same |
| JP6382421B2 (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2018-08-29 | 花王株式会社 | Hydraulic composition |
| CN113321437B (en) * | 2021-05-28 | 2023-03-24 | 江苏博拓新型建筑材料股份有限公司 | Crystal nucleus type early strength mineral admixture and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (22)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE534184C (en) * | 1929-09-16 | 1931-09-28 | Eugene Garapon | Process for the treatment of walls, walls or the like in order to prevent saltpetre eruption |
| US2225146A (en) * | 1937-11-10 | 1940-12-17 | California Portland Cement Co | Portland cement and its manufacture |
| US3181610A (en) * | 1961-02-13 | 1965-05-04 | Gen Tire & Rubber Co | Inorganic cement containing a retarding amount of a modified aldehyde polymer |
| US3365319A (en) * | 1964-11-05 | 1968-01-23 | Union Carbide Corp | High strength inorganic cement compositions |
| US3459570A (en) * | 1965-08-23 | 1969-08-05 | Grace W R & Co | Amide grinding aid |
| US3503766A (en) * | 1967-01-27 | 1970-03-31 | American Cyanamid Co | Cyanamide additives for cement compositions |
| US3615785A (en) * | 1968-02-02 | 1971-10-26 | West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co | Cement grinding aid and pack set inhibitor |
| DE2017882A1 (en) * | 1970-04-14 | 1971-10-28 | Süddeutsche Kalkstickstoff-Werke AG, 8223 Trostberg | Building compsn contng cyanuric acid dia-mi - - |
| US3689294A (en) * | 1971-06-14 | 1972-09-05 | Stephen Braunauer | Portland cement compositions and method |
| SU441247A1 (en) * | 1973-03-05 | 1974-08-30 | Всесоюзный Научно-Исследовательский Институт Новых Строительных Материалов | Building mixture |
| FR2227240A1 (en) * | 1973-04-24 | 1974-11-22 | Lanco Ste Fse | Antigel additive for cement and concrete - comprising a hydrophobe, and an accelerator, to prevent cracking due to frost |
| JPS5422294B2 (en) * | 1974-06-29 | 1979-08-06 | ||
| US3959004A (en) * | 1975-04-21 | 1976-05-25 | Westvaco Corporation | Process for producing low porosity cement |
| US3960582A (en) * | 1975-04-21 | 1976-06-01 | Westvaco Corporation | Low porosity cement and process for producing same |
| US4032353A (en) * | 1975-04-21 | 1977-06-28 | Westvaco Corporation | Low porosity aggregate-containing cement composition and process for producing same |
| US4066469A (en) * | 1975-06-04 | 1978-01-03 | The Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers Limited | Rapid hardening cement |
| US4142909A (en) * | 1975-09-11 | 1979-03-06 | Construction Products Research, Inc. | Method and composition for controlling contraction in setting cementitious systems through the addition of gas generating agents |
| JPS5238054A (en) * | 1975-09-16 | 1977-03-24 | Tokyo Fuudo Kemikaru Kk | Method of storing fruit |
| US4019918A (en) * | 1976-02-02 | 1977-04-26 | Martin Marietta Corporation | Portland cement compositions |
| JPS53113824A (en) * | 1977-03-16 | 1978-10-04 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | Cement for steam curing |
| US4126005A (en) * | 1977-09-06 | 1978-11-21 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Inorganic cement grouting system for use in anchoring a bolt in a hole and compartmented package for use therewith |
| US4160674A (en) * | 1978-01-30 | 1979-07-10 | Lone Star Industries | Early high-strength portland cement and method of manufacture |
-
1980
- 1980-08-12 ZA ZA00804936A patent/ZA804936B/en unknown
- 1980-08-13 DE DE8080302792T patent/DE3070453D1/en not_active Expired
- 1980-08-13 EP EP80302792A patent/EP0024854B1/en not_active Expired
- 1980-08-13 GB GB8026435A patent/GB2056963B/en not_active Expired
- 1980-08-13 AT AT80302792T patent/ATE12622T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1980-08-21 DK DK360780A patent/DK360780A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1980-08-21 AU AU61622/80A patent/AU6162280A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1980-08-21 NO NO802488A patent/NO802488L/en unknown
- 1980-08-22 CA CA000358832A patent/CA1141782A/en not_active Expired
- 1980-08-22 JP JP11636280A patent/JPS5645854A/en active Granted
-
1981
- 1981-11-24 US US06/324,656 patent/US4416695A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3070453D1 (en) | 1985-05-15 |
| GB2056963A (en) | 1981-03-25 |
| NO802488L (en) | 1981-02-23 |
| JPS5645854A (en) | 1981-04-25 |
| GB2056963B (en) | 1983-03-16 |
| US4416695A (en) | 1983-11-22 |
| EP0024854A1 (en) | 1981-03-11 |
| AU6162280A (en) | 1981-04-09 |
| ATE12622T1 (en) | 1985-04-15 |
| JPH0236539B2 (en) | 1990-08-17 |
| EP0024854B1 (en) | 1985-04-10 |
| DK360780A (en) | 1981-02-23 |
| ZA804936B (en) | 1981-09-30 |
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