CA1126332A - Deferred action battery having an improved depolarizer - Google Patents
Deferred action battery having an improved depolarizerInfo
- Publication number
- CA1126332A CA1126332A CA340,442A CA340442A CA1126332A CA 1126332 A CA1126332 A CA 1126332A CA 340442 A CA340442 A CA 340442A CA 1126332 A CA1126332 A CA 1126332A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- mixture
- depolarizer
- sulphur
- carbon
- battery
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/06—Electrodes for primary cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/46—Alloys based on magnesium or aluminium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE INVENTION.
Deferred action battery having an improved depolarizer.
A deferred action battery having a magne-sium alloy anode and a cathode depolarizer and a method for making the depolarizer. The depolarizer material com-prises cuprous thiocyanate, carbon and free sulphur. A
metal grid is used as a current collector and a base for the cathode.
Deferred action battery having an improved depolarizer.
A deferred action battery having a magne-sium alloy anode and a cathode depolarizer and a method for making the depolarizer. The depolarizer material com-prises cuprous thiocyanate, carbon and free sulphur. A
metal grid is used as a current collector and a base for the cathode.
Description
1~26332 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION.
This invention relates to the field of de-ferred action batteries and, more particularly, to a sea-water activated deferr~ action battery having an anode selected from the group consisting of magnesium, aluminium and zinc and alloys thereof and a depolarizing cathode com-prising a conductive metal grid coated with a depolarizer material.
Silver chloride - magnesium seawater acti-10 vated batteries are well-known in the prior art and have been in use for many years. However~ these batteries are not only expensive but consume, without possibility of salvage, a relatively scarce precious metal. Prior ende-avors have been made to develop a non-silver bearing depo-l5 larizing cathode for use in seawater activated batteries.An example of one such endeavor that utilizes a depolarizer of heavy metal derivatives of aliphatic acids is described in U.S. Patent 4,007,316 to Koontz. Such compounds as cuprous chloride, cuprous iodide and lead chloride are 20 additional examples of prior art depolarizers which have been used in seawater activated batteries. However, many of these batteries have suffered one or more disadvantages of having a relatively short operating life, short storage life, or relatively low output voltage per unit cell.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a deferred action battery having an improved depolarizing cathode. Another object of the in-ventibn is to provide a reserve or deferred action battery-which eliminates the use of strategic materials such as 30 silver. A further object of the invention is to provide a cathode depolarizer that is relatively insensitive to moisture so as to enable long storage periods at high tem-- peratures and high humidity without degradation of battery performance. Yet another object of the present invention 35 is to provide a deferred action battery wherein the output voltage of the battery is relatively high for a given size and weight.
Briefly, these and other objects are accom-~6332 31-10-1979 3 P~ 4O433 plished by a deferred action battery wherein the depola-rizer material comprises a combination of cuprous thiocy-anate, carbon, free sulphur and an appropriate binder. An electrical conductor such as a metal grid is used both as a current collector and as a base ~or the cathode upon which the depolarizer material is placed. The other electrode of the battery is an anode made from any suitable material such as magnesium, magnesium alloy, zinc or aluminum.
The deferred action battery is activated lO by ordinary seawater or distilled water or any other suit-able aqueous solution.
For a better understanding of these and other aspects of the invention, reference may be made to the following detailed description.
A typical reserve or deferred action battery has two electrodes known as a cathode and an anode. The battery is activated by addition of an electrolyte. In many deferred action batteries, the electrolyte is an aqueous solution ranging from distilled water to seawater.
20 The electrodes are normally enclosed in a housing or case to hold the electrolyte and which provides a protective surrounding for the electrodes. If, for example, the battery is intended to be activated by seawater by dropping the battery in the ocean, then the case has openingsprovided at 25 the top and bottom thereof to allow the seawater to conve-niently enter the enclosed battery cell structure. A reserve or deferred action battery is one that has no output voltage until` an electrolyte is added. A primary battery is one that has an electrolyte but is not rechargeable. Therefore, a ; 30 battery used in accordance with the present invention can be said to be a deferred action primary battery since it is not intended to be recharged. Typically, a battery having a magnesium anode is not rechargeable since the electro-chemical reaction is not reversible. However, if a zinc 35 anode is used, the battery can be considered to be recharge-able although it cannot be recharged to its original capa-city. The output power of a battery having a magnesium anode is higher than a battery having a zinc anode. However, l~Z6332 .. . . ~ .. .. .. . . .. .. .
a zinc anode does not produce as many solid and gaseous corrosion products as does a magnesium anode and therefore may be more suitab~e in a long-life application.
An example of an improved battery made in accordance with the present invention comprises a magnesium or magnesium alloy anode, a cathode having a depolarizer comprising copper thiocyanate, free sulphur, and carbon such as acetylene black or graphite formed on a conductive metal grid. During the manufacturing of the cathode, the lO depolarizer mixture is heated to a temperature in excess of 120 C. in order to melt the sulphur. The heated mixture is then allowed to cool to room temperature. A small amount of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) in combination with paraffin or wax may also be added to the depolarizer mixture in order l5 to act as the binder. The anode of the battery may be in the form of a flat sheet or any other convenient configu-ration and may contain alkali and alkaline earth metals. A
commercially available magnesium alloy suitable for the anode carries the designation AZ61 and has the approximate 20 composition, by weight, of 6.5 ~ aluminum, 0.7 % zinc and 0.2 % manganese with the remainder magnesium. In one embo-diment of the invention the copper thiocyanate depolarizer has, by weight, approximately 65 ~ to 840/o cuprous thiocya-nate, 13 ~ to 9 % sulphur and 18 % to 5 % carbon. In most 25 cases, cathode depolarizers are produced from powders and in many situations it is desirable to increase the electri-cal conductivity of the powder. Various portions of non-reactive conductive materials may be added to obtain the desired electrical conductivity. Carbon is a pre~erred ma-30 terial for this purpose because of its low cost and readyavailability. Any of the various forms of carbon such as acetylene black~ graphite or petroleum coke can be used.
A binder such as TFE (3. 9/0 to 1. 9% by weight) is used to hold the powder together. TFE is a preferred binder since 35 it has been found to be more efficient than an epoxy resin.
- The bindability of the TFE may also be enhanced by the addition of a small amount (0.1 % by weight) of paraffin.
In the present invention the free sulphur performs the dual ~2633Z
31_10-1979 5 PHM 40433 role of an additional binder and as an ingredient that enhances the reaction. In order for the copper thiocyanate-sulphur combination to perform effectively, the sulphur is first melted by heating the mixture to a temperature of at least 120 C. and then cooled to room temperature. An electrical conductor such as a metal grid which may be in the form of a screen, expanded metal or perforated sheet stock is used to form the cathode. The cooled powder mix-ture is pressed on and into the metal grid and the metal lO grid not cnly performs as an electron collector but also lends strength and rigidity to the pressed powder cathode.
In addition to the anode and cathode, a spacer must be provided to separate the electrodes from one another. The spacer must be in such a form as to allow free access of electrolyte between the electrodes and to allow corrosion products resulting from the electrochemical reaction to exit from the cell. The spacer must be non-conductive and can be in the form of a small disc, rods or mesh. Chemical reaction between the magnesium anode and 20 the electrolyte produces hydrogen gas and magnesium hydro-xide. The gaseous product should be allowed to escape from between the electrodes. The escaping gas creates a pumping action which helps pull the solid corrosion product (magne-sium hydroxide) out of the space and causes new electrolyte ; 25 to enter. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the solid corrosion products not removed from between the electrodes must be kept wet-Ordinary tap water can be used as an electro-lyte although seawater is preferred. Maximum power level 30 will be reached faster with salt water than with distilled water. Sa]t increases the conductivity of the electrolyte by reducing resistance of the electrolyte.
The battery assembly is completed by the attachment of lead wires to the electrodes and enclosing 35 the battery cell structure within a suitable encasement.
I,ead wires must extend from the encasement and the encase-ment must have openings so that the electrolyte can be allowed to enter between the electrodes. Those skilled in ~Z633;~
the art will understand that the electrochemical reaction between the electrodes and the electrolyte will generate heat and allowances must be made for the heat so generated.
A depolarizer is necessary in batteries to decrease polarization during current flow. A depolarizer is defined as a material which when used in conjunction with a cathode in an electrochemical system prevents pola-rization by preventing hydrogen gas formation at the cathode. Polarization occurs when the battery output vol-tage drops prematurely. The depolarizer maintains the elec-trode at a positive level by reacting with the nascent hydrogen formed at the electrode to form a compound which effectively prevents the formation of the hydrogen gas. As the cathode reducing reactions occur, positive ions are discharged, thereby forming negative ions. In other words, elements are reduced from a higher to a lower valence state.
The active electrode materials suitable for use within the depolarizer of the present invention can be described as an insoluble inorganic salt. The cation port-ion of the salt is a heavy metal element such as copper, usually in the lower valence form. The anion portion of the salt is selected from the group of pseudohalogens. By "pseudohalogens", it is meant those mono-valent radicals of the thiocyanate (CNS) group which behave chemically as halogens.
It has been observed that the deferred action battery with improved depolarizer of the present invention provides significantly more output voltage per battery cell than other seawater activated batteries of greater size and weight. For e~ample, a single cell of the cuprous thiocya-nate seawater activated battery of the present invention having a current density of 1 mA/cm exhibits an output voltage of approximately 1.4 volts in an aqueous electro-lyte having a salinity of approximately 1.5~o. In contrast,many batteries of the lead chloride type exhibit output voltages ranging from O.9 volts to 1.1 volts from a single cell having a similar current density in an electrolyte of similar salinity.
~Z633Z
, .. . , . , . .. . . , ~ , . . .. . .. .. .. . . . .
Thus it may be seen that there has been pro-vided a novel deferred action battery having an improved depolarizer which provides relatively high output voltage per battery unit cell and which utilizes active depolarizer materials that are commonly available and inexpensive.
Obviously, many modifications and variations of the invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be prac-ticed otherwise than as specifically described.
This invention relates to the field of de-ferred action batteries and, more particularly, to a sea-water activated deferr~ action battery having an anode selected from the group consisting of magnesium, aluminium and zinc and alloys thereof and a depolarizing cathode com-prising a conductive metal grid coated with a depolarizer material.
Silver chloride - magnesium seawater acti-10 vated batteries are well-known in the prior art and have been in use for many years. However~ these batteries are not only expensive but consume, without possibility of salvage, a relatively scarce precious metal. Prior ende-avors have been made to develop a non-silver bearing depo-l5 larizing cathode for use in seawater activated batteries.An example of one such endeavor that utilizes a depolarizer of heavy metal derivatives of aliphatic acids is described in U.S. Patent 4,007,316 to Koontz. Such compounds as cuprous chloride, cuprous iodide and lead chloride are 20 additional examples of prior art depolarizers which have been used in seawater activated batteries. However, many of these batteries have suffered one or more disadvantages of having a relatively short operating life, short storage life, or relatively low output voltage per unit cell.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a deferred action battery having an improved depolarizing cathode. Another object of the in-ventibn is to provide a reserve or deferred action battery-which eliminates the use of strategic materials such as 30 silver. A further object of the invention is to provide a cathode depolarizer that is relatively insensitive to moisture so as to enable long storage periods at high tem-- peratures and high humidity without degradation of battery performance. Yet another object of the present invention 35 is to provide a deferred action battery wherein the output voltage of the battery is relatively high for a given size and weight.
Briefly, these and other objects are accom-~6332 31-10-1979 3 P~ 4O433 plished by a deferred action battery wherein the depola-rizer material comprises a combination of cuprous thiocy-anate, carbon, free sulphur and an appropriate binder. An electrical conductor such as a metal grid is used both as a current collector and as a base ~or the cathode upon which the depolarizer material is placed. The other electrode of the battery is an anode made from any suitable material such as magnesium, magnesium alloy, zinc or aluminum.
The deferred action battery is activated lO by ordinary seawater or distilled water or any other suit-able aqueous solution.
For a better understanding of these and other aspects of the invention, reference may be made to the following detailed description.
A typical reserve or deferred action battery has two electrodes known as a cathode and an anode. The battery is activated by addition of an electrolyte. In many deferred action batteries, the electrolyte is an aqueous solution ranging from distilled water to seawater.
20 The electrodes are normally enclosed in a housing or case to hold the electrolyte and which provides a protective surrounding for the electrodes. If, for example, the battery is intended to be activated by seawater by dropping the battery in the ocean, then the case has openingsprovided at 25 the top and bottom thereof to allow the seawater to conve-niently enter the enclosed battery cell structure. A reserve or deferred action battery is one that has no output voltage until` an electrolyte is added. A primary battery is one that has an electrolyte but is not rechargeable. Therefore, a ; 30 battery used in accordance with the present invention can be said to be a deferred action primary battery since it is not intended to be recharged. Typically, a battery having a magnesium anode is not rechargeable since the electro-chemical reaction is not reversible. However, if a zinc 35 anode is used, the battery can be considered to be recharge-able although it cannot be recharged to its original capa-city. The output power of a battery having a magnesium anode is higher than a battery having a zinc anode. However, l~Z6332 .. . . ~ .. .. .. . . .. .. .
a zinc anode does not produce as many solid and gaseous corrosion products as does a magnesium anode and therefore may be more suitab~e in a long-life application.
An example of an improved battery made in accordance with the present invention comprises a magnesium or magnesium alloy anode, a cathode having a depolarizer comprising copper thiocyanate, free sulphur, and carbon such as acetylene black or graphite formed on a conductive metal grid. During the manufacturing of the cathode, the lO depolarizer mixture is heated to a temperature in excess of 120 C. in order to melt the sulphur. The heated mixture is then allowed to cool to room temperature. A small amount of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) in combination with paraffin or wax may also be added to the depolarizer mixture in order l5 to act as the binder. The anode of the battery may be in the form of a flat sheet or any other convenient configu-ration and may contain alkali and alkaline earth metals. A
commercially available magnesium alloy suitable for the anode carries the designation AZ61 and has the approximate 20 composition, by weight, of 6.5 ~ aluminum, 0.7 % zinc and 0.2 % manganese with the remainder magnesium. In one embo-diment of the invention the copper thiocyanate depolarizer has, by weight, approximately 65 ~ to 840/o cuprous thiocya-nate, 13 ~ to 9 % sulphur and 18 % to 5 % carbon. In most 25 cases, cathode depolarizers are produced from powders and in many situations it is desirable to increase the electri-cal conductivity of the powder. Various portions of non-reactive conductive materials may be added to obtain the desired electrical conductivity. Carbon is a pre~erred ma-30 terial for this purpose because of its low cost and readyavailability. Any of the various forms of carbon such as acetylene black~ graphite or petroleum coke can be used.
A binder such as TFE (3. 9/0 to 1. 9% by weight) is used to hold the powder together. TFE is a preferred binder since 35 it has been found to be more efficient than an epoxy resin.
- The bindability of the TFE may also be enhanced by the addition of a small amount (0.1 % by weight) of paraffin.
In the present invention the free sulphur performs the dual ~2633Z
31_10-1979 5 PHM 40433 role of an additional binder and as an ingredient that enhances the reaction. In order for the copper thiocyanate-sulphur combination to perform effectively, the sulphur is first melted by heating the mixture to a temperature of at least 120 C. and then cooled to room temperature. An electrical conductor such as a metal grid which may be in the form of a screen, expanded metal or perforated sheet stock is used to form the cathode. The cooled powder mix-ture is pressed on and into the metal grid and the metal lO grid not cnly performs as an electron collector but also lends strength and rigidity to the pressed powder cathode.
In addition to the anode and cathode, a spacer must be provided to separate the electrodes from one another. The spacer must be in such a form as to allow free access of electrolyte between the electrodes and to allow corrosion products resulting from the electrochemical reaction to exit from the cell. The spacer must be non-conductive and can be in the form of a small disc, rods or mesh. Chemical reaction between the magnesium anode and 20 the electrolyte produces hydrogen gas and magnesium hydro-xide. The gaseous product should be allowed to escape from between the electrodes. The escaping gas creates a pumping action which helps pull the solid corrosion product (magne-sium hydroxide) out of the space and causes new electrolyte ; 25 to enter. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the solid corrosion products not removed from between the electrodes must be kept wet-Ordinary tap water can be used as an electro-lyte although seawater is preferred. Maximum power level 30 will be reached faster with salt water than with distilled water. Sa]t increases the conductivity of the electrolyte by reducing resistance of the electrolyte.
The battery assembly is completed by the attachment of lead wires to the electrodes and enclosing 35 the battery cell structure within a suitable encasement.
I,ead wires must extend from the encasement and the encase-ment must have openings so that the electrolyte can be allowed to enter between the electrodes. Those skilled in ~Z633;~
the art will understand that the electrochemical reaction between the electrodes and the electrolyte will generate heat and allowances must be made for the heat so generated.
A depolarizer is necessary in batteries to decrease polarization during current flow. A depolarizer is defined as a material which when used in conjunction with a cathode in an electrochemical system prevents pola-rization by preventing hydrogen gas formation at the cathode. Polarization occurs when the battery output vol-tage drops prematurely. The depolarizer maintains the elec-trode at a positive level by reacting with the nascent hydrogen formed at the electrode to form a compound which effectively prevents the formation of the hydrogen gas. As the cathode reducing reactions occur, positive ions are discharged, thereby forming negative ions. In other words, elements are reduced from a higher to a lower valence state.
The active electrode materials suitable for use within the depolarizer of the present invention can be described as an insoluble inorganic salt. The cation port-ion of the salt is a heavy metal element such as copper, usually in the lower valence form. The anion portion of the salt is selected from the group of pseudohalogens. By "pseudohalogens", it is meant those mono-valent radicals of the thiocyanate (CNS) group which behave chemically as halogens.
It has been observed that the deferred action battery with improved depolarizer of the present invention provides significantly more output voltage per battery cell than other seawater activated batteries of greater size and weight. For e~ample, a single cell of the cuprous thiocya-nate seawater activated battery of the present invention having a current density of 1 mA/cm exhibits an output voltage of approximately 1.4 volts in an aqueous electro-lyte having a salinity of approximately 1.5~o. In contrast,many batteries of the lead chloride type exhibit output voltages ranging from O.9 volts to 1.1 volts from a single cell having a similar current density in an electrolyte of similar salinity.
~Z633Z
, .. . , . , . .. . . , ~ , . . .. . .. .. .. . . . .
Thus it may be seen that there has been pro-vided a novel deferred action battery having an improved depolarizer which provides relatively high output voltage per battery unit cell and which utilizes active depolarizer materials that are commonly available and inexpensive.
Obviously, many modifications and variations of the invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be prac-ticed otherwise than as specifically described.
Claims (11)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A deferred action seawater activated battery having an anode selected from the group consisting of magnesium, aluminium and zinc and alloys thereof and a depolarizing cathode comprising a conductive metal grid coated with a depolarizer material, characterized in that cathode depolarizer material comprises cuprous thiocyanate, sulphur and carbon.
2. A battery according to Claim 1 wherein the carbon is acetylene black.
3. A battery according to Claim 1 character-ized in that the carbon is graphite.
4. A battery according to Claim 1 character-ized in that the cathode depolarizer is produced from a powder having substantially 65 % to 84 % cuprous thiocya-nate, 13 % to 9 % sulphur and 18 % to 5 % carbon, which is pressed on and into a metal grid.
5. A battery according to claim 4 characterized in that the mixture of thiocyanate, carbon, free sulphur and a binder, is heated at least once for melting the sulphur before it is applied to the metal grid.
6. A battery according to Claim 5 character-ized in that the binder comprises 3.9 % to 1.9 % tetra-fluoroethylene.
7. A battery according to Claim 6 character-ized in that the binder further includes 0.1 % paraffin.
8. The battery of Claim 6 characterized in that the binder in the depolarizer is a mixture of paraffin and tetrafluoroethylene.
9. A method for making a cathode depolarizer mixture characterized in that the method comprises the following steps:
mixing predetermined amounts of cuprous thiocyanate, sulphur and carbon to form a mixture;
heating the mixture at least once to a temperature sufficient to melt the sulphur included therein;
and cooling the heated mixture to substantially room temperature for forming the cathode depolarizer.
mixing predetermined amounts of cuprous thiocyanate, sulphur and carbon to form a mixture;
heating the mixture at least once to a temperature sufficient to melt the sulphur included therein;
and cooling the heated mixture to substantially room temperature for forming the cathode depolarizer.
10. A method according to Claim 9 character-ized in that the step of mixing further includes mixing predetermined amounts of tetrafluoroethylene and paraffin to form said mixture.
11. A method for making a cathode depolarizer mixture according to Claim 9 characterized by the follow-ing steps:
mixing by weight substantially 65 % to 84 %
cuprous thiocyanate, substantially 13 % to 9 % sulphur, substantially 18 % to 5 % carbon, substantially 3.9 % to 1.9 % tetrafluoroethylene and substantially 0.1 % paraffin to form a mixture;
heating the mixture at least once to a tem-perature sufficient to melt the sulphur included therein;
and cooling the heated mixture to substantially room temperature for forming the cathode depolarizer.
mixing by weight substantially 65 % to 84 %
cuprous thiocyanate, substantially 13 % to 9 % sulphur, substantially 18 % to 5 % carbon, substantially 3.9 % to 1.9 % tetrafluoroethylene and substantially 0.1 % paraffin to form a mixture;
heating the mixture at least once to a tem-perature sufficient to melt the sulphur included therein;
and cooling the heated mixture to substantially room temperature for forming the cathode depolarizer.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US963,718 | 1978-11-27 | ||
| US05/963,718 US4192913A (en) | 1978-11-27 | 1978-11-27 | Deferred action battery having an improved depolarizer |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1126332A true CA1126332A (en) | 1982-06-22 |
Family
ID=25507609
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA340,442A Expired CA1126332A (en) | 1978-11-27 | 1979-11-22 | Deferred action battery having an improved depolarizer |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4192913A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS55109366A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR830001226B1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU529826B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1126332A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2947236C2 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2442516A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2036414B (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4601961A (en) * | 1985-11-04 | 1986-07-22 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Bilaminar seawater battery |
| US4722876A (en) * | 1987-05-13 | 1988-02-02 | Hummel Roger L | Liquid activated battery |
| NO164324C (en) * | 1988-05-02 | 1990-09-19 | Norske Stats Oljeselskap | SALT WATER CELL. |
| AU7279994A (en) * | 1994-04-20 | 1995-11-29 | I.N. Frantsevich Institute For Problems Of Materials Science | Water activated chemical current source |
| US5424147A (en) | 1994-07-15 | 1995-06-13 | Electric Fuel (E.F.L.) Ltd. | Water-activated battery |
| DE19522226C2 (en) * | 1995-06-20 | 1999-03-25 | Kipnis Alexander | Water activated primary cells and their use in a water activated battery |
| US6302928B1 (en) * | 1998-12-17 | 2001-10-16 | Moltech Corporation | Electrochemical cells with high volumetric density of electroactive sulfur-containing materials in cathode active layers |
| US20070009799A1 (en) * | 2005-07-07 | 2007-01-11 | Eveready Battery Company, Inc. | Electrochemical cell having a partially oxidized conductor |
| CN101702438B (en) * | 2009-10-26 | 2011-06-01 | 黑龙江慧能绿色能源科技开发有限公司 | Aqueous medium battery and manufacture method thereof, life jacket GPS positioning device and alarm lamp device |
| US10693149B2 (en) | 2017-05-18 | 2020-06-23 | Epsilor-Electric Fuel, Ltd. | Survivor locator light |
| US10581086B2 (en) | 2017-05-18 | 2020-03-03 | Epsilor-Electric Fuel, Ltd. | Cathode formulation for survivor locator light |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2937219A (en) * | 1955-11-14 | 1960-05-17 | G And W H Corson Inc | Electric current producing cell and method of generating current with same |
| US3132054A (en) * | 1961-02-15 | 1964-05-05 | Gen Electric | Battery electrode compositions |
| US3205096A (en) * | 1961-12-18 | 1965-09-07 | Electric Storage Battery Co | Deferred action battery |
| DE1596041B1 (en) * | 1965-06-03 | 1970-08-20 | Esb Inc | Primary element activated by water with a positive electrode made of copper-I compound |
| US3445290A (en) * | 1966-12-12 | 1969-05-20 | Globe Union Inc | Silver and copper thiocyanate primary cells |
| US3450570A (en) * | 1967-01-23 | 1969-06-17 | Molecular Energy Corp | Method of producing semi-conductive electronegative element of a battery |
| US3441445A (en) * | 1967-09-25 | 1969-04-29 | Nuclear Research Associates | Magnesium-cupric oxide primary battery |
| US4020247A (en) * | 1974-01-09 | 1977-04-26 | The Secretary Of State For Defense In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland | Water activated primary batteries |
| US4007316A (en) * | 1975-11-19 | 1977-02-08 | The Magnavox Company | Deferred action battery having an improved depolarizer |
-
1978
- 1978-11-27 US US05/963,718 patent/US4192913A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1979
- 1979-11-22 CA CA340,442A patent/CA1126332A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-11-23 GB GB7940560A patent/GB2036414B/en not_active Expired
- 1979-11-23 AU AU53149/79A patent/AU529826B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1979-11-23 DE DE2947236A patent/DE2947236C2/en not_active Expired
- 1979-11-26 JP JP15213379A patent/JPS55109366A/en active Pending
- 1979-11-26 FR FR7929078A patent/FR2442516A1/en active Granted
-
1980
- 1980-02-13 KR KR1019800000570A patent/KR830001226B1/en active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2036414B (en) | 1983-01-19 |
| DE2947236A1 (en) | 1980-06-12 |
| KR830002404A (en) | 1983-05-28 |
| FR2442516B1 (en) | 1982-12-10 |
| JPS55109366A (en) | 1980-08-22 |
| FR2442516A1 (en) | 1980-06-20 |
| US4192913A (en) | 1980-03-11 |
| KR830001226B1 (en) | 1983-06-24 |
| AU529826B2 (en) | 1983-06-23 |
| GB2036414A (en) | 1980-06-25 |
| AU5314979A (en) | 1980-05-29 |
| DE2947236C2 (en) | 1984-08-09 |
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