CA1100636A - Method for checking banknotes and apparatus therefor - Google Patents
Method for checking banknotes and apparatus thereforInfo
- Publication number
- CA1100636A CA1100636A CA289,482A CA289482A CA1100636A CA 1100636 A CA1100636 A CA 1100636A CA 289482 A CA289482 A CA 289482A CA 1100636 A CA1100636 A CA 1100636A
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- normalized
- value
- values
- error
- deviation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
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- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010606 normalization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- KRTSDMXIXPKRQR-AATRIKPKSA-N monocrotophos Chemical compound CNC(=O)\C=C(/C)OP(=O)(OC)OC KRTSDMXIXPKRQR-AATRIKPKSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylhydroxytoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000272470 Circus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000557769 Iodes Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006679 Mentha X verticillata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002899 Mentha suaveolens Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000001636 Mentha x rotundifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QHGVXILFMXYDRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyraclofos Chemical compound C1=C(OP(=O)(OCC)SCCC)C=NN1C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 QHGVXILFMXYDRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000006379 syphilis Diseases 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
- G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
- G07D7/06—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using wave or particle radiation
- G07D7/12—Visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F18/00—Pattern recognition
Abstract
IMPROVED METHOD FOR CHECKING BANKNOTES
AND APPARATUS THEREFOR . -ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE . -A method and a machine are disclosed, for checking a banknote to determine its genuineness, wherein light-sensitive elements scan a few read out points on a banknote and amplifies the signals so produced up to a normalized maximum, the machine then computing the average of all the normalized read out values and detecting the deviation relative to said average, and finally checking that such errors or deviation from the average lie within preselected calibration ranges which are predetermined on a stati-stically significant number of genuine banknotes.
AND APPARATUS THEREFOR . -ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE . -A method and a machine are disclosed, for checking a banknote to determine its genuineness, wherein light-sensitive elements scan a few read out points on a banknote and amplifies the signals so produced up to a normalized maximum, the machine then computing the average of all the normalized read out values and detecting the deviation relative to said average, and finally checking that such errors or deviation from the average lie within preselected calibration ranges which are predetermined on a stati-stically significant number of genuine banknotes.
Description
63~
C~SE ~
This invention relates to a metho~ for checking ~-~banknotes~ sai.d method being based on the error or devia-tion of read out an~ normali~.ed values relative to the mean values~ permitting to achieve a high degree of select-i.v-ity and thus enabling to discard any forged banknote.
The invention is also realtecl with an apparatus~ -the circuitry of which is simple and cheap, for carrying said method into practice As is known, the checking of a banknote is effected, according to the known art~ by measuring with photo-. diodes or other photo-scn.sitive elements, the intensity of a reflecte~ light or of l~ ht which passes -through the banknote in correspondence w:ith a preselected se-t of re~tout points on sald banknote~ which have different colour shades or brightness and by merely checking that the indi~idually read out values lie within a so-called calibration range. S-tated another way~ the check.ing step consists in making sure that all the points investiga-ted on a banknote give values which do not depart for more than a preselected range from the sample vaiues~ said standard values being those obtained from a theore-tical banknote which has not been forged and is nearly new and : not too much soiledO
~ Now~ such a checking method of conventional type involves serious selectivity problems which substantially lead to the virtual impossibility of passing a high num-ber of genuine banknotes~ if possible the 100%~ while simultaneously rejec-ting al:L the forged pieces~ As a matter of fact, the genuine banknotes presented to check-ing by the users can be more or less nearly printed as a function of the quality.of the inks and the paper reams :
; 2.
c~
. .
;36 as uscd by the ~lint, and Carl~ at the same time~ be more or less worn, creased or merely soiled, so that the same readout poin-t can give values which are even consi-derably diverging from a bankno-te and ano-ther, It is thus apparcn-t that a checki.ng operation which is restricted to make sure -that the individual read oub values do not go beyond a preselected calibration range~ cannot be such as to prevent the acceptance o~ even grossly forged piecesg since the calibration range for said read ou-t values must be, og necessity~ comparat.ively wide ones.
On the o-ther hand~ it has been practically ascertain-ed on large amounts o samples o-~ genuine banknotes~ that the variations of color shacles are virtua].ly constant or that they vary but a li-ttle for all the re~dout points of a single banlcnote Statecl another way~ iE a readout point of` a banknote is of a clearer shade thal1 the corre-sponding points of other banknotes since the banknote is fresh from the Mint or has been printed on a clear shade or on clear paper~ also all the other adjoining points of the banknote concerned will be of a clearer shade than the corresponding points of &aid other banknotes.
The result is that the values of the chromatic ratio between a point and another in readout, will undergo for all the banknotes much small variations -than those of the absolute readout values. It is thus apparent that a bank-note checking method based on the chromatic ratio values rather than on the absolute readout values would enable a ~ high selectivity to be achieved towards the forged pieces~
- inasmuch as it would permit that the so-called calibration ; 30 ranges may drastically be reducedr Such a method, how-ever~ has a serious drawback as regards its practical appli ~; CatiOn. The performance of the ratio be-tween two signals~
in fact~ requires a comparati.vely expensive and intricate apparatus and likewise costly would it be, in the presence 3~
of a n?~ ber of read out va:lues~ to ef.`fect the cllec1c.ing of Illany, OI' of all9 the couple~ se possib]e ratios on account of -the large number of the electronic componen-ts which would so be requiredO
An object o-f the present invention is to redress the clefects aorementioned and to provide~ therefore~
an original method for processing and checking the values read out on a banknote~ said method permitting to achieve ~ust the high selec-ti.vity of the aforemen-tioned method based on the variations of the chromatic ra-tios~ though using an apparatus the circui.try o-E whi.ch is co~lparatively simple and cheapO
This result i.s achieved mainly for the reason that~
ra-ther than checking -the abs~;~lute read ou-t values~ the chromatlc ratlo values are checked v:ia the determination of the errors of clevia-tions from the mean val.ue of the properly normalized read out values.
If, actually, all the values read out on a standard banknote are amplified with such normalization coeffi cients that the ratios between the read out values and the thus:Ly normali~ed ones are all equal to the unity~
the result is that all the values, readout and normalizedg will be equal to each other and also to their mean value$
which will be equal to anyOlle of said normalized values equal to one ano-ther, so tha-t -the difference or error or deviation between the mean and each normalized value will be nil.
.~ It can be appreciated ~`rom the foregoing~ therefore~
that a banknote check.ing operation based on the values of a chromatic ratio can thus be reduced to a checking o-f the banknotes based on the differences or errors or devia-tions from their average of the readout and normalized values so as to give the same normali.zed value for the standard banknote.
: q, i31f~
Thus3 accordîllg to a feature of the pre6ent i.n-venti.ol-l, the banknote check:Lllg method conslsts i.n amp:l.vi~
fying eacll read ou-t val.ue~ aGcording to an amplification coefficient o-~ its own~ up-.. bo a norma]ized value~ in carr~ing out the compu-tation of -the average of al:L the read out and normalized values~ in detec-ting the error or de~:iation of each normal.izecl value relative to said average and las-tly in verifying that said errors or devia-tions lie withln preselectecl cal.ibration ranges or bank-note acceptance range.
As a matter of fact~ inasmuch as said calibration ranges f.or said errors or deviations can be made very narrow~ as has been practical.ly ascertained~ the :result is that the selectivity which can be obtained relative to the for~ed p:ieces is considerably improved. On the other hand~ the normal:izat:ion of the read.out values~ which is necessary according to the present method in order to re~uce a ratio check to a check of dif-ference or error or deviation and for being able to compare all such values which are not in the Sanle order of magnitude~ with :-: a single value~ -that is to say their average~ also per-~its to annul all the possible differences in behaviour of the individual components of the banknote reader~
which provide to measure and to amplify the light signals~
since the amplificatlon coef`ficiellts of the amplifiers of the different banknote readers shall always be regula-~ ted so that any banknote~ even a forged one~ as introdu-.~: ced in said different readers~ may supply rigorous equal normalized si~nals irrespect;ive of the differant kinds of readout devices~
Then~ according to another feature of the present invention, said amplification coeffici.entsg according to which the read out values are amplified up to a norma-lized ~alu.e~ are so selected that there might be obtain-3~i ed -or a theoretical fitandard banknote~ normal:ized va]ues all equal to one ano-therO
l`hus~ for said standclrd ideal banknote said errors or deviations will all be equal to zero7 as it must be on accoun-t of tlle foregoingO No-t only this~ but such errols or deviations will also be n:il for all ~he bank-notes the chromatic shades of which~ even being conside~
rab]y differen-t from one another~ are, in relationsllip with that of said standard banknote~ in a constant ratio with that o the standard banhnote~ as it must be in order that all the possib]e types of genuine banknotes may be accep-ted. ~s a ~attex of flct~ i a dark bank-note is checked in which all the read out values are at-te-nuated~ even by 25% over thoc;e of the idea~ standard banlcno-te of calibrat:ion~ :i.t is apparent that also the average of the normalizecL value will be a-ttenuated by 25%
and thus the errors or devia-tions will be nil~
; Then, to the end of making such errors or devi.atiolls~
which are not in the same order of magnitude and can be either positive or negative, all comparable with a single adjustable threshold value which establishes the accepta bility boundary for a banknote~ that which permits to re-duce all said calibration and acceptab:ility ranges of the banlcnote to a single calibration range wh;.ch is valid for all the read out value with a consequent apparent sav:ing of components in the Ghecking apparatus as well as a simplification of the calibration step which is thus re-- duced to the regulation of a single adjusting member, such as a potentiometer; according to another feature o this ~- 30 invention the banknote checking method consists in ampli fying each detected error or deviation~ accorciing to an amplification coefficient of its own to be statistically deduced~ up to a normalized valueg in selecting and con-~erting the maximum normalized error or deviation from the 6~
3~
negative l-o -the posltiv~g :i.n selecti.rlg the max:imum normcl-llzed error or dev:i.tion as to its magnitude a~d comparing said a~so:Ll~te IllaXinlU~n normilli7ed error with a preselected threshold value~ which is tlic only one and is a(ijustable, for establishing the banknote acceptal~ce boundar~r.
Final]y~ according to the presel~t method a banknote is subs-tan-t:Lally analyzed in a point of its only~ the one which gives -the worst value of normaliæed error or devia-tion but this fact~ apparen-tly3 ~oes not preju~ice the function o-f discarding the forged pieces since~ i the deteched normalized errorcLoes no-t exceed the value of the acceptance threshold~ or th.is same reason such -treshold will not be exceeded by tle o-l;her cletected normalized errors whi.ch ha~e a smal:Ler m.lgnitudeO
In orderJ then~ that banknotes m.igh~t be a~cepted which are exceptionally soil.ed or clear-toned forged 1lotes~
according to an additional fea-ture of the present inventiona said average of all the read out and normalized values is compared with a preselected re~erence value and tl1e error ~-or deviation -from the average from said reference value is normalized~ by amplifying :it according to an amplifica-tion coefficient which is derived statistically~ and said normalized value is then exploited~ similarly to all the other norMalised errors or devi.ations aforesaid relative to said. read out and normalized valuesg for the selection of said maximum absolute error.
By so doing~ the check of the average is reduced~ it also~to said single banknote acceptability threshold~ since the error of -the average~ bei.~g normalized, can he compa-3o red with all the other normalized errors or de~iatio~s.
As a matter of fact~ if the normalized error relative to . said average will exceed as to its ma~nitude all the other normali~ed errors9 it will be such normalized error which~
selected as the maximum absolute error~ will be compared . 71 with s~id preselected tllreshold valueO
A further feature o the presen-t inventioII is the fact that the apparatus for checki.ng the banknotes according to -the method set forth above is formed by a set of so many operational variahle-gain amplifier as there are points in the banknote to be checked~ and to the inputs O-e which there will be sent all the read out values supplied by said photosensitive elements and -the outputs o-f which~ that supply normalized values~ are con~
nected~ each and respectively~ to a summation node and to the input of an adding and inverting amplifier~ which latter delivers at its output the sign-inverted average of the normalized values pres-nt at i-ts input~ the out-put of which is connected~ in its turn~ to all said sum-mation nodes and also to another summation node to which is also colmectcd the output oE a generator of a rePerence :~ signal or value for said average~ all those su~mation .~ nodes which supply error or deviation signals or valuesbeing further connected~ each, to the input of an opera-tive variable-gain amplifier the output of which~ that supplies a normalized value of error~ is connected to a selection circuit of the normalized maximum absolute error~
th0 output of which is connected~ in turn~ to the i.nput of a comparatmr to which there is also fed the ou-tput of a generator of a threshold signal or value which is the calibration of maximum normalized error and thus the accept--~ ance limit for the banknote to be checked.
According to another feature of the present inven-tion, said variable gains of said set of operational amplifiers : 3~ are so calibrated -that the values read out on a standard : bankno-te are all amplified to the same normalized value~
whereas said ~ariable gains of said operational amplifiers ; connected to said summation nodes are calibrated accord~
ing to statistically de~ermined values.
. 8a 3 Ei ~coor~ing to yet anotller feature o the present invention~ the selection circuit ~or the maximum abso-lu-te normalized error or deviation is composed by a set of as many diodes arranged ln invertecl direction as there are said summation nodes~ khe inputs o~ which are con~
nected to the outpu-ts of sa.id operational ampli~iers connected to said summation nodes and the outpu-ts of which are connec-ted to each other and. to the input o-f an inverter the output of which~ in its turn~ is connected via a diode arranged in the ~irect sense, to the common output of another set of as many diodes arranged in the direct sense as there are said summation nodes~ the in-puts of which are also connected to said outputs of said operational amplifiers connected to said summation nodes~
said co~non output being furthermore connec-ted to the i.nput of said comparator. ;~
By so doing~ in -fact~ the network of inverted diodes selects only t~e maximum among all the negative normalized errors or deviations which are present~ since said maxi-mum~ which appears at the common output of the inver-ted ~iodes network~ cuts off all the other diodes o~ the net-workO On the other hand~ this maximum selected negative normalized error or deviation~ inverted as to its sign and thus made positive by the. inverter~ is sent to the network oE direct diodes wh.ich selects~ in a manner simi lar to the previous one~ only the highest among all the normalized positive errors or deviations which are present~
; but since among these normalized errors or deviations isconsidered also that maximum negative normalized error or deviation, it is apparent that what is delivered to the comparator input s the maximum normalized error o~
dsviation in absolute~
The invention is now better explained with reference to the accompanying drawings which illustrate a preferred practical embocliment given ~y way o-f example only and - ~ithou:t li~itation since constructional or -tec}-~nological changes~ such as the use of digi-tal rather than analogi-cal compon~nts~ will always be possible without departi.ng from the scope of the present :inventionO
In the drawings :
FIGURF. 1 shows a bloGk cliagram of the sequential stages for checking a banknote according to the method of ' the present invention~ the checking step being limited to three readout points only on the banknote.
FIGURE 2 shows the circuitry diagram of the appa-ratus according to this invention for checking a banknote w.ith the method of the invention and according to the diagram Oe FIGURE 1.
In said ~IGURES oE the ~rawings corresponding parts are ind:i.cated by the same reference numerals.
~laving now reference to FIGURE 1~ the numerals l~
C~SE ~
This invention relates to a metho~ for checking ~-~banknotes~ sai.d method being based on the error or devia-tion of read out an~ normali~.ed values relative to the mean values~ permitting to achieve a high degree of select-i.v-ity and thus enabling to discard any forged banknote.
The invention is also realtecl with an apparatus~ -the circuitry of which is simple and cheap, for carrying said method into practice As is known, the checking of a banknote is effected, according to the known art~ by measuring with photo-. diodes or other photo-scn.sitive elements, the intensity of a reflecte~ light or of l~ ht which passes -through the banknote in correspondence w:ith a preselected se-t of re~tout points on sald banknote~ which have different colour shades or brightness and by merely checking that the indi~idually read out values lie within a so-called calibration range. S-tated another way~ the check.ing step consists in making sure that all the points investiga-ted on a banknote give values which do not depart for more than a preselected range from the sample vaiues~ said standard values being those obtained from a theore-tical banknote which has not been forged and is nearly new and : not too much soiledO
~ Now~ such a checking method of conventional type involves serious selectivity problems which substantially lead to the virtual impossibility of passing a high num-ber of genuine banknotes~ if possible the 100%~ while simultaneously rejec-ting al:L the forged pieces~ As a matter of fact, the genuine banknotes presented to check-ing by the users can be more or less nearly printed as a function of the quality.of the inks and the paper reams :
; 2.
c~
. .
;36 as uscd by the ~lint, and Carl~ at the same time~ be more or less worn, creased or merely soiled, so that the same readout poin-t can give values which are even consi-derably diverging from a bankno-te and ano-ther, It is thus apparcn-t that a checki.ng operation which is restricted to make sure -that the individual read oub values do not go beyond a preselected calibration range~ cannot be such as to prevent the acceptance o~ even grossly forged piecesg since the calibration range for said read ou-t values must be, og necessity~ comparat.ively wide ones.
On the o-ther hand~ it has been practically ascertain-ed on large amounts o samples o-~ genuine banknotes~ that the variations of color shacles are virtua].ly constant or that they vary but a li-ttle for all the re~dout points of a single banlcnote Statecl another way~ iE a readout point of` a banknote is of a clearer shade thal1 the corre-sponding points of other banknotes since the banknote is fresh from the Mint or has been printed on a clear shade or on clear paper~ also all the other adjoining points of the banknote concerned will be of a clearer shade than the corresponding points of &aid other banknotes.
The result is that the values of the chromatic ratio between a point and another in readout, will undergo for all the banknotes much small variations -than those of the absolute readout values. It is thus apparent that a bank-note checking method based on the chromatic ratio values rather than on the absolute readout values would enable a ~ high selectivity to be achieved towards the forged pieces~
- inasmuch as it would permit that the so-called calibration ; 30 ranges may drastically be reducedr Such a method, how-ever~ has a serious drawback as regards its practical appli ~; CatiOn. The performance of the ratio be-tween two signals~
in fact~ requires a comparati.vely expensive and intricate apparatus and likewise costly would it be, in the presence 3~
of a n?~ ber of read out va:lues~ to ef.`fect the cllec1c.ing of Illany, OI' of all9 the couple~ se possib]e ratios on account of -the large number of the electronic componen-ts which would so be requiredO
An object o-f the present invention is to redress the clefects aorementioned and to provide~ therefore~
an original method for processing and checking the values read out on a banknote~ said method permitting to achieve ~ust the high selec-ti.vity of the aforemen-tioned method based on the variations of the chromatic ra-tios~ though using an apparatus the circui.try o-E whi.ch is co~lparatively simple and cheapO
This result i.s achieved mainly for the reason that~
ra-ther than checking -the abs~;~lute read ou-t values~ the chromatlc ratlo values are checked v:ia the determination of the errors of clevia-tions from the mean val.ue of the properly normalized read out values.
If, actually, all the values read out on a standard banknote are amplified with such normalization coeffi cients that the ratios between the read out values and the thus:Ly normali~ed ones are all equal to the unity~
the result is that all the values, readout and normalizedg will be equal to each other and also to their mean value$
which will be equal to anyOlle of said normalized values equal to one ano-ther, so tha-t -the difference or error or deviation between the mean and each normalized value will be nil.
.~ It can be appreciated ~`rom the foregoing~ therefore~
that a banknote check.ing operation based on the values of a chromatic ratio can thus be reduced to a checking o-f the banknotes based on the differences or errors or devia-tions from their average of the readout and normalized values so as to give the same normali.zed value for the standard banknote.
: q, i31f~
Thus3 accordîllg to a feature of the pre6ent i.n-venti.ol-l, the banknote check:Lllg method conslsts i.n amp:l.vi~
fying eacll read ou-t val.ue~ aGcording to an amplification coefficient o-~ its own~ up-.. bo a norma]ized value~ in carr~ing out the compu-tation of -the average of al:L the read out and normalized values~ in detec-ting the error or de~:iation of each normal.izecl value relative to said average and las-tly in verifying that said errors or devia-tions lie withln preselectecl cal.ibration ranges or bank-note acceptance range.
As a matter of fact~ inasmuch as said calibration ranges f.or said errors or deviations can be made very narrow~ as has been practical.ly ascertained~ the :result is that the selectivity which can be obtained relative to the for~ed p:ieces is considerably improved. On the other hand~ the normal:izat:ion of the read.out values~ which is necessary according to the present method in order to re~uce a ratio check to a check of dif-ference or error or deviation and for being able to compare all such values which are not in the Sanle order of magnitude~ with :-: a single value~ -that is to say their average~ also per-~its to annul all the possible differences in behaviour of the individual components of the banknote reader~
which provide to measure and to amplify the light signals~
since the amplificatlon coef`ficiellts of the amplifiers of the different banknote readers shall always be regula-~ ted so that any banknote~ even a forged one~ as introdu-.~: ced in said different readers~ may supply rigorous equal normalized si~nals irrespect;ive of the differant kinds of readout devices~
Then~ according to another feature of the present invention, said amplification coeffici.entsg according to which the read out values are amplified up to a norma-lized ~alu.e~ are so selected that there might be obtain-3~i ed -or a theoretical fitandard banknote~ normal:ized va]ues all equal to one ano-therO
l`hus~ for said standclrd ideal banknote said errors or deviations will all be equal to zero7 as it must be on accoun-t of tlle foregoingO No-t only this~ but such errols or deviations will also be n:il for all ~he bank-notes the chromatic shades of which~ even being conside~
rab]y differen-t from one another~ are, in relationsllip with that of said standard banknote~ in a constant ratio with that o the standard banhnote~ as it must be in order that all the possib]e types of genuine banknotes may be accep-ted. ~s a ~attex of flct~ i a dark bank-note is checked in which all the read out values are at-te-nuated~ even by 25% over thoc;e of the idea~ standard banlcno-te of calibrat:ion~ :i.t is apparent that also the average of the normalizecL value will be a-ttenuated by 25%
and thus the errors or devia-tions will be nil~
; Then, to the end of making such errors or devi.atiolls~
which are not in the same order of magnitude and can be either positive or negative, all comparable with a single adjustable threshold value which establishes the accepta bility boundary for a banknote~ that which permits to re-duce all said calibration and acceptab:ility ranges of the banlcnote to a single calibration range wh;.ch is valid for all the read out value with a consequent apparent sav:ing of components in the Ghecking apparatus as well as a simplification of the calibration step which is thus re-- duced to the regulation of a single adjusting member, such as a potentiometer; according to another feature o this ~- 30 invention the banknote checking method consists in ampli fying each detected error or deviation~ accorciing to an amplification coefficient of its own to be statistically deduced~ up to a normalized valueg in selecting and con-~erting the maximum normalized error or deviation from the 6~
3~
negative l-o -the posltiv~g :i.n selecti.rlg the max:imum normcl-llzed error or dev:i.tion as to its magnitude a~d comparing said a~so:Ll~te IllaXinlU~n normilli7ed error with a preselected threshold value~ which is tlic only one and is a(ijustable, for establishing the banknote acceptal~ce boundar~r.
Final]y~ according to the presel~t method a banknote is subs-tan-t:Lally analyzed in a point of its only~ the one which gives -the worst value of normaliæed error or devia-tion but this fact~ apparen-tly3 ~oes not preju~ice the function o-f discarding the forged pieces since~ i the deteched normalized errorcLoes no-t exceed the value of the acceptance threshold~ or th.is same reason such -treshold will not be exceeded by tle o-l;her cletected normalized errors whi.ch ha~e a smal:Ler m.lgnitudeO
In orderJ then~ that banknotes m.igh~t be a~cepted which are exceptionally soil.ed or clear-toned forged 1lotes~
according to an additional fea-ture of the present inventiona said average of all the read out and normalized values is compared with a preselected re~erence value and tl1e error ~-or deviation -from the average from said reference value is normalized~ by amplifying :it according to an amplifica-tion coefficient which is derived statistically~ and said normalized value is then exploited~ similarly to all the other norMalised errors or devi.ations aforesaid relative to said. read out and normalized valuesg for the selection of said maximum absolute error.
By so doing~ the check of the average is reduced~ it also~to said single banknote acceptability threshold~ since the error of -the average~ bei.~g normalized, can he compa-3o red with all the other normalized errors or de~iatio~s.
As a matter of fact~ if the normalized error relative to . said average will exceed as to its ma~nitude all the other normali~ed errors9 it will be such normalized error which~
selected as the maximum absolute error~ will be compared . 71 with s~id preselected tllreshold valueO
A further feature o the presen-t inventioII is the fact that the apparatus for checki.ng the banknotes according to -the method set forth above is formed by a set of so many operational variahle-gain amplifier as there are points in the banknote to be checked~ and to the inputs O-e which there will be sent all the read out values supplied by said photosensitive elements and -the outputs o-f which~ that supply normalized values~ are con~
nected~ each and respectively~ to a summation node and to the input of an adding and inverting amplifier~ which latter delivers at its output the sign-inverted average of the normalized values pres-nt at i-ts input~ the out-put of which is connected~ in its turn~ to all said sum-mation nodes and also to another summation node to which is also colmectcd the output oE a generator of a rePerence :~ signal or value for said average~ all those su~mation .~ nodes which supply error or deviation signals or valuesbeing further connected~ each, to the input of an opera-tive variable-gain amplifier the output of which~ that supplies a normalized value of error~ is connected to a selection circuit of the normalized maximum absolute error~
th0 output of which is connected~ in turn~ to the i.nput of a comparatmr to which there is also fed the ou-tput of a generator of a threshold signal or value which is the calibration of maximum normalized error and thus the accept--~ ance limit for the banknote to be checked.
According to another feature of the present inven-tion, said variable gains of said set of operational amplifiers : 3~ are so calibrated -that the values read out on a standard : bankno-te are all amplified to the same normalized value~
whereas said ~ariable gains of said operational amplifiers ; connected to said summation nodes are calibrated accord~
ing to statistically de~ermined values.
. 8a 3 Ei ~coor~ing to yet anotller feature o the present invention~ the selection circuit ~or the maximum abso-lu-te normalized error or deviation is composed by a set of as many diodes arranged ln invertecl direction as there are said summation nodes~ khe inputs o~ which are con~
nected to the outpu-ts of sa.id operational ampli~iers connected to said summation nodes and the outpu-ts of which are connec-ted to each other and. to the input o-f an inverter the output of which~ in its turn~ is connected via a diode arranged in the ~irect sense, to the common output of another set of as many diodes arranged in the direct sense as there are said summation nodes~ the in-puts of which are also connected to said outputs of said operational amplifiers connected to said summation nodes~
said co~non output being furthermore connec-ted to the i.nput of said comparator. ;~
By so doing~ in -fact~ the network of inverted diodes selects only t~e maximum among all the negative normalized errors or deviations which are present~ since said maxi-mum~ which appears at the common output of the inver-ted ~iodes network~ cuts off all the other diodes o~ the net-workO On the other hand~ this maximum selected negative normalized error or deviation~ inverted as to its sign and thus made positive by the. inverter~ is sent to the network oE direct diodes wh.ich selects~ in a manner simi lar to the previous one~ only the highest among all the normalized positive errors or deviations which are present~
; but since among these normalized errors or deviations isconsidered also that maximum negative normalized error or deviation, it is apparent that what is delivered to the comparator input s the maximum normalized error o~
dsviation in absolute~
The invention is now better explained with reference to the accompanying drawings which illustrate a preferred practical embocliment given ~y way o-f example only and - ~ithou:t li~itation since constructional or -tec}-~nological changes~ such as the use of digi-tal rather than analogi-cal compon~nts~ will always be possible without departi.ng from the scope of the present :inventionO
In the drawings :
FIGURF. 1 shows a bloGk cliagram of the sequential stages for checking a banknote according to the method of ' the present invention~ the checking step being limited to three readout points only on the banknote.
FIGURE 2 shows the circuitry diagram of the appa-ratus according to this invention for checking a banknote w.ith the method of the invention and according to the diagram Oe FIGURE 1.
In said ~IGURES oE the ~rawings corresponding parts are ind:i.cated by the same reference numerals.
~laving now reference to FIGURE 1~ the numerals l~
2 and 3 symbolically indicate the values read out in correspondence with three preselected readout points on a banknote to be checked~ which are normalized in norma-lization stages 4~ 5 and 6~ respectively7 and then compa-red in correspondence with the summation nodes 7~ 8 and 9 with their inverted average (inverted-sign) as supplied by an average-computing stage 10 -to which said normali~ed values have also been delivered. In correspondence with said summation nodes 7~ 8 and 9 there will be present ~he errors or deviations of each normalized value relative to said average and these errors or deviations are norma-lized in normali~ation stages 11~ 12 and 13~ respectively~
and then de1ivered to a stage or circuit for selecting -the maximum absolute normali~ed error or deviation 14~
On the other hand~ said inver-ted-sign average as supplied by the a~erage-computer stage 10 is also compared~ in correspondence with the summation node 15~ with a preselect-ed reference value as supplied by a generator of signals 10 .
and then de1ivered to a stage or circuit for selecting -the maximum absolute normali~ed error or deviation 14~
On the other hand~ said inver-ted-sign average as supplied by the a~erage-computer stage 10 is also compared~ in correspondence with the summation node 15~ with a preselect-ed reference value as supplied by a generator of signals 10 .
3~
16~ ~hich i.s adiustable~ and tlle relevallk error or clevia-tion~ norlllali.zecl in the normaL.izltion stage 17~ is like-wise del.ivered to -the said sta~e or circui.t 14 :Eor select-ing -the absolute maximum normali~ecl error or dev.iation 4 Said absoluke maximum normali~ed error or de~i~tion~ as selected by the stage or circu:i.t 14~ i.s finally compared~ :
in a comparison stage 18~ with a preselected threshold stage as supplied by an adjustable signa:L generator 19 (in FIGo 1 the two generators 16 and 19 are symbolically indi.cated by a single block)~so that~ at the outpu-t of said ~omparison stage 1~ a logical ON/OFF signal 20 will .
: appear~ of acceptance or reject;.ion of the banknote accord-ing to whether said maximum error is 10WeI~ or higher~
respectively than sa.id threshold value.
The aforesaid rea~ out values 1~2 and 3 are sub-stantially the electric signal~ suppl.ied by the photosensi-tive elements 21~ 22 and 23 (see especially FIGURE 2) which~ -inserted each in series with a resistor 24 in a circuit :~ ~ed by a positive voltage ~Vs measure the lightj 25g 26 and 27~ respectivelyg which is reflected or passes through the banknote being checked in correspondence with the pre-: selected readout points aforesaid. These electric sig~als~
which are obviously proportional to the chromatic shades of said readout pOiIlts of the banknote~ are sent and ampli-fied up to a normalized value in said normali~ation stages 45 5 and 6~ each o-f which is oomposed by an operational amplifier 28 the gain of which can be varied by acting upon its feedback variabl.e resistor 29. These feedback vari.a-ble resistors 29 of the operational amplifiers 28 and thus their gains abe oalibrated~ in the case in point~ so that the values whieh are read out by the photosensitive ele-ments 21~ 22 and 23 on a standard bankIIote are all amplified by the operational amplifiers 23 up to the same normaliza-tion value. The ou-tputs of the opera-tional amplifiers 28 llc 3~
are thcn respectivel.~ c~nn~cte~:l. to tlLe summat:ion nod.es 7~ 8 and 9 and to the input of saicl average-co~puting stage 10 via two equal resistors 30 ancl 310 The a~erage computing s-tage 10 is formed by a sun~ling-invert:ing ampli.-fier 32 the feedbaGl~ resis-tor 33 of which has a value equal to l/n of that of the equal input resis-tors 31~
wherein n is -the num~er oE readou-t points in which the ban~note is analyzed. Thus~ in the present case~ the resi~
stor 33 is one third of the refiistor 310 Thus~ in factJ
at the output 34 of the amplifler 32 there will be present a signal whi.ch is just equal to the si.gn-inverted. average of the signals present at -the input of said amplifier.
The output 34 o the amplifier 32 is then connected3 via res.istors 35 equal to thc resistors 30g to the summation nodes 7~ 8 and 9 and also to a summa-tion node 15~ to which is likewise connected~ via a resistor 36 ec~ual to the re-; sistor 35~ the output o-f said adjustable signal generator 16 which is substantially a potentiometer 37 fed by the positive vol-tage ~V0 The summation nodes 15, 7~ 8 and 9 are in addition respectively connected to the inputs of the normali~ation stages 17~ 12 and 13~ each of whicl is an operational amplifier 38 the gain of which can be varied by manipulating the var-iable feedback resistor 3~
thereof. These variable feedback resistors 39 of the ope-2~ rational amplifiers 38~ an~ thus their gains~ are cali-brated~ in the present case~ according to values which are statistically determined by the scrutiny of a sufficiently large number of genuine banknotesl. The outputs o the vperational amplifiers 38 are then delivered to the stage 3 or circuit 14 for -the selection of the absolute maxil~um normali~ed error or deviationr The circuit or stage 14 ` is composed by a set of as ma.ny diodes as there are summa-~ion nodes present~ in the case in polnt four diodes~ 40 41~ 42 and 43~ respectively~ which are conne~ted in the in~rted sense~ respectively~ between the outputs of the -12~
operational ampl:ifiers vi.a a res:is-tor 45~ to the .inp~t o~ an i.nYerti.ng amplifier 46 the feedback reslstor 47 of ~Yhich has -the same ~alue as tl~e resistor 450 In additlo~
the output of the inverting ampllier 46 is connected via S a ~iode 48 arranged in tlle direct sens0~ to the common ou*put 49 of another set of as many diodes~ in the case in poin-t -the -four diodes 50~ 51~ 52 and S3~ which are con-nected in the direct sense between the common output 49 and the outpu-ts of the operat:ional amplifi.ers 3~-D The output 49s which is also the output o- the stage or circuit `-1~-4 of selection of the absolute maximum normalize~ error or deviation~ is finally conneeted to the input o-E the comparati~e stage 18~ the lat-ter being substantia:Lly con--. posed by a no~eedback operational amplifier 54 to ~hich 19 also colmected the output of the adjustable signal generator 19~ this generator l~eing substantia:l.ly composed ~ by a pote~tiometer 55 fed by the positive volt;age ~0 :~ j ' '.
16~ ~hich i.s adiustable~ and tlle relevallk error or clevia-tion~ norlllali.zecl in the normaL.izltion stage 17~ is like-wise del.ivered to -the said sta~e or circui.t 14 :Eor select-ing -the absolute maximum normali~ecl error or dev.iation 4 Said absoluke maximum normali~ed error or de~i~tion~ as selected by the stage or circu:i.t 14~ i.s finally compared~ :
in a comparison stage 18~ with a preselected threshold stage as supplied by an adjustable signa:L generator 19 (in FIGo 1 the two generators 16 and 19 are symbolically indi.cated by a single block)~so that~ at the outpu-t of said ~omparison stage 1~ a logical ON/OFF signal 20 will .
: appear~ of acceptance or reject;.ion of the banknote accord-ing to whether said maximum error is 10WeI~ or higher~
respectively than sa.id threshold value.
The aforesaid rea~ out values 1~2 and 3 are sub-stantially the electric signal~ suppl.ied by the photosensi-tive elements 21~ 22 and 23 (see especially FIGURE 2) which~ -inserted each in series with a resistor 24 in a circuit :~ ~ed by a positive voltage ~Vs measure the lightj 25g 26 and 27~ respectivelyg which is reflected or passes through the banknote being checked in correspondence with the pre-: selected readout points aforesaid. These electric sig~als~
which are obviously proportional to the chromatic shades of said readout pOiIlts of the banknote~ are sent and ampli-fied up to a normalized value in said normali~ation stages 45 5 and 6~ each o-f which is oomposed by an operational amplifier 28 the gain of which can be varied by acting upon its feedback variabl.e resistor 29. These feedback vari.a-ble resistors 29 of the operational amplifiers 28 and thus their gains abe oalibrated~ in the case in point~ so that the values whieh are read out by the photosensitive ele-ments 21~ 22 and 23 on a standard bankIIote are all amplified by the operational amplifiers 23 up to the same normaliza-tion value. The ou-tputs of the opera-tional amplifiers 28 llc 3~
are thcn respectivel.~ c~nn~cte~:l. to tlLe summat:ion nod.es 7~ 8 and 9 and to the input of saicl average-co~puting stage 10 via two equal resistors 30 ancl 310 The a~erage computing s-tage 10 is formed by a sun~ling-invert:ing ampli.-fier 32 the feedbaGl~ resis-tor 33 of which has a value equal to l/n of that of the equal input resis-tors 31~
wherein n is -the num~er oE readou-t points in which the ban~note is analyzed. Thus~ in the present case~ the resi~
stor 33 is one third of the refiistor 310 Thus~ in factJ
at the output 34 of the amplifler 32 there will be present a signal whi.ch is just equal to the si.gn-inverted. average of the signals present at -the input of said amplifier.
The output 34 o the amplifier 32 is then connected3 via res.istors 35 equal to thc resistors 30g to the summation nodes 7~ 8 and 9 and also to a summa-tion node 15~ to which is likewise connected~ via a resistor 36 ec~ual to the re-; sistor 35~ the output o-f said adjustable signal generator 16 which is substantially a potentiometer 37 fed by the positive vol-tage ~V0 The summation nodes 15, 7~ 8 and 9 are in addition respectively connected to the inputs of the normali~ation stages 17~ 12 and 13~ each of whicl is an operational amplifier 38 the gain of which can be varied by manipulating the var-iable feedback resistor 3~
thereof. These variable feedback resistors 39 of the ope-2~ rational amplifiers 38~ an~ thus their gains~ are cali-brated~ in the present case~ according to values which are statistically determined by the scrutiny of a sufficiently large number of genuine banknotesl. The outputs o the vperational amplifiers 38 are then delivered to the stage 3 or circuit 14 for -the selection of the absolute maxil~um normali~ed error or deviationr The circuit or stage 14 ` is composed by a set of as ma.ny diodes as there are summa-~ion nodes present~ in the case in polnt four diodes~ 40 41~ 42 and 43~ respectively~ which are conne~ted in the in~rted sense~ respectively~ between the outputs of the -12~
operational ampl:ifiers vi.a a res:is-tor 45~ to the .inp~t o~ an i.nYerti.ng amplifier 46 the feedback reslstor 47 of ~Yhich has -the same ~alue as tl~e resistor 450 In additlo~
the output of the inverting ampllier 46 is connected via S a ~iode 48 arranged in tlle direct sens0~ to the common ou*put 49 of another set of as many diodes~ in the case in poin-t -the -four diodes 50~ 51~ 52 and S3~ which are con-nected in the direct sense between the common output 49 and the outpu-ts of the operat:ional amplifi.ers 3~-D The output 49s which is also the output o- the stage or circuit `-1~-4 of selection of the absolute maximum normalize~ error or deviation~ is finally conneeted to the input o-E the comparati~e stage 18~ the lat-ter being substantia:Lly con--. posed by a no~eedback operational amplifier 54 to ~hich 19 also colmected the output of the adjustable signal generator 19~ this generator l~eing substantia:l.ly composed ~ by a pote~tiometer 55 fed by the positive volt;age ~0 :~ j ' '.
Claims (8)
1. A method for checking banknotes by utilizing the values read out by photosensitive elements in correspondence with a preselected set of readout points on said banknotes, characterized in that it comprises the steps of amplifying each read out value according to an amplification coefficient proper thereto up to a normalized value, computing the average of all the read out and normalized values, detecting the error or deviation of each such normalized value with respect to said average and finally checking that such errors or deviations lie within preselected calibration ranges, or banknote accept-ability ranges.
2. A method according to Claim 1, characterized in that it comprises the steps of amplifying each of such detect-ed errors or deviations according to a statistically deter mined proper amplification coefficient up to a normalized value, selecting and converting the maximum negative normalized error or deviation into a positive one, selecting the maximum normal-ized error or deviation as to its magnitude and comparing said maximum absolute normalized error with a preselected threshold value which is a single one and is adjustable and which es-tablishes the boundary of acceptability of the banknotes.
3. A method according to Claims 1 or 2, characterized in that said amplification coefficients according to which said read out values are amplified up to a normalized value are so selected that there are obtained for each ideal standard banknote normalized values which are all equal to one another.
4. A method according to claims 1 or 2, characterized in that said average of all the normalized read out values is compared with a preselected reference value and the error or deviation of said average from said reference value is normalized by amplifying it according to an amplification coef-ficient which is statistically deduced, and said normalized value is then used, similarly to the other said normalized errors or deviations relative to said read out normalized values in the selection of said absolute maximum normalized error or deviation.
5. An apparatus for checking banknotes according to the method as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that it is composed by a set of as many operational variable-gain amplifiers as there are said readout points on the banknotes, to the inputs of which are sent said values as read out by said photosensitive elements and the outputs of which, which deliver normalized values are connected, each respectively, to a sum-mation node and to the input of a single summing-inverting amplifier, the latter supplying at its output the sign-inverted average of said normalized values present at its input, the output of which is connected, in its turn, to all the aforesaid summation nodes as well as to a further summation node to which there is also connected the output of a generator of a refer-ence signal or value for said average, all said summation nodes which deliver error or deviation signals being moreover connected, each, to the input of a variable-gain operational amplifier, the output of which delivering a normalized error value is connected to a circuit of selection of the absolute maximum normalized error or deviation, the output of which, in its turn, is connected to the input of a comparator to which there is also delivered the output of a generator of a threshold signal or value which is the calibration parameter of the maximum normalized error and thus the acceptability boundary for the banknotes to be checked.
6. An apparatus according to Claim 5, characterized in that said variable gains of said set of operational amplifiers are so calibrated that the values read out on a standard banknote are all amplified to a same normalized value, whereas said variable gains of said operational amplifiers connected to said summation nodes are calibrated according to statistically derived values.
7. An apparatus according to Claims 5 or 6, character-ized in that said circuit for the selection of the absolute maximum normalized error or deviation is composed by a set of as many diodes arranged in the inverted sense as there are said summing nodes, the inputs of which are connected to the outputs of said operational amplifiers connected to said summation nodes and the outputs of which are connected mutually to each other and to the input of an inverter, the output of which is connected, in its turn, through a diode arranged in the direct sense, to the common output of a set of as many diodes arranged in the direct sence as there are the aforesaid summation nodes, the inputs of which are likewise connected to said outputs of said operational amplifiers connected to said summation nodes, said common output being connected to the input of said comparator.
8. An apparatus according to Claim 5, characterized in that said generator of a reference signal or value for said average and said generator of a threshold signal or value for said absolute maximum normalized error or deviation are composed, each, by a potentiometer which is fed by a constant positive voltage.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT28981/76A IT1068657B (en) | 1976-11-03 | 1976-11-03 | PERFECTED METHOD FOR CHECKING BANKNOTES AND EQUIPMENT TO MAKE IT |
| IT28981A/76 | 1976-11-03 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1100636A true CA1100636A (en) | 1981-05-05 |
Family
ID=11225355
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA289,482A Expired CA1100636A (en) | 1976-11-03 | 1977-10-25 | Method for checking banknotes and apparatus therefor |
Country Status (14)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4184081A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5357898A (en) |
| BE (1) | BE860438A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1100636A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2748558C3 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK148458C (en) |
| ES (1) | ES464037A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2370327A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1563454A (en) |
| IE (1) | IE46075B1 (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1068657B (en) |
| LU (1) | LU78439A1 (en) |
| NL (1) | NL170470C (en) |
| PT (1) | PT67230B (en) |
Families Citing this family (22)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH634411A5 (en) * | 1978-10-10 | 1983-01-31 | Sodeco Compteurs De Geneve | Method for determining suitable optical wavelengths, for distinguishing test objects optically, and appliance required therefor and application of the method |
| US4311914A (en) * | 1978-12-18 | 1982-01-19 | Gretag Aktiengesellschaft | Process for assessing the quality of a printed product |
| US4303832A (en) * | 1978-12-18 | 1981-12-01 | Gretag Aktiengesellschaft | Process for assessing the quality of a printed product |
| DE2932962C2 (en) * | 1979-08-14 | 1982-04-08 | GAO Gesellschaft für Automation und Organisation mbH, 8000 München | Method for checking the degree of soiling of recording media, in particular bank notes |
| JPS5665291A (en) * | 1979-10-31 | 1981-06-02 | Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co | Discriminator for printed matter |
| DE3038602C2 (en) * | 1980-10-13 | 1986-09-25 | COPYTEX GmbH Sicherheitssysteme, 7730 Villingen-Schwenningen | Method for recognizing the authenticity of a data carrier |
| EP0067898B1 (en) * | 1981-06-22 | 1986-04-02 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | System for identifying currency note |
| US4587434A (en) * | 1981-10-22 | 1986-05-06 | Cubic Western Data | Currency note validator |
| JPS5938877A (en) * | 1982-08-30 | 1984-03-02 | Musashi Eng Kk | Paper leaf discriminating method |
| US4618257A (en) * | 1984-01-06 | 1986-10-21 | Standard Change-Makers, Inc. | Color-sensitive currency verifier |
| JPS63305965A (en) * | 1987-06-06 | 1988-12-13 | Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd | Method for drying or baking film |
| JPH01128872U (en) * | 1988-02-20 | 1989-09-01 | ||
| AT393004B (en) * | 1988-08-03 | 1991-07-25 | Meyer Erich | Rotary shock absorber for a shaft |
| JPH02140590A (en) * | 1988-11-22 | 1990-05-30 | Shotaro Mogami | Lumber drying device |
| JP3058886B2 (en) * | 1989-06-15 | 2000-07-04 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Information card |
| DE59208632D1 (en) * | 1992-01-31 | 1997-07-24 | Mars Inc | Device for classifying a pattern, in particular a banknote or a coin |
| JP3656766B2 (en) * | 1995-05-01 | 2005-06-08 | 株式会社日本コンラックス | Paper sheet inspection equipment |
| GB2332270A (en) * | 1997-12-10 | 1999-06-16 | Mars Inc | Charge storage photoelectric measurement |
| US6621916B1 (en) | 1999-09-02 | 2003-09-16 | West Virginia University | Method and apparatus for determining document authenticity |
| DE10007887A1 (en) * | 2000-02-21 | 2001-08-23 | Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh | Method and device for checking the authenticity of printed objects |
| EP1868166A3 (en) * | 2006-05-31 | 2007-12-26 | MEI, Inc. | Method and apparatus for validating banknotes |
| US10810589B2 (en) * | 2017-02-27 | 2020-10-20 | Ncr Corporation | Validation of damaged banknotes |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB981100A (en) * | 1961-09-06 | 1965-01-20 | Tor Oedmann | Device for testing the authenticity of bank notes, counters and other vouchers |
| US3675201A (en) * | 1970-02-24 | 1972-07-04 | Burroughs Corp | Threshold voltage determination system |
| CH555071A (en) * | 1970-10-20 | 1974-10-15 | Peyer Siegfried | BANKNOTE VALIDATOR. |
| US3755680A (en) * | 1971-09-10 | 1973-08-28 | Us Army | Flame color signature apparatus |
| DE2206633C3 (en) * | 1972-02-11 | 1981-01-08 | Erwin Sick Gmbh Optik-Elektronik, 7808 Waldkirch | Device for identifying colors |
| CH573634A5 (en) * | 1974-07-04 | 1976-03-15 | Landis & Gyr Ag |
-
1976
- 1976-11-03 IT IT28981/76A patent/IT1068657B/en active
-
1977
- 1977-10-25 CA CA289,482A patent/CA1100636A/en not_active Expired
- 1977-10-28 DE DE2748558A patent/DE2748558C3/en not_active Expired
- 1977-10-28 US US05/846,545 patent/US4184081A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1977-11-01 JP JP13034777A patent/JPS5357898A/en active Granted
- 1977-11-01 NL NLAANVRAGE7712043,A patent/NL170470C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1977-11-02 DK DK487277A patent/DK148458C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1977-11-02 PT PT67230A patent/PT67230B/en unknown
- 1977-11-02 FR FR7732969A patent/FR2370327A1/en active Granted
- 1977-11-03 LU LU78439A patent/LU78439A1/xx unknown
- 1977-11-03 BE BE182315A patent/BE860438A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1977-11-03 ES ES464037A patent/ES464037A1/en not_active Expired
- 1977-11-03 IE IE2244/77A patent/IE46075B1/en unknown
- 1977-11-03 GB GB45850/77A patent/GB1563454A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES464037A1 (en) | 1978-07-16 |
| IT1068657B (en) | 1985-03-21 |
| NL170470B (en) | 1982-06-01 |
| DE2748558A1 (en) | 1978-05-11 |
| DK148458B (en) | 1985-07-08 |
| GB1563454A (en) | 1980-03-26 |
| US4184081A (en) | 1980-01-15 |
| JPS618478B2 (en) | 1986-03-14 |
| IE46075L (en) | 1978-05-03 |
| DK148458C (en) | 1985-12-30 |
| NL170470C (en) | 1982-11-01 |
| PT67230B (en) | 1979-04-13 |
| LU78439A1 (en) | 1978-02-16 |
| FR2370327A1 (en) | 1978-06-02 |
| NL7712043A (en) | 1978-05-08 |
| FR2370327B1 (en) | 1982-11-26 |
| DK487277A (en) | 1978-05-04 |
| JPS5357898A (en) | 1978-05-25 |
| IE46075B1 (en) | 1983-02-09 |
| DE2748558C3 (en) | 1983-11-24 |
| DE2748558B2 (en) | 1980-04-10 |
| PT67230A (en) | 1977-12-01 |
| BE860438A (en) | 1978-05-03 |
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