CA1080354A - System and method for providing a security check on a credit card - Google Patents
System and method for providing a security check on a credit cardInfo
- Publication number
- CA1080354A CA1080354A CA252,913A CA252913A CA1080354A CA 1080354 A CA1080354 A CA 1080354A CA 252913 A CA252913 A CA 252913A CA 1080354 A CA1080354 A CA 1080354A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- data
- layer
- record medium
- diffraction gratings
- card
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000004049 embossing Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002799 BoPET Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005041 Mylar™ Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 claims 7
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims 4
- 239000000696 magnetic material Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000002985 plastic film Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010420 art technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002674 ointment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010010 raising Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/08—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means
- G06K19/10—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means at least one kind of marking being used for authentication, e.g. of credit or identity cards
- G06K19/16—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means at least one kind of marking being used for authentication, e.g. of credit or identity cards the marking being a hologram or diffraction grating
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/08—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means
- G06K19/10—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means at least one kind of marking being used for authentication, e.g. of credit or identity cards
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
- G06K7/14—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation using light without selection of wavelength, e.g. sensing reflected white light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
- G06Q20/34—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using cards, e.g. integrated circuit [IC] cards or magnetic cards
- G06Q20/347—Passive cards
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
- G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
- G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
- G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
- G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
- G07F7/0873—Details of the card reader
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S283/00—Printed matter
- Y10S283/904—Credit card
Abstract
Abstract of the Disclosure A system and method for providing a security check on a credit card. The credit card has first data re-corded thereon in the form of optical gratings to provide for card uniqueness and second data recorded thereon in a magnetic track also located on the card. The optical gratings on the card cannot be reproduced by "skimming" or without destroying the card itself. When the magnetic track is recorded by a bank issuing the card, some refer-ence to the first data on the card is included and encrypt-ed on the magnetic track by the bank's encrypting hardware so as to eliminate fraudulent duplication or use of the card. The first data, which is unique to the card, is compared with selected portions of the encrypted second data to provide a security check to determine the validity of the card being used. The optical gratings are embossed on an aluminized plastic strip which is sandwiched between plastic sheets in the credit card to form a non-separable and tamperproof card structure.
Description
lOR03~4 8ack~round of the Inventlon This lnvention relate8 to a system and a ~ethod for proviting e security check on a record medium or credit card used in security or fln~ncial systems snd the like, and to ~ novel record medium or credit csrd con~truction used therein and its sssocisted method of manufacturing.
Recent developments in security or financial 8y8-tems, cretit systems, funds transfer systems, and the like, rely heavily on the u~e of record media or credit cArds having msgnetic stripes or trscks thereon with various dsta such a8 account number, credit limits, credit status, credit Avsilsble for use, snd the like, being recorded m~g-netically on the stripes. Such systems have to be designed to avoid or minimize the fraudulent use of such record media or credit cards.
One of the wsys in which fraudulent u8e of such credit cards is made is to counterfeit the c~rds by msss reproduction ~echniques which "skim" or transfer the data magneticslly recorded on a valid card to a fraudulent one.
The problem of trying to prevent the unauthorized duplication of or use of vslid credit cards used in flnan-cial, credit or security ~ystems, and the like, i~ a very extensive ~ne as evidenced by the variety of different techniques tried to avoid the problem and disclosed in the following U.S. p~tents: -3,604,901, 3,759,179, 3~620,590, 3,790,754, . . :
6~
. ~081~)35~ :
3,644,716, 3,808,404, and 3,831,008.
~one of these prior art p~tents shows the approach used in this invention to prevent the unauthorized duplication or use of v~l$d credit card~. Patent 3,620,590 for example shows the use of a credit card having a scrambled holo-graphic image and a secret number containing the signature of ~he bearer, therein, and a special apparatus for un-scrambling the image to display the signature and number when the card is used to make a purchase.
Some prior art techniques for providing a securi-ty system for checking on the validity of a credit card used in the system are shown in the following U.S. patents which are merely typical of the prior art:
3,401,830, 3,691,527, and 3,513,298, 3,697,729.
None of these patents disclo6es a system which uses diffrac-tion gratlngs on a credit card in con~unction with a second form of data like a magnetic track to provide a security check on the credit card being used in the system.
Some systems for recording digital information using diffraction gratings are shown in the following U.S.
patents: :~
3,312,955 3,599,147, :~
3,392,400, 3,635,545, 3,523,734, 3,656,838, and 3,838,401.
:
~ t ~ 3 ~ -: :
r. . : .
While thege patentg ~how the u~e of diffrsctio~ gratlng~ ln ~ystem~ for recording information, the system~ employ structure whlch i8 quite different from that employed in this lnventlon, i.e. severel patents disclose grating plstes and slotted masks to record dat~ on fl photographic film, or circular rotating mirrors in combination with grating plfites for chsracter identification.
Summary of the Invention One of the ob~ects of this invention was to de-velop a credit "card uniqueness" 80 as to prevent the "skimming" or mass counterfeiting of credit cards. The concept of card uniqueness i9 based on the principle of fabricating a plurality of credit cards in such a manner that no two cards are identical, i.e., each card has a unique feature contained therein which is unlike any other card, and which unique feature cannot be duplicated or transferred to frsudulent credit cards during ettempts to "ma~s produce" fraudulent credit cards from valid ones.
Because the credit card also contains data in a second form like magnetic stripe data, and because the magnetic stripe data contains encrypted information which relates to the ; unique feature of the card which cannot be "skimmed", an appropriately designed reader or readers can be u~ed to read both the magnetic data and the uniqueness festure of the card. If ~ "match" occurs from both forms of data read, a v~lid card is indicated, and if a match of both forms of dflta does not occur, the specif~c card being read ~: ' ~:
- . -~803S~
i8 re~ected a~ being illeg~l.
The unique feature for each credit card is ob-tained through ~he u~e of optical gratings which are im-bedded within the construction of fl credit card by ~ novel nethod in ~uch a manner as to enable their being read while preventing their being tampered with or "skimmed" for fraudulent purposes.
Another ob~ect of this invention is to provide a security system for checking on the validity of record media or credit cards used in security or financial sy~tem~
to satisfy both the banking community and the users of such systems.
Still another object of this invention is to pro-vide a method for providing a security check on a credit card used in financial or security systems.
Some of the advantages of the credit card unique-ness as developed under this invention are as follows:
(a) The card is unique within a selected prob-ability, eg., 1 in 10,000,000;
(b) The uniqueness feature is difficult to create, duplicate, or alter;
(c) The uniqueness feature is readily machine readable;
(d) The method for manufacturing the card uniqueness feature is compatible with present methods of card fabrication;
(e) The card developed hereunder exhiblts .
.~ .
~ - 5 -. .
10803~4 acceptable life under norn~l user conditions;
(f) The unlqueness feature i9 not harmful to the user;
(g) The uniqueness feature fits into av~ilable credit card space; and ; (h) The cost of producing a credit card under this invention is low when considered from the standpoint of an authorized producer of the cards; however, the cost of producing sn illegal card when considered from the standpoint of sn illegal producer i8 high, which featur~
~dds to the security of the system.
These advantages and others will be more readily understood from the following detailed description ~nd ` ~;
-drawings. ~`
Brief Description of the Drawin~s Fig. 1 is 8 plan view of a record medium like a credit card made according to this invention having first tsta thereon in the form of diffraction gratings and having second data thereon in the form of magnetic recording~ on a magnetic stripe;
Fig. 2 is an enlarged, perspective view of the -credit card shown in Fig. 1 showing more details of the construction thereof and the diffraction gratings thereon;
I Fig. 3 is an enlarged perspective view of a strlp of reflective plastic material having the diffraction gr~t-ings thereon and used in the credit card shown in Fig. 2;
`1~ Fig. 4 is a general schematic view showing an ~ L0 80 ~ ~
embossing mefln8 used for producing the diffrsction ~r~tings ~hown in Fig. 3;
Fig. 5 i~ a perspective ~iew of an embossing tool used in the embossing means shown in Fig. 4;
Fig. 6 is a general diagram showing 8 diffractlon grating principle used in this invention;
Fig. 7 i~ a general perspective view of a fir~t reading mean~ for reading the fir~t data or diffraction gratings on a credit card, card tran~port means for moving the credit csrd in the reader, and a second reading means for reading the second data on ~he credit card; ~nd Fig. 8 is a general schematic diagram ~howing a security system for comparing the first and second data read from the first and second reading neans shown in Fig.
7 and for issuing a validity signal based on a comparison of the first snd 8econd data read.
Detailed Description of the Invention By B common definition, credit card uniqueness means that any particular card is different from any other card. The prior art credit cards are unique in that they contain embossed data, information stored on a magnetic track, a signature, and perhaps a photograph of ~he user of the card; however with unmanned terminals like cash dis-pen~ing n~chine~ for example, it is not practical to uti-llze the ~ignature or photograph in any present aecurity system for checking on the validity of a credit card u~ed in such unmanned terminals. As far es the unmanned tenmi-.. ~.
.. . . . . . .... .~.. ~.". . .. .
- , ^ ;
~080354 nal i9 concerned, the only unique feature~ of the card lle ln the recorded magnetic track.
The magnetic recording techniques which are used on pre~ent day credit card~ are highly developed and well known, consequently, many people have the c~pability of de-tecting and re-recording the magnetic signals u~ed on the magnetic tracks of the cards. In fact, it has been shown recently, that an unlimited number of very good copies of magnetic data can be reproduced from a card having a mag-netic track thereon simply by pressing another nagnetic track ~gainst the track on the card find hesting it with an electric iron. Accordingly, the present-day magnetic track on credit cards does not possess the type of uniqueness which will prevent mass duplication of the cards used in automated banking equipment or other ~ystems requiring a thorough security check on the credit card being used there-in.
The present invention provides the kind of card uniqueness and ~ security system having the sdvantages re- ;-cited earlier herein.
The system for providing card uniqueness under this invention employs the principle~ of an optical diffrac-tion grating.
Optical gratings consist of a number of parallel strflight lines at a given spacing across a ~urf~ce. The lines may exi~t in the form of opaque printed lines, trans-parent slots, reflective bars or lines cut into the surface ' .
, . . . .. _ .. .. .. .. .... .. ~ . .. . . . .
108~ 4 of ~n ob~ect by conventional ~rating ruling machines. Op-tical grating~, when illuminated by (an es~ent~slly mono-chromatic) 8 beam of light, will effectively cau3e a por-tion of the light be~m to shlft in direction, the new direc-tion being at a specific angle with respect to the initial beam of light. The rays of light which constitute the beam trsveling in the new direction are called diffrscted rays, and their presence is readily detected by a photodetector placed at a precisely determined location. The presence or sbsence of a particular grating will therefore produce a ;~
binary, digital~type electrical sign~l from the ss~ociated photodetector. The location of the photodetector corre-sponding to the detection of a particular diffraction grat-ing i~ determined by the spacing of the parallel lines of the grating and the sngular orientstion of the lines rela-tive to the beam of light.
Stated in general terms, the card uniqueness fes-ture of the present invention consists of a series of small, individual diffrsction gratings srrsnged on a credit card in a predetermined order. When the magnetic track i9 to be recorded by a bank, for exsmple, which will issue ~he credit card, the bank utilizes a resder to read the partic-ular diffraction gratings on the card, and through its en-crypting hardware it will encrypt the data in the diffrac-tion grating8 onto the magnetic track, 80 that no one other than the bank issuing the card can change the magnetically recorded data or number. Any sttempts at copying or ~ki~-~`
_ g _ ., .~
3 5 ~
mlng the data for fraudulent purposes will result in a mi~-match between the ma~netic track data and the diffraction grating data, when it is read in use, thereby giving ~n in-dication that the card is an invalid one.
Figs. 1 and 2 show a credit card 10 which embod-ies the features of this invention. The credit card 10 in-cludes first data 12 which is recor~ed thereon in the form of diffraction gratings and second data 14 which is record-ed thereon ln a second form as, for example, in a m~gnetic stripe or track. The card 10 may also have a card number 15 (shown as a rectangle in Fig. 1) which is embossed thereon.
In the embodiment shown, the first data 12 is re-corded on a strip 16 (Fig. 2) of reflective plastic materi-al, one preferred type of plastic material being sold under the trademark "Mylar" and being manufactured by E. I.
Du Pont de Nemours & Co. The ~trip 16 is approximately one-fourth inch in width, about .002 inch in thickness and extends along the length of the card 10 parallel to the long sides of the rectangularly-shaped card 10. The strip 16, with the first data 12 thereon, is positioned on a generally planar body portion 18 of the card 10, and a layer 20 of transparent plastic covers said strip 16 and is sealed to the body portion 18 to enable the first data 12 to be re~d through the transparent layer 20. The layer 20 al80 protect3 the first data 12 on the card 10 against t~mpering, as any effort to peel off the transparent layer 108~354 20 to reach the fir8t d~ta 12 results in the f~rst dflta 12 being degtroyed, thereby making the first data tamperproof and immune to the skimming or tran3ferring of data from a ;
valid credit card to a fraudulent one as mentioned earlier herein. The u8u81 prlnting appearing on the credit csrd i8 done on one or both sides of the body portion 18 80 as to be visible through the transparent layer 20. Another transparent layer 22 of plastic material is secured to the remaining ~ide of the body portion 18 so as to protect any printing which may be located on that side thereof. The ; second da~a 14 i8 recorded on a magnetic stripe located on the trsnsparent layer 22 which second data may be located on the samæ side of the card on which the first data 12 i8 recorded, but preferably the ~econd data 14 is located on the opposite side of the c~rd from the first data 12.
The first data 12 recorded on the strip 16 is shown in greatly enlarged form in Fig. 3. The first data 12 lncludes: two control diffraction gratings 24 (also marked C in Figs. 2 flnd 3) appearing at the ends of the strip 16, a plurality of data diffraction gratings like 26, 28 (to represent characters) also marked with an encircled 1, 2, etc., and e space gra~ing like 30, 32 also marked with an encircled S, with one such space grating being lo-cated between consecutive character data diffraction grat-ings like 26, 28.
The dlffraction gratings like 24, 26 and 30 are embossed on the ~trip 16 by a method shown in Fig. 4, whlch . I ~
,` , .:: :
. . . - - - . .
... ... . ~ , - . .. . ..
~080354 ~
method will be described later herein. For the moment, it is ~ufficient to state that each diffraction p~rating like 26, 28 which 18 to represent a different character, has it~
grating lines positioned at a different angle with respect to some reference line like the length of the strip 16.
The two control diffraction ~ratings 24 are identical, and all of space diffraction gratings like 30, 32 are identical.
The particular code used in the embodlment ~hown utilizes 10 different diffraction gratings like 26, 28 for the data characters 0 to 9, a different diffraction gratin8 24 for the control diffraction gratings 24, and a different dif-fraction grating for the space diffraction grating~, like 30, 32, making a total of what might be considered 12 "characters" to be read by the reader shown in Fig. 7. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 2, there is provision for combinations of 15 data characters to be recorded, thereby producing billions of different uniqueness numbers which can be applied to the credit cards under this system.
Naturally, the number of different characters to be used and the number of characters present on a credit card will depend upon the particular application in which the credit cerd 10 i8 to be used.
Before proceeding with a discussion of the method of producing the diffraction gratings shown in Fig. 3, it will be useful to discuss diffraction grating principles ~9 they relate to this invention. In this reg~rd, Fig. 6 shows ~ reflective optical grating 34 having 8 mirrored ... ~ - - ., ^ ~ . . . ~ , . . . , ., . . :
:.. ~ , . .. . , . : . .
~0~3~ 35 ~
surface thereon, being positioned in ~n X-Y plane, flnd hav-ing a plurality of equally-sPaced par~llel grating line~ 36 formed thereon. An lncoming light rRy 38 at an ~ngle (a) with respect to the X-Y pl~ne, strikes the surface of the grsting 34 and reflect~ as ~ ray 40 at the engle (a) due to the mirrored surface on the grating 34. Add~tionally due to the mirrored surface on the grating 34, two ~ets of diffracted rays 42 and 44 are generated. These r~ys 42 and 44 are first order diffracted rays with ray 42 being dif-fracted from the reflected ray 40 at a positive angle (b+) snd with ray 44 being diffracted from the reflected ray 42 at a negative angle (b-); angles (b+) and (b-) are equal angles which lie on opposed sides of the reflected ray 40.
The angles (b+) snd (b-) are a function of the wave~length of the incoming light ray 38 divided by the pitch of the grating line~ 36. The angular orientfltion of the gr~ting lines with respect to an incoming light ray also determines the angular position of the existing rays. These diffrac-tion grating principles are common knowledge and need not be discu8sed in further detail.
As alluded to earlier herein, Fig. 4 shows a method and apparatus designated generally as 46 for produc-ing the diffraction gratings shown on the strip 16 in Fig.
3. The apparstus 46 includes a supply reel 48, a t~ke up reel 50, and a conventional indexing næ~ns 52 for indexing the strip 16 to an embossing st~tion 54 within the appara-tu~ 46. The ~pparatus 46 also includes sn embossing tool ~; :
, -: . ', ' . ' ': . .
io803 56, having a conventional heater 58 associated therewith, 8 square platen 60 mounted for vertical reciprocal movement by a conventionsl actuator 61 slong a center line 62 whlch i8 coincident wlth the longitudin~l axi~ of the embossing tool 56, a conventional heater 64 associated with the square platen 60, A conventional indexing means 66 operatively associated with the embossing tool 56, and a conventionsl printer control 68 for controlling the various operations of the apparfltus 46.
The embossing tool 56 has a cylindrical section 70 (Figs. 4, 5) on the lower side of a rod 72 which is pivotally mounted in the frame means (not shown) of the em-bossing apparatus 46, and fixed against axial movement therein. The longitudinal axis of the rod 72 is coincident with the renterline 62. The lower side of the cylindrical section 70 has a plurality of evenly spaced, parallel lines 74 formed thereon by a conventional ruling process. In the ; embodiment shown, the embossing tool 56 has 350 lines per millimeter formed thereon; however, any convenient number of lines up to about 600 lines per millimeter may be formed thereon. The embossing tool 56 also has an indicfltor arm 76 extending from the rod 72 for use with a scale 78 to ln-dicate the angle at whlch the lines 74 are embossed on the strip 16 with reference to arrow 80 which is parallel to the sides of the strip 16.
The particulsr code u~ed in the embodiment best shown in Fig. 3 m~y be as foll~ws. The control grating 24 -.', " '. .
I~ A
~0 8 h~ its line~ 74 p~r~llel to sides of the strip 16J ~nd the Bpace grating 30 has lts line~ formed perpendlcular to arrow 80 (Fig. 4) or perpendicular to the sides of the strip 16. The remaining ch~racters "0" to "9" m~y be fonmed at varying angles with respect to arrow 80. For example, the ch~racter "0" m~y be positloned at 80 degrees with reference to arrow 80; the character "1" mAy be posi-tioned 8t 70 degrees with reference to arrow 80; the char-acters "2", 11311, and "4" may be positioned at 60, 50 ~nd 40 degrees respectively, with respect to arrow 80, etc., until ; all the characters used in the system are assigned angular orientations with respect to the arrow 80. Because only 12 "characters" are used in this system, only 12 different angular positions are necessary for the coding arrangement shown, and with a ten degree variation for each character, the entire coding arrangement can be accommodated wlthin a rsnge of 180 degrees to avoid the problem of a ten degree angle for example being misread as a 190 degree angle and vice versa. Naturally, the particular coding arrangement disclosed herein is merely illustrative of many different combinations which can be realized by using the principles of this invention.
The method for embossing the various diffraction gratings shown on the strip 16 best shown in Fig. 3 ~s follows: The strip 16 is unwound from the reel 48 of alum-inized plastic with the reflective portion 82 of the strip 16 ~acing the embo~sing tool 56 a~ shown in Fig. 4 by the . ,~ .
. .
108035~
conventional indexing means 52. The partlcular characters to be embogsed may be manually set upon the app~ratw 46 by rotating the arm 76 of the embosslng tool 56 to the partic-ular angular position repre6ented by the character whose diffraction grating is to be embossed on the ~trip 16. For example, starting with the control grating 24, the arm 76 is positioned opposite the letter "C" on the scale 78 88 shown in Fig. 4, and thereafter the platen 60 i5 advanced towards the embossing tool until the strip 16 i~ forced in-to engsgement with the embossing tool 56 by the conventional :
actuator 61 at a pressure of about 5000 to 7000 pounds per square inch for 8 period of about 0.3 seconds. The heaters 58 and 64 maintain the cylindrical section 70 of the em-bossing tool 56 and the platen 60 respectively at a temper-,. . .
ature of about 340 to 360 degrees F during the embo~sing. ~:
After the period of about 0.3 seconds, the platen 60 is moved away from the embossing tool 56, and the strip 16 i~
indexed one position in the direction of arrow 80, where-upon, the process is repeated to emboss the var~ous dif-fracting gratings like 26, 30 etc. shown in Fig. 3. In the embodiment shown, the platen 60 i6 a one-tenth inch squsre, the cylindrical section 70 of the embossing tool has a di- :
ameter which is close to two tenths of an inch, snd the strip 16 is indexed one-tenth of an inch for each diffrac-tlon grsting to be embossed thereon. Naturally, the dimen-sions herein selected represent merely one embodiment to illustrate the invention, and the particular dimen~ions '' "
. . .. .
;. . . :
10803~
oelected will depend upon ~ particul~r application ln which thls invention will be u~ed. In ~ctuality, the embo~sing tool 56 snd the platen 60 are much closer to each other than shown in Fig. 4, which i~ shown in this manner for ease of illustration.
The method of embossing the diffrsction gratings on the strip 16 ~ust described may be done automatically by using conventional logic circuitry. For example, the data to be recorded may be entered upon a conventional keyboard entry and converter means 84 (Fig. 4) who~e output is fed into the printer control 68 which utilizes conventional logic circuitry to sctuate the indexing means 66, actuator 61, and indexing means 52 in the manner already described.
After the diffraction grating data associated with one credit card is formed on the strip 16, the indexing means 52 is indexed several times to provide a space between the data associated with different credit cards 80 as to facil-itate the cutting of strip 16. After the strip 16 i8 cut to length, it i8 embedded in the card 10 as previously described. While it is important that the embossing be done on the side of the strip 16 containing the reflective layer 82 as previously described, it does not seem to matter whether the layer 82 faces the body portion 18 (Fig.
Recent developments in security or financial 8y8-tems, cretit systems, funds transfer systems, and the like, rely heavily on the u~e of record media or credit cArds having msgnetic stripes or trscks thereon with various dsta such a8 account number, credit limits, credit status, credit Avsilsble for use, snd the like, being recorded m~g-netically on the stripes. Such systems have to be designed to avoid or minimize the fraudulent use of such record media or credit cards.
One of the wsys in which fraudulent u8e of such credit cards is made is to counterfeit the c~rds by msss reproduction ~echniques which "skim" or transfer the data magneticslly recorded on a valid card to a fraudulent one.
The problem of trying to prevent the unauthorized duplication of or use of vslid credit cards used in flnan-cial, credit or security ~ystems, and the like, i~ a very extensive ~ne as evidenced by the variety of different techniques tried to avoid the problem and disclosed in the following U.S. p~tents: -3,604,901, 3,759,179, 3~620,590, 3,790,754, . . :
6~
. ~081~)35~ :
3,644,716, 3,808,404, and 3,831,008.
~one of these prior art p~tents shows the approach used in this invention to prevent the unauthorized duplication or use of v~l$d credit card~. Patent 3,620,590 for example shows the use of a credit card having a scrambled holo-graphic image and a secret number containing the signature of ~he bearer, therein, and a special apparatus for un-scrambling the image to display the signature and number when the card is used to make a purchase.
Some prior art techniques for providing a securi-ty system for checking on the validity of a credit card used in the system are shown in the following U.S. patents which are merely typical of the prior art:
3,401,830, 3,691,527, and 3,513,298, 3,697,729.
None of these patents disclo6es a system which uses diffrac-tion gratlngs on a credit card in con~unction with a second form of data like a magnetic track to provide a security check on the credit card being used in the system.
Some systems for recording digital information using diffraction gratings are shown in the following U.S.
patents: :~
3,312,955 3,599,147, :~
3,392,400, 3,635,545, 3,523,734, 3,656,838, and 3,838,401.
:
~ t ~ 3 ~ -: :
r. . : .
While thege patentg ~how the u~e of diffrsctio~ gratlng~ ln ~ystem~ for recording information, the system~ employ structure whlch i8 quite different from that employed in this lnventlon, i.e. severel patents disclose grating plstes and slotted masks to record dat~ on fl photographic film, or circular rotating mirrors in combination with grating plfites for chsracter identification.
Summary of the Invention One of the ob~ects of this invention was to de-velop a credit "card uniqueness" 80 as to prevent the "skimming" or mass counterfeiting of credit cards. The concept of card uniqueness i9 based on the principle of fabricating a plurality of credit cards in such a manner that no two cards are identical, i.e., each card has a unique feature contained therein which is unlike any other card, and which unique feature cannot be duplicated or transferred to frsudulent credit cards during ettempts to "ma~s produce" fraudulent credit cards from valid ones.
Because the credit card also contains data in a second form like magnetic stripe data, and because the magnetic stripe data contains encrypted information which relates to the ; unique feature of the card which cannot be "skimmed", an appropriately designed reader or readers can be u~ed to read both the magnetic data and the uniqueness festure of the card. If ~ "match" occurs from both forms of data read, a v~lid card is indicated, and if a match of both forms of dflta does not occur, the specif~c card being read ~: ' ~:
- . -~803S~
i8 re~ected a~ being illeg~l.
The unique feature for each credit card is ob-tained through ~he u~e of optical gratings which are im-bedded within the construction of fl credit card by ~ novel nethod in ~uch a manner as to enable their being read while preventing their being tampered with or "skimmed" for fraudulent purposes.
Another ob~ect of this invention is to provide a security system for checking on the validity of record media or credit cards used in security or financial sy~tem~
to satisfy both the banking community and the users of such systems.
Still another object of this invention is to pro-vide a method for providing a security check on a credit card used in financial or security systems.
Some of the advantages of the credit card unique-ness as developed under this invention are as follows:
(a) The card is unique within a selected prob-ability, eg., 1 in 10,000,000;
(b) The uniqueness feature is difficult to create, duplicate, or alter;
(c) The uniqueness feature is readily machine readable;
(d) The method for manufacturing the card uniqueness feature is compatible with present methods of card fabrication;
(e) The card developed hereunder exhiblts .
.~ .
~ - 5 -. .
10803~4 acceptable life under norn~l user conditions;
(f) The unlqueness feature i9 not harmful to the user;
(g) The uniqueness feature fits into av~ilable credit card space; and ; (h) The cost of producing a credit card under this invention is low when considered from the standpoint of an authorized producer of the cards; however, the cost of producing sn illegal card when considered from the standpoint of sn illegal producer i8 high, which featur~
~dds to the security of the system.
These advantages and others will be more readily understood from the following detailed description ~nd ` ~;
-drawings. ~`
Brief Description of the Drawin~s Fig. 1 is 8 plan view of a record medium like a credit card made according to this invention having first tsta thereon in the form of diffraction gratings and having second data thereon in the form of magnetic recording~ on a magnetic stripe;
Fig. 2 is an enlarged, perspective view of the -credit card shown in Fig. 1 showing more details of the construction thereof and the diffraction gratings thereon;
I Fig. 3 is an enlarged perspective view of a strlp of reflective plastic material having the diffraction gr~t-ings thereon and used in the credit card shown in Fig. 2;
`1~ Fig. 4 is a general schematic view showing an ~ L0 80 ~ ~
embossing mefln8 used for producing the diffrsction ~r~tings ~hown in Fig. 3;
Fig. 5 i~ a perspective ~iew of an embossing tool used in the embossing means shown in Fig. 4;
Fig. 6 is a general diagram showing 8 diffractlon grating principle used in this invention;
Fig. 7 i~ a general perspective view of a fir~t reading mean~ for reading the fir~t data or diffraction gratings on a credit card, card tran~port means for moving the credit csrd in the reader, and a second reading means for reading the second data on ~he credit card; ~nd Fig. 8 is a general schematic diagram ~howing a security system for comparing the first and second data read from the first and second reading neans shown in Fig.
7 and for issuing a validity signal based on a comparison of the first snd 8econd data read.
Detailed Description of the Invention By B common definition, credit card uniqueness means that any particular card is different from any other card. The prior art credit cards are unique in that they contain embossed data, information stored on a magnetic track, a signature, and perhaps a photograph of ~he user of the card; however with unmanned terminals like cash dis-pen~ing n~chine~ for example, it is not practical to uti-llze the ~ignature or photograph in any present aecurity system for checking on the validity of a credit card u~ed in such unmanned terminals. As far es the unmanned tenmi-.. ~.
.. . . . . . .... .~.. ~.". . .. .
- , ^ ;
~080354 nal i9 concerned, the only unique feature~ of the card lle ln the recorded magnetic track.
The magnetic recording techniques which are used on pre~ent day credit card~ are highly developed and well known, consequently, many people have the c~pability of de-tecting and re-recording the magnetic signals u~ed on the magnetic tracks of the cards. In fact, it has been shown recently, that an unlimited number of very good copies of magnetic data can be reproduced from a card having a mag-netic track thereon simply by pressing another nagnetic track ~gainst the track on the card find hesting it with an electric iron. Accordingly, the present-day magnetic track on credit cards does not possess the type of uniqueness which will prevent mass duplication of the cards used in automated banking equipment or other ~ystems requiring a thorough security check on the credit card being used there-in.
The present invention provides the kind of card uniqueness and ~ security system having the sdvantages re- ;-cited earlier herein.
The system for providing card uniqueness under this invention employs the principle~ of an optical diffrac-tion grating.
Optical gratings consist of a number of parallel strflight lines at a given spacing across a ~urf~ce. The lines may exi~t in the form of opaque printed lines, trans-parent slots, reflective bars or lines cut into the surface ' .
, . . . .. _ .. .. .. .. .... .. ~ . .. . . . .
108~ 4 of ~n ob~ect by conventional ~rating ruling machines. Op-tical grating~, when illuminated by (an es~ent~slly mono-chromatic) 8 beam of light, will effectively cau3e a por-tion of the light be~m to shlft in direction, the new direc-tion being at a specific angle with respect to the initial beam of light. The rays of light which constitute the beam trsveling in the new direction are called diffrscted rays, and their presence is readily detected by a photodetector placed at a precisely determined location. The presence or sbsence of a particular grating will therefore produce a ;~
binary, digital~type electrical sign~l from the ss~ociated photodetector. The location of the photodetector corre-sponding to the detection of a particular diffraction grat-ing i~ determined by the spacing of the parallel lines of the grating and the sngular orientstion of the lines rela-tive to the beam of light.
Stated in general terms, the card uniqueness fes-ture of the present invention consists of a series of small, individual diffrsction gratings srrsnged on a credit card in a predetermined order. When the magnetic track i9 to be recorded by a bank, for exsmple, which will issue ~he credit card, the bank utilizes a resder to read the partic-ular diffraction gratings on the card, and through its en-crypting hardware it will encrypt the data in the diffrac-tion grating8 onto the magnetic track, 80 that no one other than the bank issuing the card can change the magnetically recorded data or number. Any sttempts at copying or ~ki~-~`
_ g _ ., .~
3 5 ~
mlng the data for fraudulent purposes will result in a mi~-match between the ma~netic track data and the diffraction grating data, when it is read in use, thereby giving ~n in-dication that the card is an invalid one.
Figs. 1 and 2 show a credit card 10 which embod-ies the features of this invention. The credit card 10 in-cludes first data 12 which is recor~ed thereon in the form of diffraction gratings and second data 14 which is record-ed thereon ln a second form as, for example, in a m~gnetic stripe or track. The card 10 may also have a card number 15 (shown as a rectangle in Fig. 1) which is embossed thereon.
In the embodiment shown, the first data 12 is re-corded on a strip 16 (Fig. 2) of reflective plastic materi-al, one preferred type of plastic material being sold under the trademark "Mylar" and being manufactured by E. I.
Du Pont de Nemours & Co. The ~trip 16 is approximately one-fourth inch in width, about .002 inch in thickness and extends along the length of the card 10 parallel to the long sides of the rectangularly-shaped card 10. The strip 16, with the first data 12 thereon, is positioned on a generally planar body portion 18 of the card 10, and a layer 20 of transparent plastic covers said strip 16 and is sealed to the body portion 18 to enable the first data 12 to be re~d through the transparent layer 20. The layer 20 al80 protect3 the first data 12 on the card 10 against t~mpering, as any effort to peel off the transparent layer 108~354 20 to reach the fir8t d~ta 12 results in the f~rst dflta 12 being degtroyed, thereby making the first data tamperproof and immune to the skimming or tran3ferring of data from a ;
valid credit card to a fraudulent one as mentioned earlier herein. The u8u81 prlnting appearing on the credit csrd i8 done on one or both sides of the body portion 18 80 as to be visible through the transparent layer 20. Another transparent layer 22 of plastic material is secured to the remaining ~ide of the body portion 18 so as to protect any printing which may be located on that side thereof. The ; second da~a 14 i8 recorded on a magnetic stripe located on the trsnsparent layer 22 which second data may be located on the samæ side of the card on which the first data 12 i8 recorded, but preferably the ~econd data 14 is located on the opposite side of the c~rd from the first data 12.
The first data 12 recorded on the strip 16 is shown in greatly enlarged form in Fig. 3. The first data 12 lncludes: two control diffraction gratings 24 (also marked C in Figs. 2 flnd 3) appearing at the ends of the strip 16, a plurality of data diffraction gratings like 26, 28 (to represent characters) also marked with an encircled 1, 2, etc., and e space gra~ing like 30, 32 also marked with an encircled S, with one such space grating being lo-cated between consecutive character data diffraction grat-ings like 26, 28.
The dlffraction gratings like 24, 26 and 30 are embossed on the ~trip 16 by a method shown in Fig. 4, whlch . I ~
,` , .:: :
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... ... . ~ , - . .. . ..
~080354 ~
method will be described later herein. For the moment, it is ~ufficient to state that each diffraction p~rating like 26, 28 which 18 to represent a different character, has it~
grating lines positioned at a different angle with respect to some reference line like the length of the strip 16.
The two control diffraction ~ratings 24 are identical, and all of space diffraction gratings like 30, 32 are identical.
The particular code used in the embodlment ~hown utilizes 10 different diffraction gratings like 26, 28 for the data characters 0 to 9, a different diffraction gratin8 24 for the control diffraction gratings 24, and a different dif-fraction grating for the space diffraction grating~, like 30, 32, making a total of what might be considered 12 "characters" to be read by the reader shown in Fig. 7. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 2, there is provision for combinations of 15 data characters to be recorded, thereby producing billions of different uniqueness numbers which can be applied to the credit cards under this system.
Naturally, the number of different characters to be used and the number of characters present on a credit card will depend upon the particular application in which the credit cerd 10 i8 to be used.
Before proceeding with a discussion of the method of producing the diffraction gratings shown in Fig. 3, it will be useful to discuss diffraction grating principles ~9 they relate to this invention. In this reg~rd, Fig. 6 shows ~ reflective optical grating 34 having 8 mirrored ... ~ - - ., ^ ~ . . . ~ , . . . , ., . . :
:.. ~ , . .. . , . : . .
~0~3~ 35 ~
surface thereon, being positioned in ~n X-Y plane, flnd hav-ing a plurality of equally-sPaced par~llel grating line~ 36 formed thereon. An lncoming light rRy 38 at an ~ngle (a) with respect to the X-Y pl~ne, strikes the surface of the grsting 34 and reflect~ as ~ ray 40 at the engle (a) due to the mirrored surface on the grating 34. Add~tionally due to the mirrored surface on the grating 34, two ~ets of diffracted rays 42 and 44 are generated. These r~ys 42 and 44 are first order diffracted rays with ray 42 being dif-fracted from the reflected ray 40 at a positive angle (b+) snd with ray 44 being diffracted from the reflected ray 42 at a negative angle (b-); angles (b+) and (b-) are equal angles which lie on opposed sides of the reflected ray 40.
The angles (b+) snd (b-) are a function of the wave~length of the incoming light ray 38 divided by the pitch of the grating line~ 36. The angular orientfltion of the gr~ting lines with respect to an incoming light ray also determines the angular position of the existing rays. These diffrac-tion grating principles are common knowledge and need not be discu8sed in further detail.
As alluded to earlier herein, Fig. 4 shows a method and apparatus designated generally as 46 for produc-ing the diffraction gratings shown on the strip 16 in Fig.
3. The apparstus 46 includes a supply reel 48, a t~ke up reel 50, and a conventional indexing næ~ns 52 for indexing the strip 16 to an embossing st~tion 54 within the appara-tu~ 46. The ~pparatus 46 also includes sn embossing tool ~; :
, -: . ', ' . ' ': . .
io803 56, having a conventional heater 58 associated therewith, 8 square platen 60 mounted for vertical reciprocal movement by a conventionsl actuator 61 slong a center line 62 whlch i8 coincident wlth the longitudin~l axi~ of the embossing tool 56, a conventional heater 64 associated with the square platen 60, A conventional indexing means 66 operatively associated with the embossing tool 56, and a conventionsl printer control 68 for controlling the various operations of the apparfltus 46.
The embossing tool 56 has a cylindrical section 70 (Figs. 4, 5) on the lower side of a rod 72 which is pivotally mounted in the frame means (not shown) of the em-bossing apparatus 46, and fixed against axial movement therein. The longitudinal axis of the rod 72 is coincident with the renterline 62. The lower side of the cylindrical section 70 has a plurality of evenly spaced, parallel lines 74 formed thereon by a conventional ruling process. In the ; embodiment shown, the embossing tool 56 has 350 lines per millimeter formed thereon; however, any convenient number of lines up to about 600 lines per millimeter may be formed thereon. The embossing tool 56 also has an indicfltor arm 76 extending from the rod 72 for use with a scale 78 to ln-dicate the angle at whlch the lines 74 are embossed on the strip 16 with reference to arrow 80 which is parallel to the sides of the strip 16.
The particulsr code u~ed in the embodiment best shown in Fig. 3 m~y be as foll~ws. The control grating 24 -.', " '. .
I~ A
~0 8 h~ its line~ 74 p~r~llel to sides of the strip 16J ~nd the Bpace grating 30 has lts line~ formed perpendlcular to arrow 80 (Fig. 4) or perpendicular to the sides of the strip 16. The remaining ch~racters "0" to "9" m~y be fonmed at varying angles with respect to arrow 80. For example, the ch~racter "0" m~y be positloned at 80 degrees with reference to arrow 80; the character "1" mAy be posi-tioned 8t 70 degrees with reference to arrow 80; the char-acters "2", 11311, and "4" may be positioned at 60, 50 ~nd 40 degrees respectively, with respect to arrow 80, etc., until ; all the characters used in the system are assigned angular orientations with respect to the arrow 80. Because only 12 "characters" are used in this system, only 12 different angular positions are necessary for the coding arrangement shown, and with a ten degree variation for each character, the entire coding arrangement can be accommodated wlthin a rsnge of 180 degrees to avoid the problem of a ten degree angle for example being misread as a 190 degree angle and vice versa. Naturally, the particular coding arrangement disclosed herein is merely illustrative of many different combinations which can be realized by using the principles of this invention.
The method for embossing the various diffraction gratings shown on the strip 16 best shown in Fig. 3 ~s follows: The strip 16 is unwound from the reel 48 of alum-inized plastic with the reflective portion 82 of the strip 16 ~acing the embo~sing tool 56 a~ shown in Fig. 4 by the . ,~ .
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108035~
conventional indexing means 52. The partlcular characters to be embogsed may be manually set upon the app~ratw 46 by rotating the arm 76 of the embosslng tool 56 to the partic-ular angular position repre6ented by the character whose diffraction grating is to be embossed on the ~trip 16. For example, starting with the control grating 24, the arm 76 is positioned opposite the letter "C" on the scale 78 88 shown in Fig. 4, and thereafter the platen 60 i5 advanced towards the embossing tool until the strip 16 i~ forced in-to engsgement with the embossing tool 56 by the conventional :
actuator 61 at a pressure of about 5000 to 7000 pounds per square inch for 8 period of about 0.3 seconds. The heaters 58 and 64 maintain the cylindrical section 70 of the em-bossing tool 56 and the platen 60 respectively at a temper-,. . .
ature of about 340 to 360 degrees F during the embo~sing. ~:
After the period of about 0.3 seconds, the platen 60 is moved away from the embossing tool 56, and the strip 16 i~
indexed one position in the direction of arrow 80, where-upon, the process is repeated to emboss the var~ous dif-fracting gratings like 26, 30 etc. shown in Fig. 3. In the embodiment shown, the platen 60 i6 a one-tenth inch squsre, the cylindrical section 70 of the embossing tool has a di- :
ameter which is close to two tenths of an inch, snd the strip 16 is indexed one-tenth of an inch for each diffrac-tlon grsting to be embossed thereon. Naturally, the dimen-sions herein selected represent merely one embodiment to illustrate the invention, and the particular dimen~ions '' "
. . .. .
;. . . :
10803~
oelected will depend upon ~ particul~r application ln which thls invention will be u~ed. In ~ctuality, the embo~sing tool 56 snd the platen 60 are much closer to each other than shown in Fig. 4, which i~ shown in this manner for ease of illustration.
The method of embossing the diffrsction gratings on the strip 16 ~ust described may be done automatically by using conventional logic circuitry. For example, the data to be recorded may be entered upon a conventional keyboard entry and converter means 84 (Fig. 4) who~e output is fed into the printer control 68 which utilizes conventional logic circuitry to sctuate the indexing means 66, actuator 61, and indexing means 52 in the manner already described.
After the diffraction grating data associated with one credit card is formed on the strip 16, the indexing means 52 is indexed several times to provide a space between the data associated with different credit cards 80 as to facil-itate the cutting of strip 16. After the strip 16 i8 cut to length, it i8 embedded in the card 10 as previously described. While it is important that the embossing be done on the side of the strip 16 containing the reflective layer 82 as previously described, it does not seem to matter whether the layer 82 faces the body portion 18 (Fig.
2) of the credit card or the clear plastic layer 20 as far ~8 the reading operation is concerned.
Fig. 7 shows a schematic form of a first reading me~ns or reader 86 which forms a part of this invention.
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~o80354 The reader 86 includes a light proof housing 88 having ~n exit 810t 90 therein through which the credit card 10 can emerge and an opposed ent~ance slot (not shown but simllar to slot 90). The housing 88 is shown having ~everal sides thereof broken away to facilitate 8 showing of the elements included therein. The housing 88 al~o includes planar support members 92 and 94 having guiding 9 lots 96 and 98, respectively, therein and facing each other to ~lidably re-ceive the credit card 10 and maintain the first data 12 thereon in a reading plane 99 as the card 10 is moved through the reader 86. The card 10 is moved through the reader 86 along the direction of arrow 100 by a drive wheel 102 which is part of a conventional card transport mean~
104. The reader 86 also includes an opaque planar support member 106 which is secured in the housing 88 parallel to the reading plane 99 represented by the first data 12 on the card 10. The support member 106 has a pin hole 108 therein, having a diameter of sbout .070 inch, with the longitudinal axis of the hole 108 being perpendicular to the reading plane 99.
A light emitting diode 110 (Fig. 7) is positioned ad~acent to the pin hole 108 so that when the diode 110 is pulsed, its light output 112 will be directed through a colllmating lens 114 onto a .075 inch diameter spot on the diffraction gratings of the first data 12. The light ray~
116 which are diffracted from the diffracting gratings like 24, 26, 30, etc., of the fir~t dsta 12, pass through . ~
. ~
~ - 18 -the colllmating len~ 114, are concentr~ted thereby, and fall upon 8 plurality of photodetectors like 118, 120, 122, 124 and 126 which are mounted in the support ~ember 106.
There is one photodetector like 118, 120, which i~ provided for the first reading means for esch character to be read in the fir~t data 12. In the embodiment described, the first data 12 included 12 "characters"; consequently, there would be 12 photodetector~ like 118, 120 arranged on the support member 106, although only five such detectors are shown to simplify the drawing. Each photodetector, like 118, is po~itioned to receive a first order diffracted beam 116 from only one of the diffraction gratings or characters of the first data 12. The particular location of the photodetector like 118 is determined by the diffraction grating principles described earlier herein with reference to Fig. 6. Naturally, second order diffracted beams in-stead of first order diffracted beams could be utilized in the reading process described herein; however, the first order beams provide reasonably strong signals compared to higher order diffracted beam~. The digitsl representation of the particular diffracting grating like 26, 28 (Fig. 3) i9 determined by which of the detectors like 118, 120 is activated.
The selection of the light emitting diode 110 (Flg. 7) used in the reader 86 i~ an important part of the reader 86 because of the need to illuminate a small spot of the diffraotion gratings of the first data 12 as brightly 19 - :
.
10803S~
a8 pO88 ible.
One type of light em~tting diode llO which may be selected for use in the reader 86 i~ numbered TlXL-27 and i8 manufactured by Texa~ In~trument~ Corp. This diode 110 operates in the infra-red range having a r~distion wave-length centered sbout 940 nanometers, and i9 reted at 15 milliwatt output from a square radiating area having a .016 inch side. The diode 110 ic operated in a pulse mode rais-ing the peak power to a maximum of 90 milliwatts; requiring an input current pulse of 4 amps and a duty cycle of under 10%. The diode 110 performed well when pulsed with a current of 3 amps, for 10 microseconds on with a 10 KHz repetition rate.
The photodetectors like 118, 120 used in the reader 86 (Fig. 7) are photo diodes which are ~elected to be compatible with the light emitting diodes 110. The photodetectors like 118, 120 used may be type PIN-3D which have an active area of .050 x .100 inch and are manufact-ùred by United Detector Technology, Inc.
The second data 14 on the card 10 i8 read by a 8econd reading means or a conventional m~gnetic stripe reader 128 as shown in Fig. 7, as the card is fed through the reader 86 by the card transport mean~ 104.
As ststed earlier herein, when a bank is to issue I a credie card 10 made in sccordsnce with the principles of thi~ lnvention, it will encrypt selected portions of the first data 12 thereon and record the encrypted data in the .~ .
,.. . . . .
~, - ~ - . . . -. . . . ...
)354 second data or magnetic stripe 14. Because the particular encrypting scheme is not important to this invention, any conventlonal encrypting technique may be used.
When the card 10 i8 used in a security system to check on the validity of the card, the general circuit ~hown in Fig. 8 may be used. The system includes a conven- -tional control unit 130 for controlling the operation of the card trsnsport means 104, the reader 86 and the magnet-ic stripe reader 128. As the card 10 is moved by the card transport means 104, the light emitting diode 110 is pulsed as previously described, and the diffracted rsys from the first data 12 fall upon the appropriate photodetector like 118, 120 to energize i~. The outputs from the photodetec-tors like 118, 120 (only these two are shown in Fig. 8) are fed into a conventional thresholding amplifier and digital converter 132 which converts the outputs of the photodetec-tors to binary signals which are compatible with convention-al loglc circuitry. It should be recalled that the spot of light falling on the diffraction gratings of the first data 12 has a diameter of .075 inch, and the individual diffrac-i tion grating3 like 24, 26, 30 (Fig. 3) are squares having a side dimension of .10 inch. Consequently, with a repetition rate of 10,000 pulses per second from the diode 110 on the .075 inch spot on the gratings, several readings can be taken as the individual grating~ p8SS under the optical axis 142 (Fig. 7) of the reader 86, and at least two or more identical outputs from a particular photodetector --~, - 21 -' `. 10803~ .
(like 118, 120) can be used or required for A valid resding from each grating (like 24, 26, 30). Also, the partlculsr photodetector llke 118, 120 which ~enses the space gratings 30 (Fig. 3) mu~t be energized between successive dsts diffraction grsting~ like 26, 28 a~ this provide~ 8 sepsra-tion between the characters being read.
The second data 14 is conventionally read by the magnetic stripe reader 128 as the c~rd 10 is moved through the reader 86 by the card transport means 104. The output of the reader 128 is fed into 8 conventional amplifier and digitsl converter 134 (Fig. 8). The outputs of the con- ~`
verters 132 snd 134 are fed into a conventional comparstor mesns 136 which compares selected portions of the first data 12 and the second data 14 to determine the validity of the card 10 being read and issues a validity signal 138 which is fed into a utilization device 140 which acts upon the validity ~lgnal 138. If the utilization device 140 i~
a cash dispensing machine, for example, and the valldity signal 138 lndicates that the card 10 is valid, the dis-pensing mschine will proceed with processing the card holder's financial transactionO If the validity signal 138 indicates that the card is invalid, the card 10 would be returned to the user without further processing, or the , cart ~ay be captured by the machine to prevent further i u8age of the invalid csrd.
While this invention has been descrlbed in rela-tion to a credit card used in financial systems and the , - 22 - -.. ~ , . .
io803~ :
like, it is apparent that the principles of this invention may also be used in many other ways; for example, on a record medium which is used in a security system which per-mits a holder of the card to gain access to fl restricted area by passing through ~ controlled gate area or door which requires the use of a valid card to g~in access thereto.
< . ~
Fig. 7 shows a schematic form of a first reading me~ns or reader 86 which forms a part of this invention.
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- .
~o80354 The reader 86 includes a light proof housing 88 having ~n exit 810t 90 therein through which the credit card 10 can emerge and an opposed ent~ance slot (not shown but simllar to slot 90). The housing 88 is shown having ~everal sides thereof broken away to facilitate 8 showing of the elements included therein. The housing 88 al~o includes planar support members 92 and 94 having guiding 9 lots 96 and 98, respectively, therein and facing each other to ~lidably re-ceive the credit card 10 and maintain the first data 12 thereon in a reading plane 99 as the card 10 is moved through the reader 86. The card 10 is moved through the reader 86 along the direction of arrow 100 by a drive wheel 102 which is part of a conventional card transport mean~
104. The reader 86 also includes an opaque planar support member 106 which is secured in the housing 88 parallel to the reading plane 99 represented by the first data 12 on the card 10. The support member 106 has a pin hole 108 therein, having a diameter of sbout .070 inch, with the longitudinal axis of the hole 108 being perpendicular to the reading plane 99.
A light emitting diode 110 (Fig. 7) is positioned ad~acent to the pin hole 108 so that when the diode 110 is pulsed, its light output 112 will be directed through a colllmating lens 114 onto a .075 inch diameter spot on the diffraction gratings of the first data 12. The light ray~
116 which are diffracted from the diffracting gratings like 24, 26, 30, etc., of the fir~t dsta 12, pass through . ~
. ~
~ - 18 -the colllmating len~ 114, are concentr~ted thereby, and fall upon 8 plurality of photodetectors like 118, 120, 122, 124 and 126 which are mounted in the support ~ember 106.
There is one photodetector like 118, 120, which i~ provided for the first reading means for esch character to be read in the fir~t data 12. In the embodiment described, the first data 12 included 12 "characters"; consequently, there would be 12 photodetector~ like 118, 120 arranged on the support member 106, although only five such detectors are shown to simplify the drawing. Each photodetector, like 118, is po~itioned to receive a first order diffracted beam 116 from only one of the diffraction gratings or characters of the first data 12. The particular location of the photodetector like 118 is determined by the diffraction grating principles described earlier herein with reference to Fig. 6. Naturally, second order diffracted beams in-stead of first order diffracted beams could be utilized in the reading process described herein; however, the first order beams provide reasonably strong signals compared to higher order diffracted beam~. The digitsl representation of the particular diffracting grating like 26, 28 (Fig. 3) i9 determined by which of the detectors like 118, 120 is activated.
The selection of the light emitting diode 110 (Flg. 7) used in the reader 86 i~ an important part of the reader 86 because of the need to illuminate a small spot of the diffraotion gratings of the first data 12 as brightly 19 - :
.
10803S~
a8 pO88 ible.
One type of light em~tting diode llO which may be selected for use in the reader 86 i~ numbered TlXL-27 and i8 manufactured by Texa~ In~trument~ Corp. This diode 110 operates in the infra-red range having a r~distion wave-length centered sbout 940 nanometers, and i9 reted at 15 milliwatt output from a square radiating area having a .016 inch side. The diode 110 ic operated in a pulse mode rais-ing the peak power to a maximum of 90 milliwatts; requiring an input current pulse of 4 amps and a duty cycle of under 10%. The diode 110 performed well when pulsed with a current of 3 amps, for 10 microseconds on with a 10 KHz repetition rate.
The photodetectors like 118, 120 used in the reader 86 (Fig. 7) are photo diodes which are ~elected to be compatible with the light emitting diodes 110. The photodetectors like 118, 120 used may be type PIN-3D which have an active area of .050 x .100 inch and are manufact-ùred by United Detector Technology, Inc.
The second data 14 on the card 10 i8 read by a 8econd reading means or a conventional m~gnetic stripe reader 128 as shown in Fig. 7, as the card is fed through the reader 86 by the card transport mean~ 104.
As ststed earlier herein, when a bank is to issue I a credie card 10 made in sccordsnce with the principles of thi~ lnvention, it will encrypt selected portions of the first data 12 thereon and record the encrypted data in the .~ .
,.. . . . .
~, - ~ - . . . -. . . . ...
)354 second data or magnetic stripe 14. Because the particular encrypting scheme is not important to this invention, any conventlonal encrypting technique may be used.
When the card 10 i8 used in a security system to check on the validity of the card, the general circuit ~hown in Fig. 8 may be used. The system includes a conven- -tional control unit 130 for controlling the operation of the card trsnsport means 104, the reader 86 and the magnet-ic stripe reader 128. As the card 10 is moved by the card transport means 104, the light emitting diode 110 is pulsed as previously described, and the diffracted rsys from the first data 12 fall upon the appropriate photodetector like 118, 120 to energize i~. The outputs from the photodetec-tors like 118, 120 (only these two are shown in Fig. 8) are fed into a conventional thresholding amplifier and digital converter 132 which converts the outputs of the photodetec-tors to binary signals which are compatible with convention-al loglc circuitry. It should be recalled that the spot of light falling on the diffraction gratings of the first data 12 has a diameter of .075 inch, and the individual diffrac-i tion grating3 like 24, 26, 30 (Fig. 3) are squares having a side dimension of .10 inch. Consequently, with a repetition rate of 10,000 pulses per second from the diode 110 on the .075 inch spot on the gratings, several readings can be taken as the individual grating~ p8SS under the optical axis 142 (Fig. 7) of the reader 86, and at least two or more identical outputs from a particular photodetector --~, - 21 -' `. 10803~ .
(like 118, 120) can be used or required for A valid resding from each grating (like 24, 26, 30). Also, the partlculsr photodetector llke 118, 120 which ~enses the space gratings 30 (Fig. 3) mu~t be energized between successive dsts diffraction grsting~ like 26, 28 a~ this provide~ 8 sepsra-tion between the characters being read.
The second data 14 is conventionally read by the magnetic stripe reader 128 as the c~rd 10 is moved through the reader 86 by the card transport means 104. The output of the reader 128 is fed into 8 conventional amplifier and digitsl converter 134 (Fig. 8). The outputs of the con- ~`
verters 132 snd 134 are fed into a conventional comparstor mesns 136 which compares selected portions of the first data 12 and the second data 14 to determine the validity of the card 10 being read and issues a validity signal 138 which is fed into a utilization device 140 which acts upon the validity ~lgnal 138. If the utilization device 140 i~
a cash dispensing machine, for example, and the valldity signal 138 lndicates that the card 10 is valid, the dis-pensing mschine will proceed with processing the card holder's financial transactionO If the validity signal 138 indicates that the card is invalid, the card 10 would be returned to the user without further processing, or the , cart ~ay be captured by the machine to prevent further i u8age of the invalid csrd.
While this invention has been descrlbed in rela-tion to a credit card used in financial systems and the , - 22 - -.. ~ , . .
io803~ :
like, it is apparent that the principles of this invention may also be used in many other ways; for example, on a record medium which is used in a security system which per-mits a holder of the card to gain access to fl restricted area by passing through ~ controlled gate area or door which requires the use of a valid card to g~in access thereto.
< . ~
Claims (29)
1. A security system comprising: a record medium having first data thereon in a first form and second data thereon in a second form; first and second reading means for reading said first data and said second data respectively from said record medium; said first data being in the form of diffraction grat-ings; and comparison means for comparing selected portions of said first data read with selected portions of said second data read and for producing a signal which is indicative of the valid-ity of said record medium; said record medium comprising: a generally planar body portion; a first layer of deformable trans-parent material having a reflective layer, formed on one side thereof and positioned on said body portion and having said dif-fraction gratings formed in said one side with said reflective layer thereon and arranged thereon in a predetermined order to represent said first data; and a second layer of protective transparent material covering said first layer of material and being sealed to said body portion to enable said diffraction gratings to be read by said first reading means and to seal said diffraction gratings in said record medium to make said gratings tamperproof.
2. The security system as claimed in claim 1 in which said first layer of material is made of a plastic strip which is thin relative to its width, and in which said diffraction gratings are arranged in said predetermined order along the length of said strip, with said strip being positioned parallel to the length of said record medium.
3. The security system as claimed in claim 2 in which said plastic strip is made of a polyester material having a reflec-tive surface on one side thereof with said diffraction gratings 3 (concluded) being formed on the side of said plastic strip having said re-flective surface thereon.
4. The security system as claimed in claim 1 in which said first layer of material is deformable and has a reflective layer on one side thereof, with said diffraction gratings being formed on said side with said reflective layer thereon.
5. The security system as claimed in claim 4 in which said diffraction gratings have a predetermined line pitch and angular orientation, which line pitch and orientation are indicative of said first data.
6. A security system comprising: a record medium having first data thereon in a first form and second data thereon in a second form; first and second reading means for reading said first data and said second data respectively from said record medium; said first data being in the form of diffraction grat-ings; and comparison means for comparing selected portions of said first data read with selected portions of said second data read and for producing a signal which is indicative of the de-gree of similarity of said first and second data; said record medium having first and second opposed sides with said first data being located on said first side and said second data being lo-cated on said second side; said record medium having a magnetic stripe on said second side for recording said second data there-on.
7. The security system as claimed in claim 6 in which said first reading means comprises: means for projecting a source of light on said diffraction gratings; transport means for moving said record medium with said diffraction gratings thereon rela-tive to said source of light; said diffraction gratings having a 7 (concluded) predetermined line pitch and angular orientation which are in-dicative of said first data; and detector means for detecting said line pitch and angular orientation of said diffraction gratings as said diffraction gratings are moved past said source of light.
8. The security system as claimed in claim 7 in which said detector means are positioned in said reader to receive predeter-mined orders of diffracted beams from said diffraction gratings.
9. The security system as claimed in claim 8 in which said means for projecting a source of light on said diffracting grat-ings includes a light emitting diode and said detector means in-cludes a plurality of photodetectors, with one photodetector be-ing provided for each different said diffraction grating.
10. The security system as claimed in claim 9 in which said record medium comprises: a generally planar body portion; a strip of plastic material having a reflective layer on one side thereof with said diffraction gratings being formed on the side having said reflective layer thereon; and a layer of protective transparent material covering said strip of plastic material and being sealed to said body portion to enable said diffraction gratings to be read by said first reading means and to seal said diffraction gratings in said record medium to make said gratings tamperproof.
11. A security system for checking the validity of a credit card used in financial systems and the like comprising: a credit card having first data thereon in a first form and second data thereon in a second form; first and second reading means for reading said first data and said second data respectively from said card; said first data being in the form of diffraction 11 (concluded) gratings; and comparison means for comparing selected portions of said first data read with selected portions of said second data read and for producing a signal which is indicative of the validity of said credit card; said credit card comprising: a generally planar body portion; a first layer of material posi-tioned on said body portion and having said diffraction gratings arranged thereon in a predetermined order to represent said first data; and a second layer of protective transparent material covering said first layer of material and being sealed to said body portion to enable said diffraction gratings to be read by said first reading means and to seal said diffraction gratings in said credit card to make said diffraction gratings tamper-proof.
12. The security system as claimed in claim 11 in which said first layer of material is made of a plastic strip which is thin relative to its width, and in which said diffraction grat-ings are arranged in said predetermined order along the length of said strip, with said strip being positioned parallel to the length of said credit card.
13. The security system as claimed in claim 11 in which said first layer of material is deformable and has a reflective layer on one side thereof, with said diffraction gratings being formed on said side with said reflective layer thereon.
14. A record medium comprising: a generally planar body portion; a first layer of material positioned on said body por-tion and having a plurality of diffraction gratings arranged thereon in a predetermined order to be indicative of data; and a second layer of protective transparent material covering said first layer of material and sealed to said body portion to per-mit said diffraction grating patterns to be viewed through said 14 (concluded) second layer and to make said diffraction gratings tamperproof;
said record medium being generally rectangular in shape; said first layer of material being in the form of a strip which is very thin in relation to its width and length, and being posi-tioned on said body portion so that the length of said strip is parallel to the length of said record medium.
said record medium being generally rectangular in shape; said first layer of material being in the form of a strip which is very thin in relation to its width and length, and being posi-tioned on said body portion so that the length of said strip is parallel to the length of said record medium.
15. The record medium as claimed in claim 14 in which said diffraction gratings have predetermined line pitch and angular orientation indicative of said data.
16. The record medium as claimed in claim 14 in which said first layer of material is deformable and has a layer of reflec-tive material on one side thereof, and in which said diffraction gratings are formed on the side of said layer of material having said layer of reflective material thereon.
17. The record medium as claimed in claim 16 in which said first layer of material is made of a plastic like Mylar, and said reflective material is aluminum.
18. The record medium as claimed in claim 16 further com-prising a layer of magnetic material for recording magnetic data thereon.
19. The record medium as claimed in claim 18 in which said diffraction gratings and said layer of magnetic material are positioned on said record medium to be read from opposed sides thereof.
20. A method for providing a security check on a record medium comprising the steps of: a) recording first data in the form of diffraction gratings on a record medium; b) sealing said first data on said record medium with a transparent material to 20 (concluded) make said first data tamperproof but readable; c) recording sec-ond data on said record medium having selected portions which are extracted from said first data to identify said first data but recording said second data in a form different from said dif-fraction gratings on said record medium; d) reading said first data and second data when said record medium is in use requiring a security check thereon; e) comparing said selected portions of said second data with said first data; and f) providing a signal which is indicative of the authenticity of said record medium as determined by said comparing step (e).
21. The method as claimed in claim 20 in which said re-cording step (a) comprises: g) recording said first data along a line which is parallel to the length of the record medium.
22. The method as claimed in claim 20 in which said re-cording step (a) comprises: g) recording said first data on a thin layer of material; and h) positioning said thin layer of material on said record medium.
23. The method as claimed in claim 22 in which said posi-tioning step (h) is effected by positioning said thin layer of material along a line which is parallel to the length of the record medium.
24. The method as claimed in claim 20 in which said re-cording step (a) comprises: g) recording said first data on a thin layer of plastic material having a reflective layer there-on so that said diffraction gratings are recorded on the side of said layer of plastic material having said reflective layer thereon; and h) positioning said thin layer of plastic material on said record medium.
25. The method as claimed in claim 20 in which said read-ing step (d) is effected by reading the first order diffracted beams from said first data.
26. The method as claimed in claim 20 in which said re-cording step (c) for recording said second data on said record medium is effected magnetically.
27. The method as claimed in claim 20 in which said re-cording step (a) is effected by embossing said second data on said record medium.
28. A method for producing a credit card for use in a security system comprising: a. recording data in the form of diffraction gratings according to a predetermined code on a thin layer of material; said recording being effected by embossing said diffraction gratings on said thin layer of material which is made of deformable plastic having a reflective layer formed on one side thereof, and with said embossing being effected on said side of said thin layer of material having said reflective formed layer thereon; b. positioning said layer of material with said data thereon on a body portion of a credit card; and c.
sealing said layer of material from step (b) on said body por-tion with a layer of transparent material to make said data tamperproof but optically readable.
sealing said layer of material from step (b) on said body por-tion with a layer of transparent material to make said data tamperproof but optically readable.
29. The method as claimed in claim 28 in which said posi-tioning step (b) is effected by positioning said strip on one side of said body portion so that the length of said strip is parallel to the length of said credit card; and further compris-ing the step (d) of positioning a layer of magnetic material on a side of said body portion which is opposite from said one side for use in magnetically recording second data thereon.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/588,937 US4034211A (en) | 1975-06-20 | 1975-06-20 | System and method for providing a security check on a credit card |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1080354A true CA1080354A (en) | 1980-06-24 |
Family
ID=24355938
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA252,913A Expired CA1080354A (en) | 1975-06-20 | 1976-05-20 | System and method for providing a security check on a credit card |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4034211A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5921071B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1080354A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2627417A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2316667A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1520594A (en) |
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-
1975
- 1975-06-20 US US05/588,937 patent/US4034211A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1976
- 1976-05-20 CA CA252,913A patent/CA1080354A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-06-02 GB GB22760/76A patent/GB1520594A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-06-18 JP JP51071304A patent/JPS5921071B2/en not_active Expired
- 1976-06-18 DE DE19762627417 patent/DE2627417A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1976-06-18 FR FR7618544A patent/FR2316667A1/en active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS522358A (en) | 1977-01-10 |
| DE2627417A1 (en) | 1976-12-23 |
| GB1520594A (en) | 1978-08-09 |
| US4034211A (en) | 1977-07-05 |
| JPS5921071B2 (en) | 1984-05-17 |
| FR2316667A1 (en) | 1977-01-28 |
| FR2316667B1 (en) | 1980-01-04 |
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