CA1069183A - Therapeutic low intensity direct current generator with polarity reversal - Google Patents
Therapeutic low intensity direct current generator with polarity reversalInfo
- Publication number
- CA1069183A CA1069183A CA238,925A CA238925A CA1069183A CA 1069183 A CA1069183 A CA 1069183A CA 238925 A CA238925 A CA 238925A CA 1069183 A CA1069183 A CA 1069183A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- time period
- current source
- current
- direct current
- activating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/20—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes continuous direct currents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
- A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
- A61N1/20—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes continuous direct currents
- A61N1/30—Apparatus for iontophoresis, i.e. transfer of media in ionic state by an electromotoric force into the body, or cataphoresis
Abstract
THERAPEUTIC LOW INTENSITY DIRECT CURRENT
GENERATOR WITH POLARITY REVERSAL
Abstract A low intensity direct current device for treating skin ulcers, infections and the like by electrotherapy. Therapeutic low intensity direct current is applied to a patient by means of electrodes, at least one of which contains silver. Automatic switching means are provided to reverse the polarity of the direct current from time to time to prevent the accumulation of unwanted materials upon the silver electrode due to electrochem-ical action.
GENERATOR WITH POLARITY REVERSAL
Abstract A low intensity direct current device for treating skin ulcers, infections and the like by electrotherapy. Therapeutic low intensity direct current is applied to a patient by means of electrodes, at least one of which contains silver. Automatic switching means are provided to reverse the polarity of the direct current from time to time to prevent the accumulation of unwanted materials upon the silver electrode due to electrochem-ical action.
Description
`" 1069~83 This invention relates generally to low intensity direct current treatment of skin ulcers and the like.
It is known that the healing of various skin lesions and ulcers may be accelerated by electrotherapy techniques involving the application of low intensity direct current through electrodes attached to the area adjacent to the pathologic tissue. Low intensity direct current (LIDC) Generators are known which regulate the current flow so that healing is promoted. In applicant's U.S. Patent No. 3,964,477, issued June 22, 1976, it is disclosed that the use of a silver or silver bearing material in the construction of the positive electrode further aids the healing process by providing a bacteri-cidal effect. One explanation of this effect is that positive silver ions are formed which chemically bind with the DNA molecules of the bacteria and prevent reproduction thereof. However, LIDC causes electrode contamination if applied continuously while maintaining a given polarity of LIDC flow. In particular, it has , been found that the posltive silver electrode gradually ;, becomes contaminated by a coating of broken proteins formed by electrochemical action. The resultant effects are the reduction of positive silver ions and the increase of electrical resietance between the positive electrode and the patient. It is, therefore, desirable, and an object of my invention to provide means and method for applying low lntensity direct current without the detrimental effect of electrical polarization.
In accordance with the invention apparatus is provided for applying direct current to a pair of electrodes at least one of which contains silver.
B m~ t~
. -... .-- 1~69183 The apparatus consisting of: a first current source of a first polarity for connection to the electrodes and a second current source of a second polarity for connection to the electrodes. Switching control means are provided for activating the first current source for the duration of a first time period of a cycle and activating the second current source for the duration of a second time period of the cycle. The switching control means includes means for alternatively and repetitively generating signals representative of a first time period and .signals representative of a sccond timing period.
A logic circuit is provided responsive to the signals for producing a first output signal during the first time period and a second output signal during the seco~nd time period. The first current source is connected to the output of the logic circuit to be activated by the first output slgnal. Activating means are connected to the logic circuit and to the second current source, responsive to the second output signal for activating the second current source signal for activating the second current source.
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-~` 1069183 .. . .
Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of form of clrcuitry suitable for practicing the present invention.
Figure 2 shows a detail some of the circuitry of Figure 1.
According to the present invention I have found that by providing a positive current flow from a silver electrode for a first time period and a negative current flow for a second time period reduces the effects of silver electrode polarization without substantially reversing the beneficial effects of the therapy. Different time periods and/or currents may be chosen to optimize the ~herapeutic results of the low intensity direct current. Two examples of time ; and current cycles which have proven satisfactory are:
(1) a positive current of 4 microamps for fifty minutes, followed by a negative current of 250 microamps for five minutes; and (2) a positive current of 250 micro-amps for five minutes followed by zero current for fifty-five minutes. Both of these cycles have been found to provide the desired healing effects while avoiding polarization of the electrodes. The circuitry to be hereafter described will be directed to the former cycle but with obvious modification it can be adapted to provide a number of other cycles, including the latter.
Materials which tend to contaminate the silver electrodes during positive current flow are freed during negative current flow. The wound is occasionally swabbed to cleanse it of the freed materials and the electrodes replaced.
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106S~ 3 In the preferred embodiment shown in Figure 1 a low intensity reversible direct current generator includes a battery 10. The battery 10 may have eight 1.2 volt cells and be of the nickel cadium rechargeable type with a tap 12 between the fourth and fifth cells to provide positive and negative 4,8 volt mb~ 3a -.
~ 183 sources 14 and 16 respectively. The positive 4.8 volt source 14 powers a timing,means 1~, which may include a clock 20 or a pulse generator for producing repetitive pulses ha~ing a cycle of 1 second, and a divider circuit 22 for dividing the number pulses produced by clock 20.
The dividing circuit 22 has outputs representative of a first time period and a second time period, which de.ine -a time cycle. The clock 20, and the dividing current will be discussed further later in the description.
The output of the timing circuit 18 controls a logic circuit 24 which generates an output voltage for the duration of the first time period and is off during the second time period. The logic circuit 2~ is also described in detail later in the description.
During the first time period, the logic circuit 24 has an output voltage substantially that of positive source 14 referred to the center tap 12. The output voltage is applied to a first current regulator circuit 26 for maintaining a constant current flow through a first electrode 28 attached to the patient 30. The current passes through the patient, to a second electrode 32, and returns therefrom to center tap 12 of the battery 10.
For the duration of the first time period, the current is positive at the first electrode 28 and the magnitude of the current is determined by first current regulator 26. The first electrode is preferably constructed of silver or silver bearing material for bactericidal effects.
The current regulator 26 may be a conventional current regulator. One embodiment uses a field effect transistor 34 in series with a resistor 36. The gate of the field effect transistor 34 is controlled by a voltage developed across the series resistor 36. Current intensity is determined by the - . : .
` 10~i9183 value of the series resistor 36. Alternatively, regulator 26 may take the form of a zener diode current regulator or another type of regulator known in the art.
The output of the logic circuit 24 is connected in series through a 51 volt zener diode 38 and a pair of biasing resistors 40, 42 to battery 10 so that the total battery voltage of 9.6 volts appears across zener 38 and resistors 40 and 42 during the first time period. The æener is reversed biased so as to maintain a constant voltage of 4.5 v across the resistors 40 and 42.
The biasing resistors 40, 42 bias the base of a transistor 44 which turns on and maintains an on condition during the first time period. The collector of transistor 44 is connected through a resistor 46 to the center tap 12 of battery 10 and to the base of a second transistor 48. Transistor 48 is arranged to act as a switch for a second current regulator ~
circuit 50. -After the expiration of the first time period, the voltage at the output of the logic circuit 24 is reduced to zero.
Transistor 44 losses its bias current and is turned off, allow-ing the current from resistor 46 to pass through the base and the emitter of transistor 48 thereby turning transistor 48 on. This completes a current path consisting of section 16 of battery 10 through electrode 32 and electrode 28 and contin-uing through second current regulator 50.
During the second time period, the current magnitude is determined by the second current regulator circuit 50. This regulator may also take the form of field effect transistor 52 with a series resistor 54, the current being determined by the series resistor 54.
It is to be noted that during the second time period the polarity of the current across the electrodes 28 and 32 is '' opposite to the polarity of the current thereacross during the first time period. This reversed current condition exists during the second time period.
The first and second time periods repeat indefinitely, causing the current to flow first in one direction for a first time period and then in the opposite direction for a second time period.
Preferred circuitry of timing means 18 and logic circuit 24 is shown in Figure 2. These circuits are well known in the electronic arts, said will be only briefly described.
Timing means 18 includes a clock or pulse sensor 20 for generating repetitive pulses and a divider circuit 22 for dividing the number of pulses generated.
The clock 20 may be constructed from a Signetics 555 timing circuit 56 arranged with external resistor 56A and capacitors 56B so as to generate a series of repetitive pulses. One pulse a second is a suitable rate. The dividing circuit 22 includes two counters 58, 60 such as RCA Model CD ~024~.
Selected outputs of the counters are connected to gates 62 and 64 arranged as R-S flip-flops. The first counter divides the number of pulses generated by clock 20 by sixty. Pulses are thereby produced at the rate of one minute at the output of the first counter. The pulses are directed to the second counter 60 and also serve to reset the first counter 58. The second counter 60 is arranged to divide by sixty also and to reset at the rate of once an hour.
Logic circuit 24 includes an AI~D gate 66 which inputs are connected to the second counter 60. An R-S flip-flop 68 is used so as to produce a voltage starting at fifty-five minutes and lasting until the second counter is reset at sixty minutes. After fifty-five minutes the output of R-S flip-flop is reduced to zero for five minutes. The output of R-S flip-flop -~6~183 68 is connected to current regulator 26 and the zener diode 38 previously described.
The exemplary apparatus described includes well-known circuitry. Many alternate circuit arran~ements may be used and not depart from the scope of my invention as claimed.
For example, both current regulators may be continually ener-gized but with their outputs alternatively connected to the electrodes.
. .
~ . ~ :,.
It is known that the healing of various skin lesions and ulcers may be accelerated by electrotherapy techniques involving the application of low intensity direct current through electrodes attached to the area adjacent to the pathologic tissue. Low intensity direct current (LIDC) Generators are known which regulate the current flow so that healing is promoted. In applicant's U.S. Patent No. 3,964,477, issued June 22, 1976, it is disclosed that the use of a silver or silver bearing material in the construction of the positive electrode further aids the healing process by providing a bacteri-cidal effect. One explanation of this effect is that positive silver ions are formed which chemically bind with the DNA molecules of the bacteria and prevent reproduction thereof. However, LIDC causes electrode contamination if applied continuously while maintaining a given polarity of LIDC flow. In particular, it has , been found that the posltive silver electrode gradually ;, becomes contaminated by a coating of broken proteins formed by electrochemical action. The resultant effects are the reduction of positive silver ions and the increase of electrical resietance between the positive electrode and the patient. It is, therefore, desirable, and an object of my invention to provide means and method for applying low lntensity direct current without the detrimental effect of electrical polarization.
In accordance with the invention apparatus is provided for applying direct current to a pair of electrodes at least one of which contains silver.
B m~ t~
. -... .-- 1~69183 The apparatus consisting of: a first current source of a first polarity for connection to the electrodes and a second current source of a second polarity for connection to the electrodes. Switching control means are provided for activating the first current source for the duration of a first time period of a cycle and activating the second current source for the duration of a second time period of the cycle. The switching control means includes means for alternatively and repetitively generating signals representative of a first time period and .signals representative of a sccond timing period.
A logic circuit is provided responsive to the signals for producing a first output signal during the first time period and a second output signal during the seco~nd time period. The first current source is connected to the output of the logic circuit to be activated by the first output slgnal. Activating means are connected to the logic circuit and to the second current source, responsive to the second output signal for activating the second current source signal for activating the second current source.
mb/~ 2a 1~ .
' .
-~` 1069183 .. . .
Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of form of clrcuitry suitable for practicing the present invention.
Figure 2 shows a detail some of the circuitry of Figure 1.
According to the present invention I have found that by providing a positive current flow from a silver electrode for a first time period and a negative current flow for a second time period reduces the effects of silver electrode polarization without substantially reversing the beneficial effects of the therapy. Different time periods and/or currents may be chosen to optimize the ~herapeutic results of the low intensity direct current. Two examples of time ; and current cycles which have proven satisfactory are:
(1) a positive current of 4 microamps for fifty minutes, followed by a negative current of 250 microamps for five minutes; and (2) a positive current of 250 micro-amps for five minutes followed by zero current for fifty-five minutes. Both of these cycles have been found to provide the desired healing effects while avoiding polarization of the electrodes. The circuitry to be hereafter described will be directed to the former cycle but with obvious modification it can be adapted to provide a number of other cycles, including the latter.
Materials which tend to contaminate the silver electrodes during positive current flow are freed during negative current flow. The wound is occasionally swabbed to cleanse it of the freed materials and the electrodes replaced.
::
~b~"k ~ - 3 -)C`
' ' : - ' : ' - '' . ' ' ~' - .
106S~ 3 In the preferred embodiment shown in Figure 1 a low intensity reversible direct current generator includes a battery 10. The battery 10 may have eight 1.2 volt cells and be of the nickel cadium rechargeable type with a tap 12 between the fourth and fifth cells to provide positive and negative 4,8 volt mb~ 3a -.
~ 183 sources 14 and 16 respectively. The positive 4.8 volt source 14 powers a timing,means 1~, which may include a clock 20 or a pulse generator for producing repetitive pulses ha~ing a cycle of 1 second, and a divider circuit 22 for dividing the number pulses produced by clock 20.
The dividing circuit 22 has outputs representative of a first time period and a second time period, which de.ine -a time cycle. The clock 20, and the dividing current will be discussed further later in the description.
The output of the timing circuit 18 controls a logic circuit 24 which generates an output voltage for the duration of the first time period and is off during the second time period. The logic circuit 2~ is also described in detail later in the description.
During the first time period, the logic circuit 24 has an output voltage substantially that of positive source 14 referred to the center tap 12. The output voltage is applied to a first current regulator circuit 26 for maintaining a constant current flow through a first electrode 28 attached to the patient 30. The current passes through the patient, to a second electrode 32, and returns therefrom to center tap 12 of the battery 10.
For the duration of the first time period, the current is positive at the first electrode 28 and the magnitude of the current is determined by first current regulator 26. The first electrode is preferably constructed of silver or silver bearing material for bactericidal effects.
The current regulator 26 may be a conventional current regulator. One embodiment uses a field effect transistor 34 in series with a resistor 36. The gate of the field effect transistor 34 is controlled by a voltage developed across the series resistor 36. Current intensity is determined by the - . : .
` 10~i9183 value of the series resistor 36. Alternatively, regulator 26 may take the form of a zener diode current regulator or another type of regulator known in the art.
The output of the logic circuit 24 is connected in series through a 51 volt zener diode 38 and a pair of biasing resistors 40, 42 to battery 10 so that the total battery voltage of 9.6 volts appears across zener 38 and resistors 40 and 42 during the first time period. The æener is reversed biased so as to maintain a constant voltage of 4.5 v across the resistors 40 and 42.
The biasing resistors 40, 42 bias the base of a transistor 44 which turns on and maintains an on condition during the first time period. The collector of transistor 44 is connected through a resistor 46 to the center tap 12 of battery 10 and to the base of a second transistor 48. Transistor 48 is arranged to act as a switch for a second current regulator ~
circuit 50. -After the expiration of the first time period, the voltage at the output of the logic circuit 24 is reduced to zero.
Transistor 44 losses its bias current and is turned off, allow-ing the current from resistor 46 to pass through the base and the emitter of transistor 48 thereby turning transistor 48 on. This completes a current path consisting of section 16 of battery 10 through electrode 32 and electrode 28 and contin-uing through second current regulator 50.
During the second time period, the current magnitude is determined by the second current regulator circuit 50. This regulator may also take the form of field effect transistor 52 with a series resistor 54, the current being determined by the series resistor 54.
It is to be noted that during the second time period the polarity of the current across the electrodes 28 and 32 is '' opposite to the polarity of the current thereacross during the first time period. This reversed current condition exists during the second time period.
The first and second time periods repeat indefinitely, causing the current to flow first in one direction for a first time period and then in the opposite direction for a second time period.
Preferred circuitry of timing means 18 and logic circuit 24 is shown in Figure 2. These circuits are well known in the electronic arts, said will be only briefly described.
Timing means 18 includes a clock or pulse sensor 20 for generating repetitive pulses and a divider circuit 22 for dividing the number of pulses generated.
The clock 20 may be constructed from a Signetics 555 timing circuit 56 arranged with external resistor 56A and capacitors 56B so as to generate a series of repetitive pulses. One pulse a second is a suitable rate. The dividing circuit 22 includes two counters 58, 60 such as RCA Model CD ~024~.
Selected outputs of the counters are connected to gates 62 and 64 arranged as R-S flip-flops. The first counter divides the number of pulses generated by clock 20 by sixty. Pulses are thereby produced at the rate of one minute at the output of the first counter. The pulses are directed to the second counter 60 and also serve to reset the first counter 58. The second counter 60 is arranged to divide by sixty also and to reset at the rate of once an hour.
Logic circuit 24 includes an AI~D gate 66 which inputs are connected to the second counter 60. An R-S flip-flop 68 is used so as to produce a voltage starting at fifty-five minutes and lasting until the second counter is reset at sixty minutes. After fifty-five minutes the output of R-S flip-flop is reduced to zero for five minutes. The output of R-S flip-flop -~6~183 68 is connected to current regulator 26 and the zener diode 38 previously described.
The exemplary apparatus described includes well-known circuitry. Many alternate circuit arran~ements may be used and not depart from the scope of my invention as claimed.
For example, both current regulators may be continually ener-gized but with their outputs alternatively connected to the electrodes.
. .
~ . ~ :,.
Claims (3)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. Apparatus for applying direct current to a pair of electrodes at least one of which includes silver to produce silver ions for the treatment of skin ulcers, infections and the like, said apparatus consisting of:
a first current source of a first polarity for connection to said electrodes;
a second current source of a second polarity for connection to said electrodes;
switching control means for activating said first current source for the duration of a first time period of a cycle and activating said second current source for the duration of a second time period of said cycle;
said switching control means including means for alternatively and repetitively generating signals representative of a first time period and signals representative of a second timing period;
a logic circuit responsive to said signals for producing a first output signal during said first time period and a second output signal during said second time period;
said first current source being connected to the output of said logic circuit for being activated by said first output signal; and activating means connected to said logic circuit and to said second current source and being responsive to said second output signal for activating said second current source signal for activating said second current source.
a first current source of a first polarity for connection to said electrodes;
a second current source of a second polarity for connection to said electrodes;
switching control means for activating said first current source for the duration of a first time period of a cycle and activating said second current source for the duration of a second time period of said cycle;
said switching control means including means for alternatively and repetitively generating signals representative of a first time period and signals representative of a second timing period;
a logic circuit responsive to said signals for producing a first output signal during said first time period and a second output signal during said second time period;
said first current source being connected to the output of said logic circuit for being activated by said first output signal; and activating means connected to said logic circuit and to said second current source and being responsive to said second output signal for activating said second current source signal for activating said second current source.
2. Apparatus as defined in Claim 1, wherein said timing means consists of:
a clock for generating respectively pulses;
and a dividing circuit in communication with said clock for dividing the repetitive pulses of said clock and producing signals representative of a first time period and of a second timing period, said time periods being repetitive.
a clock for generating respectively pulses;
and a dividing circuit in communication with said clock for dividing the repetitive pulses of said clock and producing signals representative of a first time period and of a second timing period, said time periods being repetitive.
3. Apparatus as defined in Claim 1, wherein said logic circuit consists of at least one AND gate having a plurality of inputs and an output, said inputs being connected to the output of said divider.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/548,352 US4019510A (en) | 1975-02-10 | 1975-02-10 | Therapeutic method of using low intensity direct current generator with polarity reversal |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1069183A true CA1069183A (en) | 1980-01-01 |
Family
ID=24188495
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA238,925A Expired CA1069183A (en) | 1975-02-10 | 1975-11-03 | Therapeutic low intensity direct current generator with polarity reversal |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4019510A (en) |
| JP (2) | JPS5923816B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1069183A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2558525A1 (en) |
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| US6631294B2 (en) | 2001-06-01 | 2003-10-07 | Biofisica, Llc | Apparatus and methods for facilitating wound healing |
| EP1551497A2 (en) * | 2002-06-13 | 2005-07-13 | Inc. Atlantic Medical | Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation device and method using microcurrent |
| US20040210270A1 (en) * | 2002-07-26 | 2004-10-21 | John Erickson | High frequency pulse generator for an implantable neurostimulator |
| US7228184B2 (en) * | 2003-02-22 | 2007-06-05 | Chester Heath | Viral-inhibiting method |
| US20050049640A1 (en) * | 2003-05-12 | 2005-03-03 | Gurtner Geoffrey C. | Electromagnetic fields increase in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis through endothelial release of FGF-2 |
| US8082038B2 (en) * | 2004-07-09 | 2011-12-20 | Ebi, Llc | Method for treating degenerative disc disease using noninvasive capacitively coupled electrical stimulation device |
| US7520849B1 (en) | 2004-09-20 | 2009-04-21 | Ebi, Lp | Pulsed electromagnetic field method of treating soft tissue wounds |
| GB2434544A (en) * | 2006-01-31 | 2007-08-01 | Wound Solutions Ltd | Wound dressing with skin stimulation electrodes |
| US7860575B2 (en) * | 2006-05-08 | 2010-12-28 | Encore Medical Asset Corporation | High-side current regulator and methods for implementing a multiple channel iontophoretic device |
| US20090048504A1 (en) * | 2007-08-17 | 2009-02-19 | Biofisica Inc. | Medical electrode systems and methods |
| US20090048651A1 (en) * | 2007-08-17 | 2009-02-19 | Biofisica Inc. | Medical electrode systems and methods |
| US9956424B2 (en) * | 2008-05-09 | 2018-05-01 | Wetling Ip Twig Ltd | Ionized gas for medical treatment |
| CZ305492B6 (en) * | 2013-11-06 | 2015-10-29 | Mojmír Čermák | Electronic germicidal apparatus |
| EP4249043A3 (en) | 2018-11-20 | 2023-11-08 | Nuenerchi, Inc. | Electrical stimulation device for applying frequency and peak voltage having inverse relationship |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA707011A (en) * | 1965-03-30 | O. Kreutzer Conradin | Impulse generating electrical circuit for electrically influencing living creatures | |
| US2121875A (en) * | 1929-06-08 | 1938-06-28 | Curt Angelmi | Process for sterilizing and disinfecting |
| US2126070A (en) * | 1932-04-29 | 1938-08-09 | Wappler Frederick Charles | Electrotherapy |
| US2355231A (en) * | 1939-10-23 | 1944-08-08 | Clifton E Moore | Apparatus and process for sterilizing and destroying epithelial tissues |
| US3563247A (en) * | 1968-03-14 | 1971-02-16 | Gen Electric | Bidirectional heart stimulator |
| US3727616A (en) * | 1971-06-15 | 1973-04-17 | Gen Dynamics Corp | Electronic system for the stimulation of biological systems |
| US3893462A (en) * | 1972-01-28 | 1975-07-08 | Esb Inc | Bioelectrochemical regenerator and stimulator devices and methods for applying electrical energy to cells and/or tissue in a living body |
| US3918459A (en) * | 1972-04-17 | 1975-11-11 | Sybron Corp | Constant current electrotherapy device with plug-in current control means |
-
1975
- 1975-02-10 US US05/548,352 patent/US4019510A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1975-11-03 CA CA238,925A patent/CA1069183A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-12-24 DE DE19752558525 patent/DE2558525A1/en not_active Ceased
-
1976
- 1976-02-06 JP JP51011516A patent/JPS5923816B2/en not_active Expired
-
1983
- 1983-11-25 JP JP58220889A patent/JPS59108566A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS51103690A (en) | 1976-09-13 |
| JPS5923816B2 (en) | 1984-06-05 |
| US4019510A (en) | 1977-04-26 |
| JPS59108566A (en) | 1984-06-23 |
| DE2558525A1 (en) | 1976-08-19 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| MKEX | Expiry |