CA1053055A - Air bearing processor for heat sensitive photographic film - Google Patents
Air bearing processor for heat sensitive photographic filmInfo
- Publication number
- CA1053055A CA1053055A CA257,334A CA257334A CA1053055A CA 1053055 A CA1053055 A CA 1053055A CA 257334 A CA257334 A CA 257334A CA 1053055 A CA1053055 A CA 1053055A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- film
- station
- cooling
- emulsion
- developing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03D—APPARATUS FOR PROCESSING EXPOSED PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03D13/00—Processing apparatus or accessories therefor, not covered by groups G11B3/00 - G11B11/00
- G03D13/002—Heat development apparatus, e.g. Kalvar
Abstract
IMPROVED APPARATUS FOR DEVELOPING
AND FIXING HEAT SENSITIVE FILM
Abstract of the Disclosure A film developer-fixer for diazo, vesicular or similar film in which the exposed film is developed by subjecting it to high temperatures. The film is moved continuously at a constant speed past a developing station defined by a pair of opposing, spaced apart heating platens; the spacing between the platens exceeds the thickness of the film. Heated air is blown against the film emulsion to generate an air bearing for the film. Downstream of the developing station is a film cooling station and downstream of the cooling station a fixing station where the developed emulsion is subjected to light to permanently fix the images thereon. The cooling and the fixing station are disposed in cavities defined by a supporting structure and they communicate with a source of cooling air for cooling the film and the components of the apparatus.
Transport means is defined by a plurality of roller sets having polished surfaces. The rollers are rotated at a speed equal to the speed of the film, their spacing is less than the length of the film (in the direction of travel) so that the film is always posi-tively advanced in a downstream direction and means is provided for cooling the rollers with cooling air supplied to the support structure cavities mentioned above.
AND FIXING HEAT SENSITIVE FILM
Abstract of the Disclosure A film developer-fixer for diazo, vesicular or similar film in which the exposed film is developed by subjecting it to high temperatures. The film is moved continuously at a constant speed past a developing station defined by a pair of opposing, spaced apart heating platens; the spacing between the platens exceeds the thickness of the film. Heated air is blown against the film emulsion to generate an air bearing for the film. Downstream of the developing station is a film cooling station and downstream of the cooling station a fixing station where the developed emulsion is subjected to light to permanently fix the images thereon. The cooling and the fixing station are disposed in cavities defined by a supporting structure and they communicate with a source of cooling air for cooling the film and the components of the apparatus.
Transport means is defined by a plurality of roller sets having polished surfaces. The rollers are rotated at a speed equal to the speed of the film, their spacing is less than the length of the film (in the direction of travel) so that the film is always posi-tively advanced in a downstream direction and means is provided for cooling the rollers with cooling air supplied to the support structure cavities mentioned above.
Description
The present invention relates to film developing and fixing apparatus particularly adapted for use in con-nection with high speed, high volume duplicators for making one or more copies of a microfiche master.
In our United States patent No. 3,958,142 issued May 1~, 1976, a high volume, high speed and very economical microfiche duplicator is described and claimed. Generally speaking, that duplicator provides that a master fiche be positioned at a transfer station and that copy film be incremently advanced past the transfer station for "contact printing". After the copy film has been contact printed it is severed from a supply of copy film and placed on a conveyor system which transports the exposed copy film to a film developer where the film is heated, to cooling means for reducing the film temperature, and thereafter past a re-exposure or fixing station where the developed film is again subjected to light to permanently fix the images on the film.
The duplicator disclosed in the above U.S. patent employs a conventional film processor for developing and fixing the film. Transport belts advance the exposed film sections through the processor and at the developing and `
the fixing stations the film movement is arrested for the required length of time to heat and thereby develop the exposed emulsion and to fix the images thereon, res-pectively. The cooling was accomplished by intimately biasing the film sections into contact with a relatively large diameter cooling drum.
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1 Generally speaking, such prior art processors are dis-advantageous in that they require intermittent mo-tion, that 3 is a stop and go conveyor. This requires relatively complicated 4 controls which render the processor expensive. Such intermittent S motion is necessary since -the emulsion becomes soft and 6 pliable when heated to the developing temperature of about 7 200-300F. When the substance is soft it cannot move relative 8 to stationary components of the film processor because such ~ ;
9¦ relative movement can result in surface deformation and 0¦ damage and a resulting useless film copy. -11 ¦ This problem is particularly severe when belt conveyors 12¦ are used because they must grasp and~or bias the film against 13 ¦ a mating belt, a drum or the like, and since the reshly 14 1 developed film remains relatively soft. Numerous attempts 15 ¦ have been made to overcome this problem, including the use 16 ¦ of large cooling drums against which the film is biased after it leaves the developing station, where a drum rotates 18 at the same speed with which the transport belt moves.
19 Although such a construction can prevent relative movements and surface damage therefrom, to achieve a satisfactory 21 cooling rate relatively high contact pressures between the 22 film and the cooling drums are required. These contact -23 pressures are obtained by firmly biasing ~he transport bel-t 24 against the drum surface. This biasing pressure and slight surface irregularities in the drum and/or the belt can be 26 sufficient to cause surface indenta-tions which are impressed 27 on the film and which can distort the magniied image to an 28 extent which can make it difficult or impossible to read on ~-29 a conventional microfiche reader.
In summary, it can be stated that prior art heat sensitive 31 film processors were ineficient in use, relatively expensive 32 to construct and maintain, and had a tendency to cause _3_ .
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damage to the fiche. For high quality microfiche records such damage is normally unacceptable. As a compromise the processors were operated at relatively low rates or they required relatively long travel paths for the film to give the film the necessary stay-time within the processors to accomplish all developing-fixing steps. Thus, prior art processors rendered prior art film duplicators and the like relatively expensive and bulky.
The present invention provides a film processor parti-cularly adapted for use with high speed microfiche dupli-cator which is relatively inexpensive to build and use and ~-which is substantially smaller than prior art processors.
Yet, it does not cause surface damage to the film emulsion while the emulsion is warm and sot even when the processor is operated at high speed.
The present invention is apparatus for developing and fixing film having a substrate and a previously exposed light sensitive emulsion carried thereon, the emulsion being of the type that is developed by heating it to its developing temperature, the apparatus comprising: a film developing station including opposing, spaced-apart first and second film guide means forming a path for the film past the developing station, the spacing between the film guide means being greater than the thickness of the film, the first film ~ ;
guide mea~s facing the emulsion; means for flowing pressurized gas between the first film guide means and the emulsion;
means for heating the gas between the first film guide means and the emulsion to at least the developing temperature;
a fixing station downstream of the developing station for fixing the developed emulsion; and transport means for moving the film in a downstream direction between the film guide -~
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~5~55 means past the developing station and thereafter past -the fixing station; whereby the pressurized air forms an air bearing for the emulsion of the film as it moves past the film guide means and simultaneously therewith heat develops the emulsion without physically damaging it.
In one embodiment the film guide means are plates and the plate facing the emulsion side of the film includes a multiplicity of orifices distributed over its surface through which the gas, e.g., air is blown against the copy film as it moves past the developing station.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention the film guide means includes internal passageways for the air and a heater to - ~a -`:' . ' - ' ' :
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1 heat the walls defining the passageways to thereby heat the
In our United States patent No. 3,958,142 issued May 1~, 1976, a high volume, high speed and very economical microfiche duplicator is described and claimed. Generally speaking, that duplicator provides that a master fiche be positioned at a transfer station and that copy film be incremently advanced past the transfer station for "contact printing". After the copy film has been contact printed it is severed from a supply of copy film and placed on a conveyor system which transports the exposed copy film to a film developer where the film is heated, to cooling means for reducing the film temperature, and thereafter past a re-exposure or fixing station where the developed film is again subjected to light to permanently fix the images on the film.
The duplicator disclosed in the above U.S. patent employs a conventional film processor for developing and fixing the film. Transport belts advance the exposed film sections through the processor and at the developing and `
the fixing stations the film movement is arrested for the required length of time to heat and thereby develop the exposed emulsion and to fix the images thereon, res-pectively. The cooling was accomplished by intimately biasing the film sections into contact with a relatively large diameter cooling drum.
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1 Generally speaking, such prior art processors are dis-advantageous in that they require intermittent mo-tion, that 3 is a stop and go conveyor. This requires relatively complicated 4 controls which render the processor expensive. Such intermittent S motion is necessary since -the emulsion becomes soft and 6 pliable when heated to the developing temperature of about 7 200-300F. When the substance is soft it cannot move relative 8 to stationary components of the film processor because such ~ ;
9¦ relative movement can result in surface deformation and 0¦ damage and a resulting useless film copy. -11 ¦ This problem is particularly severe when belt conveyors 12¦ are used because they must grasp and~or bias the film against 13 ¦ a mating belt, a drum or the like, and since the reshly 14 1 developed film remains relatively soft. Numerous attempts 15 ¦ have been made to overcome this problem, including the use 16 ¦ of large cooling drums against which the film is biased after it leaves the developing station, where a drum rotates 18 at the same speed with which the transport belt moves.
19 Although such a construction can prevent relative movements and surface damage therefrom, to achieve a satisfactory 21 cooling rate relatively high contact pressures between the 22 film and the cooling drums are required. These contact -23 pressures are obtained by firmly biasing ~he transport bel-t 24 against the drum surface. This biasing pressure and slight surface irregularities in the drum and/or the belt can be 26 sufficient to cause surface indenta-tions which are impressed 27 on the film and which can distort the magniied image to an 28 extent which can make it difficult or impossible to read on ~-29 a conventional microfiche reader.
In summary, it can be stated that prior art heat sensitive 31 film processors were ineficient in use, relatively expensive 32 to construct and maintain, and had a tendency to cause _3_ .
530~
damage to the fiche. For high quality microfiche records such damage is normally unacceptable. As a compromise the processors were operated at relatively low rates or they required relatively long travel paths for the film to give the film the necessary stay-time within the processors to accomplish all developing-fixing steps. Thus, prior art processors rendered prior art film duplicators and the like relatively expensive and bulky.
The present invention provides a film processor parti-cularly adapted for use with high speed microfiche dupli-cator which is relatively inexpensive to build and use and ~-which is substantially smaller than prior art processors.
Yet, it does not cause surface damage to the film emulsion while the emulsion is warm and sot even when the processor is operated at high speed.
The present invention is apparatus for developing and fixing film having a substrate and a previously exposed light sensitive emulsion carried thereon, the emulsion being of the type that is developed by heating it to its developing temperature, the apparatus comprising: a film developing station including opposing, spaced-apart first and second film guide means forming a path for the film past the developing station, the spacing between the film guide means being greater than the thickness of the film, the first film ~ ;
guide mea~s facing the emulsion; means for flowing pressurized gas between the first film guide means and the emulsion;
means for heating the gas between the first film guide means and the emulsion to at least the developing temperature;
a fixing station downstream of the developing station for fixing the developed emulsion; and transport means for moving the film in a downstream direction between the film guide -~
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~5~55 means past the developing station and thereafter past -the fixing station; whereby the pressurized air forms an air bearing for the emulsion of the film as it moves past the film guide means and simultaneously therewith heat develops the emulsion without physically damaging it.
In one embodiment the film guide means are plates and the plate facing the emulsion side of the film includes a multiplicity of orifices distributed over its surface through which the gas, e.g., air is blown against the copy film as it moves past the developing station.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention the film guide means includes internal passageways for the air and a heater to - ~a -`:' . ' - ' ' :
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1 heat the walls defining the passageways to thereby heat the
2 air to the desired tempcrature. Suitable insulation is
3 provided to minimize the heat loss from the plate and to prevent an excess heat transfer from the plate to the surrounding support structure.
6 The support structure defines an elongate path for the 7 f.ilm from an intake end of the film past the developing ~tation and through spaced apart first and second cavities 9 to an outlet or downstream end from which the fully developed and fixed film exits. The first cavity is downstream of the 11 developing station and within it a pair of spaced apart, 12 perforated plates are mounted. The spacing between the 13 plates again exceeds the film thickness, Cooling air is 14 forced through the perforated plates facing -the emulsion to `
cool th~ film and form an air bearing over which the film 15 travels. .
17 ~ re-exposure or fixing station is defined by a suitable 18 light source such as a pulsating xenon gas discharge lamp 19 disposed in the second cavity of the support structure. ;
Reflectors are provided to concentrate the light emitted by 21 the source on the film as i-t passes the fixing station. -22 Electric circuitry is preferably provided to intermittently 23 operate and pulsate the xenon lamp when film passes the 24 fixing station while it deactivates the xenon lamp when no -~
film,is present to minimize energy consumption and the 26 amount of heat generated by the processor. The support 27 structure further includes a suitable cooling air inlet ~`
28 which communicates with the first and second cavities to 29 cool the film between the perforated platens in the second ~;
cavity and to cool the light source, associated reflectors 31 and the like at the fixing station.
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1 The processor inCludes transport means, preferably a 2 plurality of cooperating roller sets which advance the film 3 along its path through the processor. The spacing between `
6 The support structure defines an elongate path for the 7 f.ilm from an intake end of the film past the developing ~tation and through spaced apart first and second cavities 9 to an outlet or downstream end from which the fully developed and fixed film exits. The first cavity is downstream of the 11 developing station and within it a pair of spaced apart, 12 perforated plates are mounted. The spacing between the 13 plates again exceeds the film thickness, Cooling air is 14 forced through the perforated plates facing -the emulsion to `
cool th~ film and form an air bearing over which the film 15 travels. .
17 ~ re-exposure or fixing station is defined by a suitable 18 light source such as a pulsating xenon gas discharge lamp 19 disposed in the second cavity of the support structure. ;
Reflectors are provided to concentrate the light emitted by 21 the source on the film as i-t passes the fixing station. -22 Electric circuitry is preferably provided to intermittently 23 operate and pulsate the xenon lamp when film passes the 24 fixing station while it deactivates the xenon lamp when no -~
film,is present to minimize energy consumption and the 26 amount of heat generated by the processor. The support 27 structure further includes a suitable cooling air inlet ~`
28 which communicates with the first and second cavities to 29 cool the film between the perforated platens in the second ~;
cavity and to cool the light source, associated reflectors 31 and the like at the fixing station.
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1 The processor inCludes transport means, preferably a 2 plurality of cooperating roller sets which advance the film 3 along its path through the processor. The spacing between `
4 the roller sets is less than the length of the film being processed so tha-t a portion of the film is at all times 6 enyaged by a roller set. This assures a positive transport 7 of the film through the processor. Furthermore, the surfaces 8 of the rollers are highly polished, they operate continuously 9 and at constan-t and like surface speeds to prevent any relative mo-tion between their surfaces and film passing 11 therebetween to thereby prevent possible damage to the film, ;
12 its substrate and/or its heat softened emulsion. ~t least 13 the rollers downstream of the developing station are cooled, 14 preferably by constructing them hollow or with axial passageways through which cooling air can flow. This maintains the 16 operating temperature of the rollers low and further aids in 17¦ cooling the film after it has been heated at the developing 18¦ station and again after is has passed the fixing station.
19 From the above descrip-tion it will be apparent that the 20¦ processor of the present invention eliminates direct contact 21¦ between the film emulsion, particularly when it is heat 22 softened, and stationary components of the processor by 23 virtue of the air bearing between them. Thus, the heretofore 24 common problem of emulsion surface damage is overcome. When ;~
the film is in direct contact with hard objects such as the 26 transport rollers, the film and the rollers move at like 27 speeds and, since the rollers are rigid objects (as distinyuishea 2~ from flexible belts) they can be highly polished so that `
29 surface damage, indentations and the like due to surface -irregularities and large contact pressures are prevented.
31 The film can be continuously moved, without the need for 32 arresting its movement for the performance of certain operations . .
53055 "~
1 ¦ as was common in the prior art to thereby greatly simplify ~ ..
21 the construction of the processor. Furthermore, the heat transfer between the heated, turbulent air forming the air ¦ bearings and the film (both to heat the film and to thereafter .` .
51 cool it) is very efficient and can be sequentially performed 6 1 as the film moves along. Consequently, the temperature of :
7 ¦ different film portions may vary as the film moves past the ..
8 ¦ developiny station, for example. ..
9 ¦ The overall length of a processor constructed in accordance 10 1 with the present inven-tion can be greatly reduced. For 11 ¦ example, for a standard microfiche processor in which the 12 ¦ microfiche copies move at a speed of about 2 inches per : .
13 second an overall processor length of only about 18 inches 14 (with only about lO inches between the centers of the film ~ .
developing station and the film fixing station) is sufficient. . .
16 In contrast, prior art processors with a comparable fiche 17 capacity have an overall length of up to about 3 ~ feet. .. .
18 It is apparent, therefore, that the present invention 19 affords great cost savings in the construction, use and ..
20 maintenance of the processor and further cost savings due to .
21 a reduced bulk of the processor (or film duplicator o:~ which : :~
22 the processor may form part) with resultant reductions in 23 floor space and general overhead costs for the processor. .~ . .
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The invention is illustrated, merely by way of example, ..
in the drawings of which:
Figure 1 is side elevational view, in section, of a .
film processor constructed in accordance with the present :
invention and is taken along a line generally parallel to the travel path of film through the processor;
Figure 2 is a fragmentary, side elevational view, also in section, and illustrates the construction of the film transport rollers in greater detail.
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Referring to the drawings, a film processor 2 con-structed in accordance with the present invention generally comprises an elongated support structure 4 which has an inlet end 6 and an outlet end 8. An elongate, straight film travel path 10 extends therebetween. A developing station 12, a film cooling station 14 and a fixing or re-exposure station 16 are serially arranged along the film travel path and within the support structure. The support structure itself is sufficiently rigid and strong to mount the film `
processing components as set forth below. For that purpose -it is preferably a light weight, aluminum casting which has side walls 18~ end walls 20 and interior partitions to define three generally spaced apart internal cavities 22, 23 and 24 for the developing, the cooling and the fixing stations, respectively. In actual use the processor of the present invention is preferably installed in and forms part of a film or microfiche recorder or duplicator such as the dupli-cator described in our above U.S. patent.
Developing station 12 is immediately downstream of inlet end 6 and comprises first and second platens 26 and 28. They define between them a gap 30 which has a thickness greater than the thickness of film being handled by the processor. The lower or first platen 26 includes a porous member 32 which -has a multiplicity of evenly distributed orifices facing ~
25 the gap between the platens. The lower platen 26 includes ~-interior passages 34 which communicate the porous plate with an air intake 36 for connection to a source of pressurized air 38. The lower platen 26 further includes a heater 40 which is positioned so that air passages 34 surround it for 30 heating air from source 38 to the required temperature to ~;
develop the film.
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1 Upper platen 28 is similarly constructed to lower --2 platen 26 excep~ that it normally does not include a porous 3 insert and internal air passages. Instead, the upper platen i9 solicl and defines a solid, highly surEace polished face ~2. The upper platen also includes an internal heater 40 Eor 6 heatiny the platen. The side of both platens facing away 7 from gap 30 are covered with suitable insulation plates 44 8 to minimize the heat loss from the platens.
9 A pair or set of opposing transport rollers 46 is positioned just upstream of the developing station for 11 grasping film to be developed between them and advancing the 12 film in a downstream direction past the developing station.
13 Each roller has a hollow interior 48 and is secured to a 14 shaft 50 journaled on roller bearings mounted to side walls 18 of the support structure. The roller includes a plurality 16 of generally radially oriented apertures adjacent each end 17 to communicate the roller interior with the exterior so that 18 cooling air can freely circulate through the interior of the 19 rollers for purposes more fully discussed hereinafter. One 20 end of roller shaft 50 protrudes past side wall 18 and is ;-21 fitted with a sprocket wheel 54 which in turn is driven by a 22 chain 56 for rotating the rollers. The chain drive rotates 23 the rollers in opposite direction at like and constant 24 speeds so that film entering between the rollers is grasped and advanced in a forward direction without relative movements 26 between the film surfaces and the roller exterior in contact -27 with such surfaces.
28 To prevent the formation of indentations, scratches and ,-~9 the like on the film surfaces when the film passes between the rollers the exterior of the rollers is highly polished.
31 Preferably the exterior is hard chrome-plated and buEfed to 32 a mirror finish -to assure a smoo-th surface and prevent film -lO'a '';' ~
. ' ': ' ~.a~53~55 damage even when the film is heated and its emulsion softened.
A second set of rollers 46 is positioned downstream of the developing station and aligned with gap 30 between platens 26 and 28 to receive film from the developing station and to transport the film in a downstream direction. The spacing between the roller sets upstream and downstream of the developing station is less than the length of film being processed. For example, when processing standard size microiche, which has a length of about six inches, the spacing between the roller sets is less than six inches, e.g. five inches. A portion of the microfiche is thus always disposed between a roller set for positively advancing the microfiche in a downstream direction.
A pair of perforated platens constructed of a suitable ;
material such as stainless steel is mounted within second cavity 23 just downstream of the second roller set. The perforated plates defined between them another gap or channel 60 of about the same width as gap 30 so that film advanced downstream by the second roller set is guided through the channel between the plates. As will be ~more fully discussed below, pressurized cooling air is admitted into the channel through the perforations in the lower plate 58 for cooling the film received from the developing station.
Another roller set is positioned just downstream of the perforated plates and spaced from the roller set upstream of the plates as discussed above to assure a continuous, positive film movement through the processor.
The film fixing or re-exposure station 60 is defined by a light source 62, e.g., a xenon gas discharge lamp constructed as discussed in our above U.S. Patent 3,958,142. The light source is disposed within a funnel-shaped optical horn 64 and beneath a transparent glass plate :'' - 11 - ~ ~ :
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_ ~L~)53~55 I 66 which defines the film travel path lO past the fi~iny 2 s~ation. A top reflector 68 including a heat dissipator 70 3 attached thereto may be provided to maximize the amount of light to which the film is exposed when it passes the fixincJ
station. Ano~,her set of trallspor-t rollers is disposed just 6 downstream o~ the glass plate 66 and is a~ain spaced from the roller se-t upstream of the glass plate as above described 8 to assure a positive film drive through the processor. Film advanced downs-tream by the last roller set is then discharged through the outlet end 8 into a sui-table receptacle (not 11 shown). ~, 12 The xenon lamp is driven by an electric power source 72 13 which activates the lamp only in response to the presence of 14 a film in the vicinity of fixing station 60 and which further pulsates the lamp. In thls manner, energy consumption as 16 well as heat yenerated by the lamp are minimized for an 17 efficient operation of the processor and a reduced cooling -' 18 requirement therefor. The construction of such a power ;
19 source is set forth in detail in our above U.S. patent 3r958~142.
21 Support structure 4 has a generally closed base and -22 includes a cooling air intake opening 74 benea~'h fixing ' 23 station 60 which is sui-tably connected to a source of cooling ~;
24 air 76. A floor plate 78 of the base slopes upwardly from -~
the cooling intake towards developing station 12 and communicate `'~
26 the cool air intake with the second cavity 23. A transverse ,~
27 barrier 80 just upstream of the second roller set between ;
28 the developing station and the cooling station prevents any 29 significant cooling air flow from reaching the heated platen 30 26 Of the film developerO Cooling air does flow however ;,;
31 through the perforations in the lower perforated plate 58 at ! ~
32 the cooling station, around optical horn 64 ~ top reflector ' ~
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1 68 and around rollers 46 as well as through the hollow ~~
2 interior roller spaces 48 of all rollers downstream of the 3 developing station to cool all operating components of the 4 processor which are no-t intended to heat the Eilm~ ~
louvered top cover 82 is placed over the processor to physically 6 protect the interlor components and to permit the discharge of cooling air from the upper half of the processor.
8 Turning now to the operation of film processor 2, 9 heaters 40 at the developing station are activated to raise 1~ the temperature of platens 26, 28 sufficiently so that when 11 pressurized air is introduced into air passages 34 the air 12 is heated to the desired developing temperature, e~g. 200- -13 300F~ Roller drive chains 56 are activated to rotate the l~ rollers of each roller set in opposite directions so that film between the rollers is moved downstream~ The rollers 16 are rotated so that thelr surface speeds are equal, l.e~
17 when the rollers have identical diameters, their rate of 18 rotation is identical~ Compressed air source 33 and cooling l9 air source 76 are activated to flow compressed air through lower platen 26 and porous plate 32 into gap 30 and to flow 21 cooling air through the lower perforated plate 58 into yap ,~
22 60 while cooling the optical horn, both perforated plates 23 and all rollers downstream of the developing station.
24 Film to be exposed is introduced into the processor so 2~ that its emulsion side faces down. The roller pair upstream 26 ¦ of the developing station grasps such film and passes it 27 into gap 30 between plates 26 and 28. l~hc hea~ed airstream 2~ flowing from porous plate 32 forms an air bearing or air 29 cushion between the emulsion side of -the film and the porous pla-te and at the same time heats the emulsion side to its 31 developing temperature~ The back side of the film, that is 32 the tr spa:ent ~ilm substrate slides along the p~llshed .
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1 face 42 of upper platen 28 p-ast the developing station. ~~
2 ~rhusr as ~hc film progresscs ~hrough gap 30 its temperature 3 gradually increases to the desired value while any physical 4 contact between the emulsion side, which softens as its temperature increases, and solid objects, e.y. platen 26 or 61 porous plate 32 is prevented to elimina-te the possibility of 7 damage to the emulsion.
8 As the leading edge oE the film is discharged from gap 9 30 it enters between the roller pair downstream of the t 10 developing station. The roller pair upstream of the developing 11 station still feeds, i.e. pushes the film downstream when 12 the second roller pair grasps the film to assure a continuous -13 movement. Since all roller surfaces rotate at the same speed 14 with which the film moves, relative movements between them and the film, and particularly between the heated and softened 16 emulsion side and the lower roller in contact therewith are 17 prevented. Since the roller surfaces are highly polished, 18 scratches or indentations from roller surface irregularities 19 are prevented to assure a perfect, high quality microfiche.
The second roller pair discharges the still warm film 21 into gap 60 between plate 58 at the cooling station. There 22 cooling air passes through the perforations in the plate 23 into gap 60 to again form an air bearing between the emulsion 24 side and the lower plate while the film cools. It should be noted that the contact of the film with the cooled rollers 26 also helps to cool the film. The third roller pair, downstream 27 of the cooling station grasps the film as above described 23 and advances it over glass plate 66 past the fixing station.
29 A suitable sensor (not shown) energizes power source 72 for ~enon lamp 62 when the leading edge of the film arrives at 31 glass plate 66. Thereafter, high intensity light pulses are 32 emitted by the light source to fix the images on the film . `"'' ~ .
. : . . ' ' . , . ' ,, ' : ~' - ~ 55 1 I emulsion which were pr'eviously developed while the film ~ ~ : :
~¦ passed through gap 30 between heated platens 26 and 28. .
3¦ Thereafter, the fourth roller set grasps -the leading film 4 edye and advances the now finish processed film through the ou-tle-t end 8 of the support structure into a receptacle.
10 I e film s roady for immediate use a ~
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12 its substrate and/or its heat softened emulsion. ~t least 13 the rollers downstream of the developing station are cooled, 14 preferably by constructing them hollow or with axial passageways through which cooling air can flow. This maintains the 16 operating temperature of the rollers low and further aids in 17¦ cooling the film after it has been heated at the developing 18¦ station and again after is has passed the fixing station.
19 From the above descrip-tion it will be apparent that the 20¦ processor of the present invention eliminates direct contact 21¦ between the film emulsion, particularly when it is heat 22 softened, and stationary components of the processor by 23 virtue of the air bearing between them. Thus, the heretofore 24 common problem of emulsion surface damage is overcome. When ;~
the film is in direct contact with hard objects such as the 26 transport rollers, the film and the rollers move at like 27 speeds and, since the rollers are rigid objects (as distinyuishea 2~ from flexible belts) they can be highly polished so that `
29 surface damage, indentations and the like due to surface -irregularities and large contact pressures are prevented.
31 The film can be continuously moved, without the need for 32 arresting its movement for the performance of certain operations . .
53055 "~
1 ¦ as was common in the prior art to thereby greatly simplify ~ ..
21 the construction of the processor. Furthermore, the heat transfer between the heated, turbulent air forming the air ¦ bearings and the film (both to heat the film and to thereafter .` .
51 cool it) is very efficient and can be sequentially performed 6 1 as the film moves along. Consequently, the temperature of :
7 ¦ different film portions may vary as the film moves past the ..
8 ¦ developiny station, for example. ..
9 ¦ The overall length of a processor constructed in accordance 10 1 with the present inven-tion can be greatly reduced. For 11 ¦ example, for a standard microfiche processor in which the 12 ¦ microfiche copies move at a speed of about 2 inches per : .
13 second an overall processor length of only about 18 inches 14 (with only about lO inches between the centers of the film ~ .
developing station and the film fixing station) is sufficient. . .
16 In contrast, prior art processors with a comparable fiche 17 capacity have an overall length of up to about 3 ~ feet. .. .
18 It is apparent, therefore, that the present invention 19 affords great cost savings in the construction, use and ..
20 maintenance of the processor and further cost savings due to .
21 a reduced bulk of the processor (or film duplicator o:~ which : :~
22 the processor may form part) with resultant reductions in 23 floor space and general overhead costs for the processor. .~ . .
24 .
:
261 ~
29 .
~ 31 .
: -7-. . , : ': ' , .,........................... , :. . . . . .
~5~5S
The invention is illustrated, merely by way of example, ..
in the drawings of which:
Figure 1 is side elevational view, in section, of a .
film processor constructed in accordance with the present :
invention and is taken along a line generally parallel to the travel path of film through the processor;
Figure 2 is a fragmentary, side elevational view, also in section, and illustrates the construction of the film transport rollers in greater detail.
' ''.
.,;.~' .
Referring to the drawings, a film processor 2 con-structed in accordance with the present invention generally comprises an elongated support structure 4 which has an inlet end 6 and an outlet end 8. An elongate, straight film travel path 10 extends therebetween. A developing station 12, a film cooling station 14 and a fixing or re-exposure station 16 are serially arranged along the film travel path and within the support structure. The support structure itself is sufficiently rigid and strong to mount the film `
processing components as set forth below. For that purpose -it is preferably a light weight, aluminum casting which has side walls 18~ end walls 20 and interior partitions to define three generally spaced apart internal cavities 22, 23 and 24 for the developing, the cooling and the fixing stations, respectively. In actual use the processor of the present invention is preferably installed in and forms part of a film or microfiche recorder or duplicator such as the dupli-cator described in our above U.S. patent.
Developing station 12 is immediately downstream of inlet end 6 and comprises first and second platens 26 and 28. They define between them a gap 30 which has a thickness greater than the thickness of film being handled by the processor. The lower or first platen 26 includes a porous member 32 which -has a multiplicity of evenly distributed orifices facing ~
25 the gap between the platens. The lower platen 26 includes ~-interior passages 34 which communicate the porous plate with an air intake 36 for connection to a source of pressurized air 38. The lower platen 26 further includes a heater 40 which is positioned so that air passages 34 surround it for 30 heating air from source 38 to the required temperature to ~;
develop the film.
''`
_ g _ .
, . .. ... . . .. .
1 Upper platen 28 is similarly constructed to lower --2 platen 26 excep~ that it normally does not include a porous 3 insert and internal air passages. Instead, the upper platen i9 solicl and defines a solid, highly surEace polished face ~2. The upper platen also includes an internal heater 40 Eor 6 heatiny the platen. The side of both platens facing away 7 from gap 30 are covered with suitable insulation plates 44 8 to minimize the heat loss from the platens.
9 A pair or set of opposing transport rollers 46 is positioned just upstream of the developing station for 11 grasping film to be developed between them and advancing the 12 film in a downstream direction past the developing station.
13 Each roller has a hollow interior 48 and is secured to a 14 shaft 50 journaled on roller bearings mounted to side walls 18 of the support structure. The roller includes a plurality 16 of generally radially oriented apertures adjacent each end 17 to communicate the roller interior with the exterior so that 18 cooling air can freely circulate through the interior of the 19 rollers for purposes more fully discussed hereinafter. One 20 end of roller shaft 50 protrudes past side wall 18 and is ;-21 fitted with a sprocket wheel 54 which in turn is driven by a 22 chain 56 for rotating the rollers. The chain drive rotates 23 the rollers in opposite direction at like and constant 24 speeds so that film entering between the rollers is grasped and advanced in a forward direction without relative movements 26 between the film surfaces and the roller exterior in contact -27 with such surfaces.
28 To prevent the formation of indentations, scratches and ,-~9 the like on the film surfaces when the film passes between the rollers the exterior of the rollers is highly polished.
31 Preferably the exterior is hard chrome-plated and buEfed to 32 a mirror finish -to assure a smoo-th surface and prevent film -lO'a '';' ~
. ' ': ' ~.a~53~55 damage even when the film is heated and its emulsion softened.
A second set of rollers 46 is positioned downstream of the developing station and aligned with gap 30 between platens 26 and 28 to receive film from the developing station and to transport the film in a downstream direction. The spacing between the roller sets upstream and downstream of the developing station is less than the length of film being processed. For example, when processing standard size microiche, which has a length of about six inches, the spacing between the roller sets is less than six inches, e.g. five inches. A portion of the microfiche is thus always disposed between a roller set for positively advancing the microfiche in a downstream direction.
A pair of perforated platens constructed of a suitable ;
material such as stainless steel is mounted within second cavity 23 just downstream of the second roller set. The perforated plates defined between them another gap or channel 60 of about the same width as gap 30 so that film advanced downstream by the second roller set is guided through the channel between the plates. As will be ~more fully discussed below, pressurized cooling air is admitted into the channel through the perforations in the lower plate 58 for cooling the film received from the developing station.
Another roller set is positioned just downstream of the perforated plates and spaced from the roller set upstream of the plates as discussed above to assure a continuous, positive film movement through the processor.
The film fixing or re-exposure station 60 is defined by a light source 62, e.g., a xenon gas discharge lamp constructed as discussed in our above U.S. Patent 3,958,142. The light source is disposed within a funnel-shaped optical horn 64 and beneath a transparent glass plate :'' - 11 - ~ ~ :
. , : : .
_ ~L~)53~55 I 66 which defines the film travel path lO past the fi~iny 2 s~ation. A top reflector 68 including a heat dissipator 70 3 attached thereto may be provided to maximize the amount of light to which the film is exposed when it passes the fixincJ
station. Ano~,her set of trallspor-t rollers is disposed just 6 downstream o~ the glass plate 66 and is a~ain spaced from the roller se-t upstream of the glass plate as above described 8 to assure a positive film drive through the processor. Film advanced downs-tream by the last roller set is then discharged through the outlet end 8 into a sui-table receptacle (not 11 shown). ~, 12 The xenon lamp is driven by an electric power source 72 13 which activates the lamp only in response to the presence of 14 a film in the vicinity of fixing station 60 and which further pulsates the lamp. In thls manner, energy consumption as 16 well as heat yenerated by the lamp are minimized for an 17 efficient operation of the processor and a reduced cooling -' 18 requirement therefor. The construction of such a power ;
19 source is set forth in detail in our above U.S. patent 3r958~142.
21 Support structure 4 has a generally closed base and -22 includes a cooling air intake opening 74 benea~'h fixing ' 23 station 60 which is sui-tably connected to a source of cooling ~;
24 air 76. A floor plate 78 of the base slopes upwardly from -~
the cooling intake towards developing station 12 and communicate `'~
26 the cool air intake with the second cavity 23. A transverse ,~
27 barrier 80 just upstream of the second roller set between ;
28 the developing station and the cooling station prevents any 29 significant cooling air flow from reaching the heated platen 30 26 Of the film developerO Cooling air does flow however ;,;
31 through the perforations in the lower perforated plate 58 at ! ~
32 the cooling station, around optical horn 64 ~ top reflector ' ~
-12-' ' ,': ~:
, . .
! ~ ~
,~ ~` l~S31~5~ :
1 68 and around rollers 46 as well as through the hollow ~~
2 interior roller spaces 48 of all rollers downstream of the 3 developing station to cool all operating components of the 4 processor which are no-t intended to heat the Eilm~ ~
louvered top cover 82 is placed over the processor to physically 6 protect the interlor components and to permit the discharge of cooling air from the upper half of the processor.
8 Turning now to the operation of film processor 2, 9 heaters 40 at the developing station are activated to raise 1~ the temperature of platens 26, 28 sufficiently so that when 11 pressurized air is introduced into air passages 34 the air 12 is heated to the desired developing temperature, e~g. 200- -13 300F~ Roller drive chains 56 are activated to rotate the l~ rollers of each roller set in opposite directions so that film between the rollers is moved downstream~ The rollers 16 are rotated so that thelr surface speeds are equal, l.e~
17 when the rollers have identical diameters, their rate of 18 rotation is identical~ Compressed air source 33 and cooling l9 air source 76 are activated to flow compressed air through lower platen 26 and porous plate 32 into gap 30 and to flow 21 cooling air through the lower perforated plate 58 into yap ,~
22 60 while cooling the optical horn, both perforated plates 23 and all rollers downstream of the developing station.
24 Film to be exposed is introduced into the processor so 2~ that its emulsion side faces down. The roller pair upstream 26 ¦ of the developing station grasps such film and passes it 27 into gap 30 between plates 26 and 28. l~hc hea~ed airstream 2~ flowing from porous plate 32 forms an air bearing or air 29 cushion between the emulsion side of -the film and the porous pla-te and at the same time heats the emulsion side to its 31 developing temperature~ The back side of the film, that is 32 the tr spa:ent ~ilm substrate slides along the p~llshed .
.: :
~53~5~ :
1 face 42 of upper platen 28 p-ast the developing station. ~~
2 ~rhusr as ~hc film progresscs ~hrough gap 30 its temperature 3 gradually increases to the desired value while any physical 4 contact between the emulsion side, which softens as its temperature increases, and solid objects, e.y. platen 26 or 61 porous plate 32 is prevented to elimina-te the possibility of 7 damage to the emulsion.
8 As the leading edge oE the film is discharged from gap 9 30 it enters between the roller pair downstream of the t 10 developing station. The roller pair upstream of the developing 11 station still feeds, i.e. pushes the film downstream when 12 the second roller pair grasps the film to assure a continuous -13 movement. Since all roller surfaces rotate at the same speed 14 with which the film moves, relative movements between them and the film, and particularly between the heated and softened 16 emulsion side and the lower roller in contact therewith are 17 prevented. Since the roller surfaces are highly polished, 18 scratches or indentations from roller surface irregularities 19 are prevented to assure a perfect, high quality microfiche.
The second roller pair discharges the still warm film 21 into gap 60 between plate 58 at the cooling station. There 22 cooling air passes through the perforations in the plate 23 into gap 60 to again form an air bearing between the emulsion 24 side and the lower plate while the film cools. It should be noted that the contact of the film with the cooled rollers 26 also helps to cool the film. The third roller pair, downstream 27 of the cooling station grasps the film as above described 23 and advances it over glass plate 66 past the fixing station.
29 A suitable sensor (not shown) energizes power source 72 for ~enon lamp 62 when the leading edge of the film arrives at 31 glass plate 66. Thereafter, high intensity light pulses are 32 emitted by the light source to fix the images on the film . `"'' ~ .
. : . . ' ' . , . ' ,, ' : ~' - ~ 55 1 I emulsion which were pr'eviously developed while the film ~ ~ : :
~¦ passed through gap 30 between heated platens 26 and 28. .
3¦ Thereafter, the fourth roller set grasps -the leading film 4 edye and advances the now finish processed film through the ou-tle-t end 8 of the support structure into a receptacle.
10 I e film s roady for immediate use a ~
10 ~
32 .
. ,',~ ', .`
'
Claims (12)
1. Apparatus for developing and fixing film having a substrate and a previously exposed light sensitive emulsion carried thereon, the emulsion being of the type that is developed by heating it to its developing tempera-ture, the apparatus comprising: a film developing station including opposing, spaced-apart first and second film guide means forming a path for the film past the developing station, the spacing between the film guide means being greater than the thickness of the film, the first film guide means facing the emulsion; means for flowing pressurized gas in contact with the first film guide means into a space between the first film guide means and the emulsion; means for heating the first film guide means to thereby heat the gas between the first film guide means and the emulsion to at least the developing temperature; a fixing station downstream of the developing station for fixing the develop-ed emulsion; and transport means for moving the film in a downstream direction between the film guide means past the developing station and thereafter past the fixing station;
whereby the pressurized air forms an air bearing for the emulsion of the film as it moves past the film guide means and simultaneously therewith heat develops the emulsion without physically damaging it.
whereby the pressurized air forms an air bearing for the emulsion of the film as it moves past the film guide means and simultaneously therewith heat develops the emulsion without physically damaging it.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the pressurized gas flowing means comprises a gas passageway through the first film guide means and orifice means in fluid communication with the passageway for discharging pressurized gas into the space between the film emulsion and the first film guide means.
3. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the orifice means comprises a multiplicity of orifices.
4. Apparatus according to claim 3 wherein the film guide means comprises plate means, and wherein heating means comprises means for heating the plate means, whereby the heated plate means heats the pressurized gas before its discharge from the orifice means.
5. Apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the distance between the developing station and the fixing station is no more than about 15 inches.
6. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the transport means comprises a plurality of roller pairs, each pair of rollers being positioned so that film passing between the roller pairs is grasped and transported in a downstream direction, the rollers having a polished surface finish so that damage to the heat softened emulsion from surface irregularities of the rollers is prevented.
7. Apparatus according to claim 6 wherein at least the rollers of the roller pairs positioned downstream of the developing station have hollow interiors, and means for passing cooling air through the hollow roller interiors to thereby cool the rollers and effect a cooling of the heat developed film emulsion.
8. Apparatus according to claim 7 wherein the means for passing cooling air to the roller interiors comprises a plurality of radially oriented apertures in each roller communicating the roller exterior with the roller interior.
9. Apparatus according to claim 1 including a film cooling means disposed between the developing station and the fixing station, the cooling means defining a narrow channel in alignment with a gap between the first and second film guide means of the developing station, the channel having a width greater than the thickness of the film for passing the film in a downstream direction through the channel, the cooling means defining a multiplicity of openings communicating with the channel for flowing cooling air into the channel to thereby cool film and heated film emulsion in the channel.
10. Apparatus according to claim 9 including a housing having an interior chamber, wherein the developing station, the cooling means and the fixing station are disposed in first, second and third cavities defined by the chamber, and including a source of cooling air in fluid communication with at least the second and third cavities, respectively for cooling film in the channel and for cooling the fixing station.
11. Apparatus according to claim 10 including means for shielding the developing station from cooling air introduced into the second and third cavities.
12. Apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 3 including insulation applied to portions of the first and second film guide means at the developing station.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/597,800 US4052732A (en) | 1975-07-21 | 1975-07-21 | Apparatus for developing and fixing heat sensitive film |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1053055A true CA1053055A (en) | 1979-04-24 |
Family
ID=24392978
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA257,334A Expired CA1053055A (en) | 1975-07-21 | 1976-07-20 | Air bearing processor for heat sensitive photographic film |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4052732A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5840176B2 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU1590976A (en) |
| BE (1) | BE844352A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1053055A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2632621C2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES449967A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2319146A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1554632A (en) |
Families Citing this family (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4198145A (en) * | 1977-04-25 | 1980-04-15 | Rca Corporation | Apparatus for developing photographic images on an emulsion coated film |
| US4293212A (en) * | 1977-04-25 | 1981-10-06 | Rca Corporation | Thermal processor in an apparatus for developing photographic film |
| US4148575A (en) * | 1977-07-22 | 1979-04-10 | Rca Corporation | Thermal processor |
| DE7908775U1 (en) * | 1979-03-28 | 1979-07-19 | Hoechst Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | DEVELOPMENT CHAMBER |
| US4360259A (en) * | 1981-02-13 | 1982-11-23 | Burgess Dennis A | Diazo developing apparatus |
| US4371246A (en) * | 1981-02-13 | 1983-02-01 | Rca Corporation | Thermal processor |
| JPS61126251U (en) * | 1984-12-19 | 1986-08-08 | ||
| DE3627985A1 (en) * | 1986-08-18 | 1988-02-25 | Johannes Loersch | METHOD FOR PROCESSING FILM MATERIAL WITH DEFLECTION POINTS |
| JPH0668799U (en) * | 1993-03-11 | 1994-09-27 | 株式会社丸正 | Soap bubble generation toy |
| US5502532A (en) * | 1994-05-23 | 1996-03-26 | Biesinger; Mark G. | Method and system for processing film by speed and activating agent concentration temperature control |
| DE19621507C1 (en) * | 1996-05-29 | 1997-09-18 | Heidelberger Druckmasch Ag | Feed mechanism for web fed rotary printing appts., rotary offset printer |
| US5798825A (en) * | 1997-01-31 | 1998-08-25 | Eastman Kodak Company | Air bearing imaging platen |
| JPH1165072A (en) * | 1997-08-26 | 1999-03-05 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Heat developing method and heat developing device |
| US6369873B1 (en) | 2000-06-13 | 2002-04-09 | Eastman Kodak Company | Thermal processing system and method including a kiosk |
| JP4145218B2 (en) * | 2003-08-29 | 2008-09-03 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | Thermal development apparatus and thermal development method |
| US7461933B2 (en) * | 2005-12-07 | 2008-12-09 | Xerox Corporation | Sheet heater assembly having air bearing platelets |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1005239B (en) * | 1951-12-20 | 1957-03-28 | Strunz & Koerber O H G Dr | Process for the production of concentrated, stable, dilutable aqueous solutions of 4-dimethylaminoantipyrine |
| USB376979I5 (en) * | 1964-06-22 | |||
| US3372630A (en) * | 1965-06-04 | 1968-03-12 | Houston Schmidt Ltd | Apparatus for processing light sensitive film |
| US3718983A (en) * | 1971-05-07 | 1973-03-06 | Du Pont | Sheet drying apparatus |
| DE2153752C3 (en) * | 1971-10-28 | 1979-11-29 | Agfa-Gevaert Ag, 5090 Leverkusen | Sheet material dryer |
| US3775711A (en) * | 1972-05-26 | 1973-11-27 | Microm | Micro film duplicating device |
| US3774520A (en) * | 1972-06-23 | 1973-11-27 | A Smith | Developing mechanism for microfilm |
| US3817618A (en) * | 1973-04-30 | 1974-06-18 | R Riley | Microfiche duplicating means |
| US3867031A (en) * | 1974-02-07 | 1975-02-18 | Scott Paper Co | Method and apparatus for assuring contact between thin sheets of material |
| US3958142A (en) * | 1974-08-29 | 1976-05-18 | Quantor Corporation | Film duplicator |
-
1975
- 1975-07-21 US US05/597,800 patent/US4052732A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1976
- 1976-07-15 AU AU15909/76A patent/AU1590976A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-07-20 BE BE169097A patent/BE844352A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-07-20 CA CA257,334A patent/CA1053055A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-07-20 DE DE2632621A patent/DE2632621C2/en not_active Expired
- 1976-07-20 JP JP51086469A patent/JPS5840176B2/en not_active Expired
- 1976-07-20 FR FR7622098A patent/FR2319146A1/en active Granted
- 1976-07-20 ES ES449967A patent/ES449967A1/en not_active Expired
- 1976-07-21 GB GB30422/76A patent/GB1554632A/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2319146A1 (en) | 1977-02-18 |
| GB1554632A (en) | 1979-10-24 |
| JPS5840176B2 (en) | 1983-09-03 |
| DE2632621A1 (en) | 1977-02-17 |
| JPS5213337A (en) | 1977-02-01 |
| DE2632621C2 (en) | 1984-02-16 |
| US4052732A (en) | 1977-10-04 |
| AU1590976A (en) | 1978-01-19 |
| ES449967A1 (en) | 1977-08-16 |
| FR2319146B1 (en) | 1983-04-08 |
| BE844352A (en) | 1976-11-16 |
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