CA1043582A - Reinforcement for stabilized earth structures - Google Patents
Reinforcement for stabilized earth structuresInfo
- Publication number
- CA1043582A CA1043582A CA261,967A CA261967A CA1043582A CA 1043582 A CA1043582 A CA 1043582A CA 261967 A CA261967 A CA 261967A CA 1043582 A CA1043582 A CA 1043582A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- reinforcement
- ribs
- strip
- faces
- section
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
- E02D29/0225—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill
- E02D29/0241—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill the retention means being reinforced earth elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
- E04C5/01—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings
- E04C5/02—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings of low bending resistance
- E04C5/03—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings of low bending resistance with indentations, projections, ribs, or the like, for augmenting the adherence to the concrete
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A structure for stabilizing an earth mass, particularly an embank-ment. The structure includes elongated reinforcement members having transverse ribs for enhancing frictional engagement with the adjacent earth. The structure also includes skin or facing elements with brackets for connecting the reinforcement members to the skin elements.
The connection between the brackets and the reinforcement members is arranged to minimize the effects of corrosion.
A structure for stabilizing an earth mass, particularly an embank-ment. The structure includes elongated reinforcement members having transverse ribs for enhancing frictional engagement with the adjacent earth. The structure also includes skin or facing elements with brackets for connecting the reinforcement members to the skin elements.
The connection between the brackets and the reinforcement members is arranged to minimize the effects of corrosion.
Description
5~1~
mis invention relates to a reinforcement for stabilized earth structures, and particularly for stabilization of embankments.
In my prior United States patents Nos. 3,421,326 and 3~686,873, I
have described structures which stabilize an earth mass. These prior patents disclose elongated reinforcing elements which have a substantially uniform cross section throughout their length, and which are sufficiently pliable or flexible to allow for slight displacement in a vertical direction to accommodate for uneven placement of the earth during construction of the structure. m e earth adjacent the elements engages the surfaces of the lo reinforcing element with sufficient pressure to prevent longitudinal displace-ment of the reinforcement elements in the mass, although the reinforcing elements are subjected to substantial tensile forces.
Attempts have been made to increase frictional forces between the earth and the reinforcement members. For example, it has been proposed to use alu~inum for the reinforcement members with its surface roughened by grooves, but this provides only a slight increase in the coefficient of friction.
A further difficulty with prior stabilization structures is that the metallic components are subjected to corrosion, particularly at joints.
Over long periods of time, it is possible that corrosion would cause failure of one or more of the metall;c components. In the past, this has been taken care of by providing metal components which have a greater cross sectional area than is necesaary to support the forces anticipated. The obvious disadvantage of this technique is that additional metal is required, thereby increasing the cost.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved earth stabilization reinforcement wherein the frictional engagement between - the rainforcement and the earth mass is enhanced.
The invention provides a reinforcement for a reinforced earth ~()4;~
structure which has the general shape of a flat strip of substantially rectangular cross-section is relatively flexible and has on at least one of its faces transverse ribs whose height is of the same order of magnitude as the thickness of the strip, the spacing between said ribs being substantially greater than the height of the ribs whereby the ribs define therebetween gaps in which the surface of the strip is substantially smooth.
The frictional resistance to displacement of the reinforcement is enhanced by entrapping a layer of earth on the surface of the reinforce-ment, so that at least a portion of the surface of the elements acts as though it is coated with the earth.
Ribs may be provided on opposite sides of the reinforcement and, if so, the ribs are offset longitudinally. At the face of the earth mass, skin elements may be provided. The skin elements include rearwardly project-ing brackets which are spaced apart from each other a distance corresponding to the thickness of the reinforcement element, and an attachment device, such as a bolt, secures the reinforcement element to the brackets.
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Dl~SCl~ lP'rlON C)l;` TI]]~ AWINC;S
Sevcral preferred embo(liments of the invention are illustrated in the accompa.nying drawings in which:
Fig. 1 is a longitùdinal cross sectional view of a portion of a reinforcement element in accordance with this invention; - -Fig. 2 is a cross sectional view of the reinforcement elementalong the line 2-2 in Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is an enlarged cross sectional view as in Fig. 1 showing the interaction between the face and ribs of the reinforce-ment element and the earth mass;
Fig. 4 is an elevational view, partially in cross section, showing a portion of a skin element and the attachment to reinforce ment elements;
Fig. 5 is a cross sectional view along the line 5-5 in Fig. 9~;
Fig. 6 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of a joint between the mounting brackets and a reinforcement element, showing schematically the eff ects of corrosion;
Fig. 7 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of a joint connecting the ends of two adjacent reinforcement elements;
, Fig. 8 is a side elevational view showing an alternative joint arrangement for reinforcement elements;
Fig. 9 is an enlarged elevational vlew of a rib on a rcinforcement element;
Fig. 10 is an enlarged elevational view showing an altcrnate form of rib on a reinforccment elen~ent;
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Fig. 11 is a perspective view of an alternative reinforce nent elcment havin~ diagonal ribs;
,Fig. 12 is a perspective view of an alternate reinforcement element having cllevron ribs;
Figs. 13, 14 and 15 are top plan views of alternative reinforce-ment elements having diagonal ribs in various patterns;
Fig. 16 is an alternative reinforcement element having an elliptical cross section;
Fig. 17 is an elevational view of an alternative reinforcement element having ribs closely spaced along one portion and widely spaced along another portlon;
Fig. 18 is a perspective view showing the end of an alternative reinforcement element having an attachment plate;
Fig. 19 is a perspective view of an end of an alternative rein-forcement element with an attachment hole;
Fig. 20 is a perspective view of the end of an al-ternative reinforcement element having attachment washers;
Fig. 21 is a side elevational view, partially in cross section, of the end of an alternative reinforcement element having superimposed plates with an attachmcnl: hole;
Fig. 22 is a top plan vi~w of the end of an alternative reinforce-ment clement enlarged around the attachment hole Fig. 23 is a top plan view of an alternative reinforcement element .
having two attachment holes;
Fig. 24 is a sidc elevational vicw, partiall~- in cross scction, showing a modiflcation Or the structure of Fig. 4 utilizing lhe ribs to form the joint.
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I~)ESClRIP'r~ON O]? Pl~ 'T~ Ml~OIMl~TS
This invention relates to the concepts of earth stabilization dis-closed in my United States patents Nos. 3, 432, 326 and 3, 686, 873. In my prior patents, the reinforcement elements are described as being capable of sustaining tension without permanently elongatin~ and without fracture. The elements are preferably pliable or Mexible and have a substantially uniform cross section shape throughout a major portion of their length. The particles which make up the earth mass include powder, sand, gravel, stones and other particles which are approximately in the form of a sphere, and do not have any one dimension which is substantially greater than another. 'rhe action of the earth mass as described in my prior patents requires friction~l en~agement between the earth and the reinforcement elements to provide a high resistance to displacement of the particles relative to the reinforcement elements when a load is applied.
Referring to Flg. 1, the reinforcement element A1 comprises a strip 1 formed of~ a flexible material that is capable of supporting substantial tensile forces. Suitable materials include hot rolled steel. The strip 1 has a rectangular cross section (Fig. 2) and a plurality of transverse ribs 2 projecting outwardly on opposite sides of the strip 1. The ribs 2 have a generally trapezoidal shape. On each slde of the strip 1, the ribs
mis invention relates to a reinforcement for stabilized earth structures, and particularly for stabilization of embankments.
In my prior United States patents Nos. 3,421,326 and 3~686,873, I
have described structures which stabilize an earth mass. These prior patents disclose elongated reinforcing elements which have a substantially uniform cross section throughout their length, and which are sufficiently pliable or flexible to allow for slight displacement in a vertical direction to accommodate for uneven placement of the earth during construction of the structure. m e earth adjacent the elements engages the surfaces of the lo reinforcing element with sufficient pressure to prevent longitudinal displace-ment of the reinforcement elements in the mass, although the reinforcing elements are subjected to substantial tensile forces.
Attempts have been made to increase frictional forces between the earth and the reinforcement members. For example, it has been proposed to use alu~inum for the reinforcement members with its surface roughened by grooves, but this provides only a slight increase in the coefficient of friction.
A further difficulty with prior stabilization structures is that the metallic components are subjected to corrosion, particularly at joints.
Over long periods of time, it is possible that corrosion would cause failure of one or more of the metall;c components. In the past, this has been taken care of by providing metal components which have a greater cross sectional area than is necesaary to support the forces anticipated. The obvious disadvantage of this technique is that additional metal is required, thereby increasing the cost.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved earth stabilization reinforcement wherein the frictional engagement between - the rainforcement and the earth mass is enhanced.
The invention provides a reinforcement for a reinforced earth ~()4;~
structure which has the general shape of a flat strip of substantially rectangular cross-section is relatively flexible and has on at least one of its faces transverse ribs whose height is of the same order of magnitude as the thickness of the strip, the spacing between said ribs being substantially greater than the height of the ribs whereby the ribs define therebetween gaps in which the surface of the strip is substantially smooth.
The frictional resistance to displacement of the reinforcement is enhanced by entrapping a layer of earth on the surface of the reinforce-ment, so that at least a portion of the surface of the elements acts as though it is coated with the earth.
Ribs may be provided on opposite sides of the reinforcement and, if so, the ribs are offset longitudinally. At the face of the earth mass, skin elements may be provided. The skin elements include rearwardly project-ing brackets which are spaced apart from each other a distance corresponding to the thickness of the reinforcement element, and an attachment device, such as a bolt, secures the reinforcement element to the brackets.
.~
t~ 3 10~3~:lZ
Dl~SCl~ lP'rlON C)l;` TI]]~ AWINC;S
Sevcral preferred embo(liments of the invention are illustrated in the accompa.nying drawings in which:
Fig. 1 is a longitùdinal cross sectional view of a portion of a reinforcement element in accordance with this invention; - -Fig. 2 is a cross sectional view of the reinforcement elementalong the line 2-2 in Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is an enlarged cross sectional view as in Fig. 1 showing the interaction between the face and ribs of the reinforce-ment element and the earth mass;
Fig. 4 is an elevational view, partially in cross section, showing a portion of a skin element and the attachment to reinforce ment elements;
Fig. 5 is a cross sectional view along the line 5-5 in Fig. 9~;
Fig. 6 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of a joint between the mounting brackets and a reinforcement element, showing schematically the eff ects of corrosion;
Fig. 7 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of a joint connecting the ends of two adjacent reinforcement elements;
, Fig. 8 is a side elevational view showing an alternative joint arrangement for reinforcement elements;
Fig. 9 is an enlarged elevational vlew of a rib on a rcinforcement element;
Fig. 10 is an enlarged elevational view showing an altcrnate form of rib on a reinforccment elen~ent;
. .
_ 4 _ .
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Fig. 11 is a perspective view of an alternative reinforce nent elcment havin~ diagonal ribs;
,Fig. 12 is a perspective view of an alternate reinforcement element having cllevron ribs;
Figs. 13, 14 and 15 are top plan views of alternative reinforce-ment elements having diagonal ribs in various patterns;
Fig. 16 is an alternative reinforcement element having an elliptical cross section;
Fig. 17 is an elevational view of an alternative reinforcement element having ribs closely spaced along one portion and widely spaced along another portlon;
Fig. 18 is a perspective view showing the end of an alternative reinforcement element having an attachment plate;
Fig. 19 is a perspective view of an end of an alternative rein-forcement element with an attachment hole;
Fig. 20 is a perspective view of the end of an al-ternative reinforcement element having attachment washers;
Fig. 21 is a side elevational view, partially in cross section, of the end of an alternative reinforcement element having superimposed plates with an attachmcnl: hole;
Fig. 22 is a top plan vi~w of the end of an alternative reinforce-ment clement enlarged around the attachment hole Fig. 23 is a top plan view of an alternative reinforcement element .
having two attachment holes;
Fig. 24 is a sidc elevational vicw, partiall~- in cross scction, showing a modiflcation Or the structure of Fig. 4 utilizing lhe ribs to form the joint.
l~s~
I~)ESClRIP'r~ON O]? Pl~ 'T~ Ml~OIMl~TS
This invention relates to the concepts of earth stabilization dis-closed in my United States patents Nos. 3, 432, 326 and 3, 686, 873. In my prior patents, the reinforcement elements are described as being capable of sustaining tension without permanently elongatin~ and without fracture. The elements are preferably pliable or Mexible and have a substantially uniform cross section shape throughout a major portion of their length. The particles which make up the earth mass include powder, sand, gravel, stones and other particles which are approximately in the form of a sphere, and do not have any one dimension which is substantially greater than another. 'rhe action of the earth mass as described in my prior patents requires friction~l en~agement between the earth and the reinforcement elements to provide a high resistance to displacement of the particles relative to the reinforcement elements when a load is applied.
Referring to Flg. 1, the reinforcement element A1 comprises a strip 1 formed of~ a flexible material that is capable of supporting substantial tensile forces. Suitable materials include hot rolled steel. The strip 1 has a rectangular cross section (Fig. 2) and a plurality of transverse ribs 2 projecting outwardly on opposite sides of the strip 1. The ribs 2 have a generally trapezoidal shape. On each slde of the strip 1, the ribs
2 are spaced apart longitudinally at intervals 3, and the surface of the .: ~
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strip bctween thc rlbs is substanlially smooth. 'rhc ~spacing Or the ribs on each side of tllc strip is the same, but the ribs of one sidc are orfset lon~itudinally from the ribs on the other side l~s an escample of a preferred arrangement, the intervals between ribs 2 are not uniform. Successive ribs on one side are alternately spaced by the distance d (for e~ample, d is 50 millimeters) and a distance 2d. On the lopposite side of thc band, the corresponcling rib is offset to the middLe of the space between the ribs on the upper side (1/2d). When viewed in cross section, as shown in Fig. 2, the ribs 2 slightly enlarge the profile of the band 1.
Fig. 3 is an enlarged cross sectional view of the reinforcement Pnember having a n~ass of earth particles 4 superimposed on the upper sur-face of the band 1. The line 6 extends across the top of the ribs 2 to deline a volume of earth 7 which lies between the ribs 2 and the upper suIface of the band 1. The volume of earth 7 is trapped between the ribs and becomes essentially integral with the reinforcement member. The friction force is therefore increased because the coefrlcient of friction between the earth particles is greater than the coefficient of friction between the free surface of the strip 1 and the earth particles~
As shown in Fig. 3 of the drawings herèin, the ribs 2 are thicker .. . .
at the root than at the tip, so lhat the ribs resist deflection. Furthe~more, - the height of the ribs is preferabl.y small in order to reduce cantilever ~; loading on the ribs Referring to I;ig. 4, two reinforcemcnt elemcnts A1 are used in conjunction with rcinforced concrete panels 8 to form a mechanically stabilized embankmcnt, as disclosed in my prior patcnt No. 3, G86, 873.
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In accordance with lhis invcntion, a pair of braclcets 9 ar e embedde~l in the concrete of the panel 8, and thc opposite ends of the brackets projcct rearwardly.. The braclcets 9 are spaced apart, so that the ends extend substantially parallel to form tabs 11, which ~re spaced apart a distance corresponding to the thickness of the strip 1 at the end 12. The ribs 2 are spaced from the encl 12. Thc strip 1 is secured between.the two tabs 11 by a bolt 13 and a nut 14. The bolt 13 passes through aligned holes 16 and 17, respectively, in the end 12 of the strip and the tabs 11. As described in my patent No. 3, 686, 873, the space behind the panel 8 and around the enforcement members A1 is filled with a mass of particles 4 (Fig. 3), but the particles are omltted from Fig. 4 to simplify the illustra-tion.
An advantage of the attachment arrangement, as shown in Figs. 4 and 5, is that the interior portion of the end 12 and the tabs 1l is protected from the corrosive effects of moisture in the mass of particles. As shown in Fig. 6, the inner surfaces of the tabs 11 are in direct engagement with the end 12 of the reinforcement member. The bolt 13 tighly clamps these members together to exclude substantially all of the moisture, there-by protecting these mating surfaces. As a result, corrosion occurs only ~on the outside, as represented by the numeral 18 in Fig. 6. The cross section of tne joint around the hole 16, therefore, i9 protected, and the life o- the joint is accordingly prolonged.
In ordcr to extend the length of the reinforcement members A1, a plurality of reinforcement members may be joined together at their ends, as shown in Figs. 7 and 8. In the embodiment of Fig. 7, adjacent ends of the reinforccment members ~1 are secured together by a bolt 13 which .
, . . . .
.
.
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claml)s the en(l 12 I;o~elhcr in overlal)ping reLaLioll. In 1~ig. 8, tlle encls 12 are securcd betwcen plates 19 by a pair of bolts 13 ~ lthough the ribs 2 are shown in Figs 1-7 as being trapezoidal in cross section, thcy may be unsymmetrical,. as. shown in Fig. 9, or in thc form of a wave, as shown in Fig. 10.
Although the ribs 2 of Figs. 1-8 extend at right angles to the length of the band l, the ribs may be arranged obliquely, as shown in Fig. 11, with the ribs on one side being parallel to the ribs on the other side. As shown in Fig. 12, the ribs on the reinforcement member A3 are in the form of chevrons. Figs. 13J 14 and 15 show reinforcement members 1~4, A5, and A6, respectively. In each of these modifications, the ribs extend obliquely to the longitudinal axis of the reinforcement member, but the ribs on opposite sides of the member are not parallel. The reinforcement member 7, as shown in Fig. 16, ~as a strip portion which is in the form of an ellipse in cross section. The ribs 2 have a corresponding curvature to present an enîargement of tl1e strip in profile.
The ribs are not necessarily spaced uniformly along the length of the reinforcement members. As shown in Fig. 17, the reinforcement member A8 has portions 21 wherein the ribs are spaced closely together and a portion 22 that is devoid of ribs. The end 12 has a smooth surface for connection witll tabs projecting from the panel 8 in the same manner as shown in Fig. 4.
Various arrangements may be provided for the attachment and of the reinforcement members. As shown in Fig. 18, a plate 23 having a greater ti~ickness than that of the band 1 is secured at the end of the band. A
central hole 16 is provided in thc platc 23 for attachment to the tabs of a _ g _ - 1~4~S~3~
panel melIlber. Thc plate 23 preferal~ly is securcd to the band 1 by beat3s of wekling 24 bon(le(l by an adhcsive. In ];`ig. 19, the reinforcement elc-ment A1 has an encl porlion 12 with a central hole lG. A reinforcement plate 26 ls secure(l to lhe end 12 by welds 27 or bonded by an adhesive.
Tlle hole 16 In the plate 26 is aligned with the corresponding hol~ in the end portion 12 In the embodiment Or Flgs. 20 and 21, the end 12 of the reinforceme It member A1 is reinforced by two discs 28 on opposite sides of the strip. ~Preferably, the discs 28 have an angular boss 29 which is received in corresponding grooves in the end portion 12. The discs 28 are secured to the end portion 12 by resistance welding, for example.
A hole 1~ in the end portion 12 is aligned with the central openings in the respective discs 28.
In the embodiment of Fig. 22, the end portion 12 of the metal rein-forcement member is enlarged by hot forging, for example, in a manner to form the hole 16 without reducing the cross sectional area of the strip.
Hot forging of the metal member permits the formation of a rib 2 during formation of enlarged end portion, if desired. For plastic reinforcement membors, the hole 16 and rib 2 may be formed integral with the member.
The embodiment shown in Fig. 23 is similar to that shown in Fig.
~.
18, except that the plate 23 is provided witll two holes 16.
The attachment arrangement shown in Fig. 4 may be modified, as shown in ~ig. 24, to eliminate one of the parallel tabs 11 of Fig. 4. In the modification of Fig. 24, the end of the tab 11 is provided with down-wardly projecting ribs 31, which are engaged by upwardly projecling ribs 2 on the reinforccment member. The reinforcement melnber is assembled with thc tab 11 projccting on the rearward side of tllc pancl 9, and the t .
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attachment is held together by a bolt 13 which passesthrough a hole in the tab 11 and in the reinforcement member. The interlocking ribs 2 and 31 prevent longi-tudinal displacement between the tabll and the rein-forcement member.
It will be understood that the assembly of a rei~n~
forcement with another reinforcement or with a fixing tab anchored in a skin element could be achieved in a way other than by bolting, for example, by a pin, stapling~clipping, forming-over, or any other suitable method.
The reinforcement according to the inventinn may be _ employed in the as-rolled condition when it is incor-porated in a temporary structure in which corrosion is not to be feared. If it concerns a definitive struc-ture, the reinforcement is advantageously protected against corrosion, for example, for steel by a hot galvanization by dipping. However, the general shape of the reinforcement and the simplicity of the relief formed by the ribs permit effecting a protection in a fully automatic manner, such as metal spraying, painting, enamelling, glazing, or coating with tar or resin or plastic.
It will be understood that the reinforcement just described may be fixed to a skin element which is not of concrete but is, for example, constituted by a~
metal section, as disclosed in mu U.S. patent No.
~: ' . ' , o -6-.
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strip bctween thc rlbs is substanlially smooth. 'rhc ~spacing Or the ribs on each side of tllc strip is the same, but the ribs of one sidc are orfset lon~itudinally from the ribs on the other side l~s an escample of a preferred arrangement, the intervals between ribs 2 are not uniform. Successive ribs on one side are alternately spaced by the distance d (for e~ample, d is 50 millimeters) and a distance 2d. On the lopposite side of thc band, the corresponcling rib is offset to the middLe of the space between the ribs on the upper side (1/2d). When viewed in cross section, as shown in Fig. 2, the ribs 2 slightly enlarge the profile of the band 1.
Fig. 3 is an enlarged cross sectional view of the reinforcement Pnember having a n~ass of earth particles 4 superimposed on the upper sur-face of the band 1. The line 6 extends across the top of the ribs 2 to deline a volume of earth 7 which lies between the ribs 2 and the upper suIface of the band 1. The volume of earth 7 is trapped between the ribs and becomes essentially integral with the reinforcement member. The friction force is therefore increased because the coefrlcient of friction between the earth particles is greater than the coefficient of friction between the free surface of the strip 1 and the earth particles~
As shown in Fig. 3 of the drawings herèin, the ribs 2 are thicker .. . .
at the root than at the tip, so lhat the ribs resist deflection. Furthe~more, - the height of the ribs is preferabl.y small in order to reduce cantilever ~; loading on the ribs Referring to I;ig. 4, two reinforcemcnt elemcnts A1 are used in conjunction with rcinforced concrete panels 8 to form a mechanically stabilized embankmcnt, as disclosed in my prior patcnt No. 3, G86, 873.
. .
-- 7 -- C~
.
1Q~35~;~
In accordance with lhis invcntion, a pair of braclcets 9 ar e embedde~l in the concrete of the panel 8, and thc opposite ends of the brackets projcct rearwardly.. The braclcets 9 are spaced apart, so that the ends extend substantially parallel to form tabs 11, which ~re spaced apart a distance corresponding to the thickness of the strip 1 at the end 12. The ribs 2 are spaced from the encl 12. Thc strip 1 is secured between.the two tabs 11 by a bolt 13 and a nut 14. The bolt 13 passes through aligned holes 16 and 17, respectively, in the end 12 of the strip and the tabs 11. As described in my patent No. 3, 686, 873, the space behind the panel 8 and around the enforcement members A1 is filled with a mass of particles 4 (Fig. 3), but the particles are omltted from Fig. 4 to simplify the illustra-tion.
An advantage of the attachment arrangement, as shown in Figs. 4 and 5, is that the interior portion of the end 12 and the tabs 1l is protected from the corrosive effects of moisture in the mass of particles. As shown in Fig. 6, the inner surfaces of the tabs 11 are in direct engagement with the end 12 of the reinforcement member. The bolt 13 tighly clamps these members together to exclude substantially all of the moisture, there-by protecting these mating surfaces. As a result, corrosion occurs only ~on the outside, as represented by the numeral 18 in Fig. 6. The cross section of tne joint around the hole 16, therefore, i9 protected, and the life o- the joint is accordingly prolonged.
In ordcr to extend the length of the reinforcement members A1, a plurality of reinforcement members may be joined together at their ends, as shown in Figs. 7 and 8. In the embodiment of Fig. 7, adjacent ends of the reinforccment members ~1 are secured together by a bolt 13 which .
, . . . .
.
.
10435~
claml)s the en(l 12 I;o~elhcr in overlal)ping reLaLioll. In 1~ig. 8, tlle encls 12 are securcd betwcen plates 19 by a pair of bolts 13 ~ lthough the ribs 2 are shown in Figs 1-7 as being trapezoidal in cross section, thcy may be unsymmetrical,. as. shown in Fig. 9, or in thc form of a wave, as shown in Fig. 10.
Although the ribs 2 of Figs. 1-8 extend at right angles to the length of the band l, the ribs may be arranged obliquely, as shown in Fig. 11, with the ribs on one side being parallel to the ribs on the other side. As shown in Fig. 12, the ribs on the reinforcement member A3 are in the form of chevrons. Figs. 13J 14 and 15 show reinforcement members 1~4, A5, and A6, respectively. In each of these modifications, the ribs extend obliquely to the longitudinal axis of the reinforcement member, but the ribs on opposite sides of the member are not parallel. The reinforcement member 7, as shown in Fig. 16, ~as a strip portion which is in the form of an ellipse in cross section. The ribs 2 have a corresponding curvature to present an enîargement of tl1e strip in profile.
The ribs are not necessarily spaced uniformly along the length of the reinforcement members. As shown in Fig. 17, the reinforcement member A8 has portions 21 wherein the ribs are spaced closely together and a portion 22 that is devoid of ribs. The end 12 has a smooth surface for connection witll tabs projecting from the panel 8 in the same manner as shown in Fig. 4.
Various arrangements may be provided for the attachment and of the reinforcement members. As shown in Fig. 18, a plate 23 having a greater ti~ickness than that of the band 1 is secured at the end of the band. A
central hole 16 is provided in thc platc 23 for attachment to the tabs of a _ g _ - 1~4~S~3~
panel melIlber. Thc plate 23 preferal~ly is securcd to the band 1 by beat3s of wekling 24 bon(le(l by an adhcsive. In ];`ig. 19, the reinforcement elc-ment A1 has an encl porlion 12 with a central hole lG. A reinforcement plate 26 ls secure(l to lhe end 12 by welds 27 or bonded by an adhesive.
Tlle hole 16 In the plate 26 is aligned with the corresponding hol~ in the end portion 12 In the embodiment Or Flgs. 20 and 21, the end 12 of the reinforceme It member A1 is reinforced by two discs 28 on opposite sides of the strip. ~Preferably, the discs 28 have an angular boss 29 which is received in corresponding grooves in the end portion 12. The discs 28 are secured to the end portion 12 by resistance welding, for example.
A hole 1~ in the end portion 12 is aligned with the central openings in the respective discs 28.
In the embodiment of Fig. 22, the end portion 12 of the metal rein-forcement member is enlarged by hot forging, for example, in a manner to form the hole 16 without reducing the cross sectional area of the strip.
Hot forging of the metal member permits the formation of a rib 2 during formation of enlarged end portion, if desired. For plastic reinforcement membors, the hole 16 and rib 2 may be formed integral with the member.
The embodiment shown in Fig. 23 is similar to that shown in Fig.
~.
18, except that the plate 23 is provided witll two holes 16.
The attachment arrangement shown in Fig. 4 may be modified, as shown in ~ig. 24, to eliminate one of the parallel tabs 11 of Fig. 4. In the modification of Fig. 24, the end of the tab 11 is provided with down-wardly projecting ribs 31, which are engaged by upwardly projecling ribs 2 on the reinforccment member. The reinforcement melnber is assembled with thc tab 11 projccting on the rearward side of tllc pancl 9, and the t .
-:
1~ 58Z
attachment is held together by a bolt 13 which passesthrough a hole in the tab 11 and in the reinforcement member. The interlocking ribs 2 and 31 prevent longi-tudinal displacement between the tabll and the rein-forcement member.
It will be understood that the assembly of a rei~n~
forcement with another reinforcement or with a fixing tab anchored in a skin element could be achieved in a way other than by bolting, for example, by a pin, stapling~clipping, forming-over, or any other suitable method.
The reinforcement according to the inventinn may be _ employed in the as-rolled condition when it is incor-porated in a temporary structure in which corrosion is not to be feared. If it concerns a definitive struc-ture, the reinforcement is advantageously protected against corrosion, for example, for steel by a hot galvanization by dipping. However, the general shape of the reinforcement and the simplicity of the relief formed by the ribs permit effecting a protection in a fully automatic manner, such as metal spraying, painting, enamelling, glazing, or coating with tar or resin or plastic.
It will be understood that the reinforcement just described may be fixed to a skin element which is not of concrete but is, for example, constituted by a~
metal section, as disclosed in mu U.S. patent No.
3,421,326.
An example of a preferred reinforcement member in accordance with this invention is a metal member having a substantially rectangular cross section with a width of between 40 and 60 millimeters and a thick-ness of 5 millimeters. The ribs have a height of 3 millimeters. For work exposed to sea water, the metal ~ - 11 -~r~)~3582 member has a thickness of between 8 and 12 millimeters, with ribs of 3 millimeters and a width of 40 to 60 millimeters.
- lla -1~35~2 In re~artl lo tlle trallsversc riL~s 2 oll tllc rcinrorccmcllt clcmellts, it should bc unclcrstoo(l tl~at thesc ri~s funcl;ion in a diîfcrenl; manner from the deadman effcct utilizcd, for example, in the structure disclosed in Munster U. S. patent No. 1, 7G2, 3~3. In the Munster àevice, transverse wood blocks are spaccd betwecn longitutlinal members, ancl project above the surface of the longitudinal members. Thus, the transverse members of Munster are blockeà from movement through the soil and act as dead-men to hold the wall against earth pressure. Of course, in order for this type of deadman structure to be effective, it must be placed far enough rom the wall to be secured in the earth firrnly and not in the earth fill directly behind the wall.
Another structure that has been proposed is disclosed in French patent No. 1,173, 383 (Lallemand). This patent discloses earth stabiliza-tion-structures in which a longitudinal men ber is provided Wit]l transverse projections. The elongated member is then placed in the earth fill, so that the projections act as deadmen in substantially the same manner as disclosed in the Munster patent. The transverse projections as disclosed in the French patent to Lallemand are thin and apparently are flexible, so that they are not capable of trapping a body of particulate material between the projections as do thc transverse ribs 2 of the structure of my invention.
- While this invention llas been illustrated and described with respect to several preferred embodiments, it i9 recognized that variations and changes may be made ther~in without departing from the invention as set forth in the claims. Speclfically the reinforcement may be of any metal or any other material~ such as plastics materialr wood, etc.
An example of a preferred reinforcement member in accordance with this invention is a metal member having a substantially rectangular cross section with a width of between 40 and 60 millimeters and a thick-ness of 5 millimeters. The ribs have a height of 3 millimeters. For work exposed to sea water, the metal ~ - 11 -~r~)~3582 member has a thickness of between 8 and 12 millimeters, with ribs of 3 millimeters and a width of 40 to 60 millimeters.
- lla -1~35~2 In re~artl lo tlle trallsversc riL~s 2 oll tllc rcinrorccmcllt clcmellts, it should bc unclcrstoo(l tl~at thesc ri~s funcl;ion in a diîfcrenl; manner from the deadman effcct utilizcd, for example, in the structure disclosed in Munster U. S. patent No. 1, 7G2, 3~3. In the Munster àevice, transverse wood blocks are spaccd betwecn longitutlinal members, ancl project above the surface of the longitudinal members. Thus, the transverse members of Munster are blockeà from movement through the soil and act as dead-men to hold the wall against earth pressure. Of course, in order for this type of deadman structure to be effective, it must be placed far enough rom the wall to be secured in the earth firrnly and not in the earth fill directly behind the wall.
Another structure that has been proposed is disclosed in French patent No. 1,173, 383 (Lallemand). This patent discloses earth stabiliza-tion-structures in which a longitudinal men ber is provided Wit]l transverse projections. The elongated member is then placed in the earth fill, so that the projections act as deadmen in substantially the same manner as disclosed in the Munster patent. The transverse projections as disclosed in the French patent to Lallemand are thin and apparently are flexible, so that they are not capable of trapping a body of particulate material between the projections as do thc transverse ribs 2 of the structure of my invention.
- While this invention llas been illustrated and described with respect to several preferred embodiments, it i9 recognized that variations and changes may be made ther~in without departing from the invention as set forth in the claims. Speclfically the reinforcement may be of any metal or any other material~ such as plastics materialr wood, etc.
Claims (19)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A reinforcement for a reinforced earth structure which has the general shape of a flat strip of substantially rectangular cross-section is relatively flexible and has on at least one of its faces transverse ribs whose height is of the same order of magnitude as the thickness of the strip, the spacing between said ribs being substantially greater than the height of the ribs whereby the ribs define therebetween gaps in which the surface of the strip is substantially smooth.
2. A reinforcement as claimed in claim 1 wherein the ribs are recti-linear and perpendicular to the edges of the strip.
3. A reinforcement as claimed in claim 1 wherein the ribs are recti-linear and oriented obliquely.
4. A reinforcement as claimed in claim 1 wherein the ribs are arranged on herring-bone pattern.
5. A reinforcement as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the ribs have a constant or variable pitch.
6. A reinforcement as claimed in claim 1 wherein the ribs are provided on each face of the strip, and the pattern of spacing of the ribs is the same on both faces, with the ribs of one of the faces being offset with respect to the ribs of the other face.
7. A reinforcement as claimed in claim 1 wherein at least one of the end portions of the reinforcement has at least one aperture for fixing the end portion either to another reinforcement or to a skin element for cladding the structure of reinforced earth.
8. A reinforcement as claimed in claim 7 wherein the fixing aperture(s) is (are) formed in a section of the reinforcement whose two faces are smooth.
9. A reinforcement as claimed in claim 8 wherein the section in which the fixing aperture(s) is (are) formed is reinforced by a plate which is welded flat against one of the faces of the section.
10. A reinforcement as claimed in claim 8 wherein the section in which the fixing aperture(s) is (are) formed is reinforced by two washers welded or stuck to the respective faces of the segment.
11. A reinforcement as claimed in claim 7 wherein the fixing aperture(s) is (are) formed in a widened part of the band whereby a reduction of the section of the strip is avoided.
12. A reinforcement as claimed in claim 7 wherein the fixing aperture(s) is (are) formed in a plate which is welded or stuck to an adjacent part of the reinforcement in end-to-end relation to said adjacent part.
13. A reinforcement as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the strip has a rectangular cross-sectional shape.
14. A reinforcement as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the spacing of the ribs is at least 25mm.
15. A reinforcement as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein it is of steel.
16. An assembly of a reinforcement for a reinforced earth structure which has the general shape of a flat strip of substantially rectangular cross-section is relatively flexible and has on at least one of its faces transverse ribs whose height is of the same order of magnitude as the thick-ness of the strip, the spacing between said ribs being substantially greater than the height of the ribs whereby the ribs define therebetween gaps in which the surface of the strip is substantially smooth, in combination with a generally flat-shaped element which is disposed in overlapping relation, or which has an end portion disposed in overlapping relation, with one of the end portions of the reinforcement for the transmission to the element of the tensile force exerted by the reinforcement, the element and the reinforcement being relatively retained positively in a direction perpendicular to the faces of the reinforcement, wherein the element comprises on at least one of its faces at least one transverse rib against which rib a rib of the rein-forcement abuts in the direction of the application of tensile force.
17. An assembly as claimed in claim 16 wherein the element constitutes a part of a skin element for the cladding of the reinforced earth structure.
18. An assembly as claimed in claim 16 wherein the element constitutes another reinforcement similar to the first-mentioned reinforcement.
19. A structure of reinforced earth, wherein each of the reinforcements is a reinforcement for a reinforced earth structure which has the general shape of a flat strip of substantially rectangular cross-section is relative-ly flexible and has on at least one of its faces transverse ribs whose height is of the same order of magnitude as the thickness of the strip, the spacing between said ribs being substantially greater than the height of the ribs whereby the ribs define therebetween gaps in which the surface of the strip is substantially smooth.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR7529600A FR2325778A1 (en) | 1975-09-26 | 1975-09-26 | REINFORCEMENT FOR WORK IN ARMED EARTH |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1043582A true CA1043582A (en) | 1978-12-05 |
Family
ID=9160508
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA261,967A Expired CA1043582A (en) | 1975-09-26 | 1976-09-24 | Reinforcement for stabilized earth structures |
Country Status (30)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4116010A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS5242623A (en) |
| AR (1) | AR213291A1 (en) |
| AT (1) | AT360917B (en) |
| AU (1) | AU510596B2 (en) |
| BE (1) | BE846241A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR7606367A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1043582A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH615235A5 (en) |
| CY (1) | CY1093A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2642659A1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK148184C (en) |
| ES (1) | ES452262A1 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI67421C (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2325778A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1563317A (en) |
| GR (1) | GR61277B (en) |
| HK (1) | HK70880A (en) |
| IL (1) | IL50515A (en) |
| IN (1) | IN146436B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1071607B (en) |
| KE (1) | KE3097A (en) |
| LU (1) | LU75831A1 (en) |
| MY (1) | MY8100239A (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7610660A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO763262L (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ182160A (en) |
| OA (1) | OA05493A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE7610548L (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA765615B (en) |
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-
1975
- 1975-09-26 FR FR7529600A patent/FR2325778A1/en active Granted
-
1976
- 1976-09-15 BE BE170667A patent/BE846241A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-09-17 LU LU75831A patent/LU75831A1/xx unknown
- 1976-09-20 IN IN1735/CAL/76A patent/IN146436B/en unknown
- 1976-09-20 CH CH1189276A patent/CH615235A5/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-09-20 ZA ZA765615A patent/ZA765615B/en unknown
- 1976-09-20 IL IL50515A patent/IL50515A/en unknown
- 1976-09-22 DE DE19762642659 patent/DE2642659A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1976-09-23 SE SE7610548A patent/SE7610548L/en unknown
- 1976-09-23 ES ES452262A patent/ES452262A1/en not_active Expired
- 1976-09-23 FI FI762720A patent/FI67421C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-09-23 GR GR51757A patent/GR61277B/en unknown
- 1976-09-23 NO NO763262A patent/NO763262L/no unknown
- 1976-09-23 AT AT707176A patent/AT360917B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-09-24 AR AR264852A patent/AR213291A1/en active
- 1976-09-24 NZ NZ182160A patent/NZ182160A/en unknown
- 1976-09-24 CA CA261,967A patent/CA1043582A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-09-24 BR BR7606367A patent/BR7606367A/en unknown
- 1976-09-24 NL NL7610660A patent/NL7610660A/en unknown
- 1976-09-24 US US05/726,436 patent/US4116010A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1976-09-24 IT IT69306/76A patent/IT1071607B/en active
- 1976-09-24 DK DK431576A patent/DK148184C/en active
- 1976-09-27 CY CY1093A patent/CY1093A/en unknown
- 1976-09-27 GB GB40026/76A patent/GB1563317A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-09-27 JP JP51115714A patent/JPS5242623A/en active Pending
- 1976-09-27 AU AU18141/76A patent/AU510596B2/en not_active Expired
- 1976-11-25 OA OA55994A patent/OA05493A/en unknown
-
1980
- 1980-10-15 KE KE3097A patent/KE3097A/en unknown
- 1980-12-18 HK HK708/80A patent/HK70880A/en unknown
-
1981
- 1981-12-30 MY MY239/81A patent/MY8100239A/en unknown
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