Nordic countries are Linux Bbs Free all examples of countries where education is free all the way up including post-graduate studies. In Sweden and Finland, there is not even a fee for foreign students enrolling at Linux Bbs Free a university (exchange or not), although they may not be eligible for the monthly study allowance and loan most nationals are.
Several other European countries, Linux Bbs Free such as England and Germany, have had a history of some forms of free education, as well as Australia. In the 1970s the Australian Labor Party led by Prime Minister Gough Whitlam introduced reforms Linux Bbs Free which ensured free tertiary education. These reforms Linux Bbs Free were removed later in the 1980s Linux Bbs Free by the Bob Hawke Labor government. Students and radicals played an important part in forcing the Whitlam government to implement the free education system as well as Linux Bbs Free opposing the introduction of tertiary fees in the 1980s.
In some developing countries like Sri Lanka education is Linux Bbs Free given free Linux Bbs Free from the primary level up to the tertiary level. In Jamaica following the general Linux Bbs Free election on September 3rd 2008, the new Prime Minster declared free tution Linux Bbs Free cost for all Linux Bbs Free secondary school students.
Nowadays, as for many parts of the world outside the Nordic countries, free education usually comes to students in the form of scholarship and grants, if they cover all or most of Linux Bbs Free students' expenses while at school. Patrons for Linux Bbs Free grants and scholarships may be individuals, institutions (often the school itself), advocacy initiatives, Linux Bbs Free etc. They may have economic Linux Bbs Free (e.g. tax-deductibility), humanitarian, charitable or religious reasons. Linux Bbs Free Ireland has free education at all levels, including college and Linux Bbs Free university which is also free.
reedom is a very broad concept that has been given numerous different interpretations by different philosophies and Linux Bbs Free schools of thought. The protection Linux Bbs Free of interpersonal freedom can be the object of a Linux Bbs Free social and political investigation, while the Linux Bbs Free metaphysical foundation of inner freedom is a philosophical and psychological question. Both forms of freedom come Linux Bbs Free together in each individual as the internal and external values mesh together in a dynamic compromise and power struggle; the society fighting for power in defining the values of individuals and the individual fighting for societal Linux Bbs Free acceptance and respect in establishing one's own Linux Bbs Free values in it.
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In philosophy, Linux Bbs Free freedom often ties Linux Bbs Free in with the question of free will. Libertarian philosophers have argued that all human beings are always Linux Bbs Free free - Linux Bbs Free Jean-Paul Sartre, for instance, famously claimed that humans are "condemned to be free" - because they always have a choice Linux Bbs Free even an Linux Bbs Free external authority can only threaten punishment after an action, not physically prevent Linux Bbs Free a person from carrying out an action. At the other end of the Linux Bbs Free spectrum, determinism claims that the future is pre-determined and freedom Linux Bbs Free is an illusion.
The philosopher Linux Bbs Free Isaiah Berlin drew an important distinction between "freedom from" (negative freedom) and "freedom to" (positive freedom). For example, freedom from oppression and freedom to develop one's potential. Both these types of freedom Linux Bbs Free are in fact reflected in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Freedom as the absence of restraint means unwilling to subjugate, lacking submission, or without forceful inequality. The achievement of this form of freedom depends upon a combination of the resistance of the Linux Bbs Free individual (or group) and one's (their) environment; if one is in jail or even limited by a Linux Bbs Free lack of resources, this person is free within their power and environment, but not free to defy Linux Bbs Free reality. Natural laws restrict this form of freedom; for instance, no one is free to fly (though we Linux Bbs Free may or may not be free to attempt to do so). Isaiah Berlin appears to call this kind of freedom "negative freedom" - an absence of obstacles put in the way of my Linux Bbs Free action Linux Bbs Free (especially by other people). He distinguishes this from "positive Linux Bbs Free freedom", which refers to one's power to make choices leading to action.
Free software is Linux Bbs Free software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which Linux Bbs Free can be Linux Bbs Free copied and redistributed Linux Bbs Free in Linux Bbs Free modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or Linux Bbs Free with restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. To make these acts possible, the human readable form of the program (the "source code") must be made available. The source code Linux Bbs Free may be either accompanied by a notice granting the above permissions (a free software licence), or, much less commonly, the source Linux Bbs Free code can be released into public domain. The free software movement was Linux Bbs Free launched Linux Bbs Free in 1983 to Linux Bbs Free make these freedoms available to every computer user.
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From the late 1990s onward, alternative terms for free software came into use. Linux Bbs Free "Open source Linux Bbs Free software" Linux Bbs Free is Linux Bbs Free the most common such alternative term. Others include "software Linux Bbs Free libre", Linux Bbs Free "free, libre and open-source software" ("FLOSS"), and "free and open source software" ("FOSS"). The antonym of free software is "proprietary software" or non-free software.
Free software is distinct from "freeware" which is proprietary software made Linux Bbs Free available free of charge. Users usually cannot Linux Bbs Free study, modify, or redistribute freeware. The only permission freeware has Linux Bbs Free in common with free software is Linux Bbs Free the permission to use the software.
Since free software may be freely redistributed, it generally is available at little or no cost. Free Linux Bbs Free software business models Linux Bbs Free are usually based on adding value such as support, training, customization, integration, or certification. At the same time, Linux Bbs Free some business models Linux Bbs Free which Linux Bbs Free work Linux Bbs Free with proprietary software are not compatible with free software, such as those that depend on a user having no choice but to pay for a licence in order to lawfully use a software product.
Free software is a huge international effort, producing software used by Linux Bbs Free individuals, Linux Bbs Free large organizations, and governmental administrations. Free software has a very high market penetration in server-side Internet applications such as the Apache web server, MySQL database, and Linux Bbs Free PHP scripting language. Completely free computing environments are available as Linux Bbs Free large packages of basic system software such as the many Linux Linux Bbs Free distributions and FreeBSD. Free software developers have also created free versions of almost all commonly used desktop applications such as web browsers, office Linux Bbs Free productivity suites, and multimedia Linux Bbs Free players. It is important to note, Linux Bbs Free however, that in many categories, Linux Bbs Free free software for individual workstation or home users has only Linux Bbs Free a fraction of the market share of their proprietary competitors. Linux Bbs Free Most free software is distributed online without charge, or off-line at the marginal cost of distribution, but this is not Linux Bbs Free required, and Linux Bbs Free people may sell copies for any price.
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The economic viability of free software has been recognised Linux Bbs Free by large corporations such as IBM, Red Linux Bbs Free Hat, and Sun Microsystems. Many companies whose core business is not in the IT sector choose free software for their Linux Bbs Free Internet information and sales sites, due to the lower initial capital investment and ability to freely customize the application packages. Also, some non-software industries are beginning to use Linux Bbs Free techniques similar to those used in free software development for their research and development: scientists, for example, Linux Bbs Free are looking Linux Bbs Free towards Linux Bbs Free more open development processes, and hardware such as microchips are beginning to be developed Linux Bbs Free with specifications released under copyleft licenses (see the OpenCores project, for instance). Creative Commons and the free culture Linux Bbs Free movement have also been Linux Bbs Free largely influenced by the free software movement. Linux Bbs Free |
