A download manager is a computer program dedicated to the task Bosanske Muzke Download of downloading Bosanske Muzke Download (and sometime uploading) possibly unrelated stand-alone files from Bosanske Muzke Download (and sometime to) the Internet for storage. This is unlike a World Wide Web browser, which is Bosanske Muzke Download mainly intended to browse web Bosanske Muzke Download pages, composed of a multitude of smaller files, Bosanske Muzke Download where error-free moving of Bosanske Muzke Download files for permanent storage is of Bosanske Muzke Download secondary importance. (A failed or incomplete web page file rarely ruins the page.) The typical download manager at a minimum provides means Bosanske Muzke Download to recover from errors without losing the work already completed, and can optionally split the file to be downloaded (or uploaded) into 2 or more segments, Bosanske Muzke Download which are then moved in parallel, potentially making the process faster within the limits of Bosanske Muzke Download the available bandwidth. (A few Bosanske Muzke Download servers are known to block moving files in parallel segments, on the principle that server capacity should be shared equally by all users.) Multi-source is the name given to files that are downloaded in parallel.
There are several things that some web browsers are not very good at. That's where the Bosanske Muzke Download download managers enter the equation:
Pausing the Bosanske Muzke Download downloading of Bosanske Muzke Download large files.
Resuming broken or paused downloads (especially for very large files).
Downloading files on poor connections.
Downloading several files from a site automatically according to simple rules (file types, updated files, etc. - see also Offline Bosanske Muzke Download Browser).
Automatic recursive downloads (mirroring).
Scheduled downloads Bosanske Muzke Download (including, Bosanske Muzke Download automatic hang-up and shutdown).
Searching for mirror sites, and the handling of different connections to download the same file more quickly Bosanske Muzke Download (segmented Bosanske Muzke Download downloading).
Download managers are useful for active Internet users. For dial-up users, they can automatically dial the internet service provider at night, when rates or tariffs are Bosanske Muzke Download usually lower, download the specified files, and hang-up. They can record which links Bosanske Muzke Download the user clicks on during the day, and queue these files for later download. Bosanske Muzke Download For broadband Bosanske Muzke Download users, download managers can help download very large files by resuming broken downloads, by limiting the bandwidth used, so that other Bosanske Muzke Download internet activities are not affected (slowed) and the server is not overloaded, or by automatically Bosanske Muzke Download navigating a site and downloading pre-specified content (photo galleries, MP3 collections, etc.) this can also include automatically downloading whole sites and regularly updating them (see Mirroring).
Many download managers support Metalink, an XML file Bosanske Muzke Download listing mirrors, checksums, and other Bosanske Muzke Download information useful for downloading.
See below for some examples of commonly used download managers. Some downloaders are optimized for a certain function. For example, Offline Explorer is designed to download entire websites.
Download managers, Bosanske Muzke Download such as Go!Zilla, were among the first Bosanske Muzke Download adware applications displaying a banner ad in the user interface.
Related to download managers are two other breeds of Bosanske Muzke Download Internet programs, Bosanske Muzke Download file-sharing Bosanske Muzke Download peer-to-peer applications (Kazaa, eMule, BitTorrent, Gnutella) and stream recorders (such as StreamBox Bosanske Muzke Download VCR).
While download managers are Bosanske Muzke Download designed Bosanske Muzke Download to give users greater control over downloads, some downloaders are created to give Bosanske Muzke Download that control to content distributors instead. Some software companies, for example Adobe [1], provide Bosanske Muzke Download such downloaders for downloading software on their Bosanske Muzke Download own site. Presumably this Bosanske Muzke Download increases reliability and Bosanske Muzke Download reduces tech support Bosanske Muzke Download costs to them. A possible reason is increasing the control Bosanske Muzke Download over redistribution of their software (even when the software is freeware).In computer Bosanske Muzke Download technology and telecommunication, Bosanske Muzke Download on-line and off-line are Bosanske Muzke Download defined by Federal Standard 1037C. They are states or conditions of Bosanske Muzke Download a "device or equipment" or of "a functional unit". To be considered on-line, a device must be at least Bosanske Muzke Download one of:
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"Under the direct control of Bosanske Muzke Download another device"
"Under Bosanske Muzke Download the direct control of the system with which it is associated"
"Available for immediate use on demand by the system without human intervention"
"Connected to a system, and is Bosanske Muzke Download in operation"
"Functional and ready for service"
while a device that is off-line is not (e.g. Bosanske Muzke Download it has "its main power source disconnected or turned off", and is "off-power").
One example of a common Bosanske Muzke Download use of these concepts is a Mail Bosanske Muzke Download User Agent Bosanske Muzke Download that can be instructed to be in either "on-line" or "off-line" states. One Bosanske Muzke Download such MUA is Microsoft Outlook. When it is "on-line" it will attempt to connect to mail servers (to check for new mail at regular intervals, for example), and Bosanske Muzke Download when it is "off-line" it will not attempt to make any such connections. The "on-line" or "off-line" state Bosanske Muzke Download of the MUA does not necessarily reflect the connection status between the computer on which it is running and Internet. The user may have the computer itself on-line, connected to Internet via a cable modem or an ADSL connection, but may wish Bosanske Muzke Download for Outlook to be off-line, so that Bosanske Muzke Download it makes no attempt to send or to receive messages. Or the computer may Bosanske Muzke Download be configured to employ a dial-up Bosanske Muzke Download connection on demand (whenever an application such as Outlook attempts to make connection to a server), but the Bosanske Muzke Download connection may be an expensive telephone call from the particular location in which Bosanske Muzke Download the computer currently happens to be (such as a hotel room) and the user may not wish Outlook to trigger making Bosanske Muzke Download that call every 5 or 10 minutes to check for mail.[1]
Another example of the use of these concepts is Bosanske Muzke Download in the world of digital audio technology. A tape recorder, digital editor, or other device that is "on-line" is one whose clock is under the control of the clock of a "synchronization master" device. When the sync master commences playback, the "on-line" device automatically synchronizes itself to the master and commences playing from the same point in Bosanske Muzke Download the recording. Whereas a device that is "off-line" uses no external clock reference and relies Bosanske Muzke Download upon its own internal clock. When a large number of devices are connected to a sync master, it is Bosanske Muzke Download often convenient, if one wants to hear just the output of one single device, to take it off-line, because if the device is played back on-line all synchronized devices have to locate the playback point and wait for each other to be in synchronization.[2] Bosanske Muzke Download (For further related discussion, see MIDI timecode, word sync, and recording system Bosanske Muzke Download synchronization.)
A third example of a common use of these concepts is Bosanske Muzke Download a web browser Bosanske Muzke Download that can be instructed to be in either "on-line" or "off-line" states. The browser only attempts to fetch pages from servers whilst in the "on-line" state. Bosanske Muzke Download In the "off-line" state, users can perform offline browsing, where pages can be Bosanske Muzke Download browsed using Bosanske Muzke Download local copies of those Bosanske Muzke Download pages that have previously been downloaded whilst in the "on-line" state. This Bosanske Muzke Download can Bosanske Muzke Download be useful when the computer itself is also off-line, with connection to Internet expensive or impossible. The pages are either downloaded implicitly Bosanske Muzke Download into the web browser's Bosanske Muzke Download own cache, as a result Bosanske Muzke Download of prior on-line browsing by the user, Bosanske Muzke Download or explicitly by the Bosanske Muzke Download browser Bosanske Muzke Download being Bosanske Muzke Download configured to keep local copies of certain Bosanske Muzke Download web Bosanske Muzke Download pages, which it keeps updated when the browser is in the on-line state, either by checking that the local copies are up-to-date at regular intervals or by checking that the local copies are up-to-date whenever the browser is switched to the on-line state. One such web browser capable of Bosanske Muzke Download being explicitly configured to Bosanske Muzke Download download pages for offline browsing is Internet Explorer. When pages are added to the "Favourites" list, they can be marked for being made "available for offline browsing". Internet Explorer will download to local Bosanske Muzke Download copies both the marked page Bosanske Muzke Download and, optionally, all of the pages that it links to. In Internet Explorer version 6, the level of direct and indirect links, the maximum amount of local disc space allowed to be consumed, and the schedule on which local copies are checked to see whether they are up-to-date, are Bosanske Muzke Download configurable for each Bosanske Muzke Download individual "Favourite" entry.
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See also:
Offline Bosanske Muzke Download browsing known as "Offline favourites" was removed as a feature in the Bosanske Muzke Download most recent version of Internet Explorer 7, which only now supports single web page saving, but not browsing or storing an Bosanske Muzke Download entire site offline.[citation needed]
Similarly, off-line storage is computer Bosanske Muzke Download storage that is not "available for Bosanske Muzke Download immediate use Bosanske Muzke Download on demand Bosanske Muzke Download by the system without human intervention", i.e it Bosanske Muzke Download is storage that is off-line.
The ideas of "on-line" Bosanske Muzke Download and "off-line" have been generalized from Bosanske Muzke Download computing and telecommunication into the field of human Bosanske Muzke Download interpersonal relationships. Bosanske Muzke Download The distinction between what is considered "on-line" and what is considered "off-line" has become a subject of study in the Bosanske Muzke Download field of sociology.[7]
The distinction between "on-line" and "off-line" is conventionally seen as Bosanske Muzke Download the distinction between computer-mediated communication and face-to-face communication (e.g. face time), respectively. "On-line" is virtuality, and "off-line" is reality (e.g. Bosanske Muzke Download real life or meatspace). Slater Bosanske Muzke Download states that this distinction is "obviously far too simple". To support Bosanske Muzke Download his argument that the distinctions in relationships are more Bosanske Muzke Download complex than a simple "on-line"/"off-line" dichotomy, Bosanske Muzke Download he observes that some people draw no distinction Bosanske Muzke Download between an "on-line" relationship, such as indulging in cybersex, and Bosanske Muzke Download an "off-line" relationship, such as being pen-pals. He also argues that even the telephone can be regarded as an "on-line" experience in some circumstances, and that the blurring of the distinctions between Bosanske Muzke Download the uses of various technologies (such as PDA and mobile Bosanske Muzke Download telephone, television and Internet, and telephone and voice-over-IP) has made it "impossible to use the term 'on-line' meaningfully in Bosanske Muzke Download the sense that was employed by the Bosanske Muzke Download first generation of Internet research".[7]
Slater asserts that Bosanske Muzke Download there are legal and regulatory pressures to reduce the Bosanske Muzke Download distinction between "on-line" and "off-line", with a "general tendency to assimilate online Bosanske Muzke Download to Bosanske Muzke Download offline and erase the distinction", stressing, however, that this does not mean that on-line relationships are being reduced to pre-existing off-line relationships. He conjectures that greater legal status may be assigned to Bosanske Muzke Download on-line relationships Bosanske Muzke Download (pointing out that contractual relationships, such as business transactions, on-line are already seen as just as "real" as their off-line counterparts), although he states it to be hard Bosanske Muzke Download to imagine courts Bosanske Muzke Download awarding palimony to people Bosanske Muzke Download who have had a purely on-line sexual relationship. He also conjectures that an "on-line"/"off-line" distinction may be Bosanske Muzke Download seen by people as "rather quaint and not quite comprehensible" within 10 years.[7]
The distinction where "on-line" is Bosanske Muzke Download seen as virtuality and Bosanske Muzke Download "off-line" as reality is sometimes Bosanske Muzke Download inverted, with "on-line" concepts being used to define and to explain "off-line" activities, rather than (as per the conventions of the desktop metaphor Bosanske Muzke Download with its desktops, Bosanske Muzke Download trash cans, folders, and so forth) the other way Bosanske Muzke Download around. Several cartoons by The New Yorker have satirized this. One includes Saint Peter asking for a Bosanske Muzke Download user name and a password before admitting a Bosanske Muzke Download man into Heaven. Another illustrates "the off-line store" where "All items are actual size!", Bosanske Muzke Download where shoppers may "Take it home as soon Bosanske Muzke Download as you Bosanske Muzke Download pay for it!", and where "Merchandise may be handled prior to purchase!". |
