Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, Private Lessons Movie the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording Private Lessons Movie images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which Private Lessons Movie reflect October Movie those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be Private Lessons Movie an important art form, a source Private Lessons Movie of popular entertainment Private Lessons Movie and a powerful method for educating � Private Lessons Movie or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures Private Lessons Movie a universal power Private Lessons Movie of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide Private Lessons Movie attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly Private Lessons Movie in succession, a viewer Private Lessons Movie has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot Private Lessons Movie see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of Private Lessons Movie the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the Private Lessons Movie movies.In the Private Lessons Movie 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These Private Lessons Movie machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear Private Lessons Movie to be moving, a phenomenon Private Lessons Movie called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be Private Lessons Movie carefully designed to achieve the desired Private Lessons Movie effect Private Lessons Movie � and the underlying Private Lessons Movie principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, Private Lessons Movie it Private Lessons Movie became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a Private Lessons Movie variable Private Lessons Movie speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending Private Lessons Movie on how rapidly the crank was Private Lessons Movie turned. Some of these machines Private Lessons Movie were coin operated. Private Lessons Movie By the 1880s, the development Private Lessons Movie of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to Private Lessons Movie be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector Private Lessons Movie to Private Lessons Movie shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for Private Lessons Movie an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to Private Lessons Movie be known as Private Lessons Movie "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action Private Lessons Movie with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through Private Lessons Movie the late 19th century, but these Private Lessons Movie innovative silent Private Lessons Movie films had gained Private Lessons Movie a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth Private Lessons Movie century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into Private Lessons Movie multiple shots of varying sizes and Private Lessons Movie angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music Private Lessons Movie fitting the mood of the Private Lessons Movie film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with Private Lessons Movie a prepared list of sheet music Private Lessons Movie for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), Private Lessons Movie an Private Lessons Movie early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of Private Lessons Movie World War Private Lessons Movie I while the film industry in United States flourished with Private Lessons Movie the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, Private Lessons Movie European filmmakers such as Sergei Private Lessons Movie Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with Private Lessons Movie American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In Private Lessons Movie the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack Private Lessons Movie of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. Private Lessons Movie These sound Private Lessons Movie films were initially Private Lessons Movie distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of Private Lessons Movie cinema was the introduction of so-called Private Lessons Movie "natural" color. While the Private Lessons Movie addition of sound Private Lessons Movie quickly eclipsed silent Private Lessons Movie film and theater musicians, color Private Lessons Movie was Private Lessons Movie adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" Private Lessons Movie films. The public was relatively indifferent Private Lessons Movie to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more Private Lessons Movie movies were filmed in color after Private Lessons Movie the end of World War II, as the industry in America came Private Lessons Movie to view Private Lessons Movie color as essential to attracting audiences in its Private Lessons Movie competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By Private Lessons Movie the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline Private Lessons Movie of the Private Lessons Movie studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and Private Lessons Movie style Private Lessons Movie of film. New Hollywood, French Private Lessons Movie New Wave and the rise of film school educated Private Lessons Movie independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium Private Lessons Movie experienced in the latter half of the 20th Private Lessons Movie century. Digital Private Lessons Movie technology has been the Private Lessons Movie driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st Private Lessons Movie century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film Private Lessons Movie theory seeks Private Lessons Movie to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's Private Lessons Movie The Birth of Private Lessons Movie the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, Private Lessons Movie emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be Private Lessons Movie considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted Private Lessons Movie against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence Private Lessons Movie lay in its ability to Private Lessons Movie mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences Private Lessons Movie from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film Private Lessons Movie theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Private Lessons Movie Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly Private Lessons Movie review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once Private Lessons Movie and have only a day Private Lessons Movie or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, Private Lessons Movie especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the Lauren Bacall Movie majority of any film review can Private Lessons Movie still have an important impact on whether people decide to Private Lessons Movie see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often Private Lessons Movie doom a film to obscurity and financial Private Lessons Movie loss.
The impact of Private Lessons Movie a reviewer on a given Private Lessons Movie film's box office performance is Private Lessons Movie a Private Lessons Movie matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot Private Lessons Movie make an impact Private Lessons Movie against Private Lessons Movie it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some Private Lessons Movie heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as Private Lessons Movie the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme Private Lessons Movie critical reactions can Private Lessons Movie have considerable influence. Others Private Lessons Movie note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several Private Lessons Movie films Private Lessons Movie in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give Private Lessons Movie reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that Private Lessons Movie journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, Private Lessons Movie and true film critics are those who take a more Private Lessons Movie academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film Private Lessons Movie and filming techniques Private Lessons Movie work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on Private Lessons Movie television, their articles are published in Private Lessons Movie scholarly journals, or Private Lessons Movie sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how Private Lessons Movie successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to Private Lessons Movie their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and Private Lessons Movie screen Private Lessons Movie additional product Private Lessons Movie commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial Strapon Movie motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the Private Lessons Movie vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion Private Lessons Movie picture Private Lessons Movie actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In Private Lessons Movie the United States today, Private Lessons Movie much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, Weekly Dvd Movie Releases the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led Private Lessons Movie cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly Private Lessons Movie and risky nature Private Lessons Movie of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Private Lessons Movie Academy Awards (also known as Private Lessons Movie "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards Private Lessons Movie in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, Movie Theater Laurie Mo ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a Private Lessons Movie showing of a movie to a select audience, Private Lessons Movie usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are Private Lessons Movie sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may Private Lessons Movie result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen Private Lessons Movie they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created Private Lessons Movie by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made Private Lessons Movie with a Private Lessons Movie skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an Private Lessons Movie open source film may be produced through Private Lessons Movie open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in Private Lessons Movie a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio Private Lessons Movie system.
This production Private Lessons Movie cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with Private Lessons Movie development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film Private Lessons Movie crew is a group of people Private Lessons Movie hired by Private Lessons Movie a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film Private Lessons Movie or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the Private Lessons Movie camera Private Lessons Movie or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the Private Lessons Movie production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such Private Lessons Movie as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director Private Lessons Movie and his/her staff of Private Lessons Movie assistants. Private Lessons Movie Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards Private Lessons Movie for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, Private Lessons Movie shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), Private Lessons Movie sets, and production special Private Lessons Movie effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an Private Lessons Movie emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
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Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and Private Lessons Movie 23 Private Lessons Movie frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s Private Lessons Movie on up Private Lessons Movie (often reels Private Lessons Movie included Private Lessons Movie instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. Private Lessons Movie When sound film Pathfinder Movie was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was Private Lessons Movie required for the sound head. 24 Private Lessons Movie frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the Private Lessons Movie late 19th century include the Private Lessons Movie mechanization of cameras � allowing them to Private Lessons Movie record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large Private Lessons Movie "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to Private Lessons Movie film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of Private Lessons Movie synchronized Private Lessons Movie sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the Private Lessons Movie same speed as its Private Lessons Movie corresponding action. The Private Lessons Movie soundtrack Private Lessons Movie can Private Lessons Movie be recorded separately Private Lessons Movie from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has Private Lessons Movie importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and Private Lessons Movie storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have Private Lessons Movie been Private Lessons Movie copied Private Lessons Movie onto modern safety Private Lessons Movie films. Some studios save Private Lessons Movie color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or Private Lessons Movie blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods Private Lessons Movie have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a Private Lessons Movie poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is Private Lessons Movie generally a Private Lessons Movie higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases Private Lessons Movie and color films preserved on Technicolor Private Lessons Movie imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films Private Lessons Movie in recent Private Lessons Movie decades have been recorded using Private Lessons Movie analog Rocky Balboa The Movie video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital Private Lessons Movie projectors are Private Lessons Movie gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for Private Lessons Movie the film stock to be processed. Malibu Spring Break Showtime Movie Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion Private Lessons Movie pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking Private Lessons Movie often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. Private Lessons Movie An independent film (or Private Lessons Movie indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a Private Lessons Movie major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the Private Lessons Movie growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On Private Lessons Movie the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in Private Lessons Movie cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds Private Lessons Movie of the films Private Lessons Movie put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is Private Lessons Movie almost never given the opportunity to Private Lessons Movie get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or Private Lessons Movie she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios Private Lessons Movie rarely produce films with Private Lessons Movie unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. Private Lessons Movie The cost of 35 mm Private Lessons Movie film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of Private Lessons Movie consumer camcorders Private Lessons Movie in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival Private Lessons Movie of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie Private Lessons Movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly Private Lessons Movie lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can Private Lessons Movie be installed Private Lessons Movie in a Private Lessons Movie commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear Private Lessons Movie editing system pro-level Private Lessons Movie software like Adobe Private Lessons Movie Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Private Lessons Movie Cut Pro, and Private Lessons Movie consumer level software such Private Lessons Movie as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction Private Lessons Movie of DV technology, Private Lessons Movie the means Private Lessons Movie of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit Private Lessons Movie a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix Private Lessons Movie the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be Private Lessons Movie democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get Private Lessons Movie their films noticed Private Lessons Movie and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video Private Lessons Movie outlets such Private Lessons Movie as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film Private Lessons Movie is much like Private Lessons Movie an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under Private Lessons Movie a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative Private Lessons Movie works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking Private Lessons Movie takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major Private Lessons Movie studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book Private Lessons Movie or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally Private Lessons Movie been Private Lessons Movie amateurs, but some of the more notable films Private Lessons Movie have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films Private Lessons Movie vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion Private Lessons Movie pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film Private Lessons Movie Movie Times Sacramento is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, Private Lessons Movie or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed Private Lessons Movie of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the Private Lessons Movie process.
File formats like Private Lessons Movie GIF, QuickTime, Private Lessons Movie Shockwave and Flash allow animation to Private Lessons Movie be viewed on a Private Lessons Movie computer Private Lessons Movie or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes Private Lessons Movie from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least Private Lessons Movie since the 1950s, with animation being Movie Independence Day produced by Private Lessons Movie independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Private Lessons Movie Several independent animation producers Private Lessons Movie have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing Anupama Movie Songs production and decreasing costs Private Lessons Movie of animation by Private Lessons Movie using "short cuts" in the animation process. Private Lessons Movie This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios Private Lessons Movie as cartoons moved from movie theaters Private Lessons Movie to television.[3]
Although most Private Lessons Movie animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific Private Lessons Movie style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman Private Lessons Movie McLaren, Len Private Lessons Movie Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is Private Lessons Movie often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Private Lessons Movie Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted Private Lessons Movie from existing facilities within a few Private Lessons Movie years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically Private Lessons Movie cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, Private Lessons Movie there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a Private Lessons Movie "B Private Lessons Movie picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage Private Lessons Movie of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all Private Lessons Movie mass marketed feature Private Lessons Movie films Private Lessons Movie were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has Private Lessons Movie allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, Private Lessons Movie usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Private Lessons Movie Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films Private Lessons Movie on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also Private Lessons Movie videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values Private Lessons Movie on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared Private Lessons Movie to theatrical releases in similar genres, Private Lessons Movie and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed Private Lessons Movie through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% Private Lessons Movie of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and Private Lessons Movie decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an Private Lessons Movie incentive to Private Lessons Movie theaters to keep movies in the Private Lessons Movie theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly Private Lessons Movie marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown Private Lessons Movie in first-run theaters Private Lessons Movie for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their Private Lessons Movie theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According Private Lessons Movie to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office Private Lessons Movie ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely Private Lessons Movie available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the Private Lessons Movie 1960s and 1970s, such as the Private Lessons Movie Coldwater Mi Movie Theater development of color television and large Private Lessons Movie screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films Private Lessons Movie for Private Lessons Movie home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification Private Lessons Movie systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD Private Lessons Movie or plasma screens enabled Private Lessons Movie people Private Lessons Movie to select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and Private Lessons Movie visual reproduction. These new Private Lessons Movie technologies provided audio and visual that Private Lessons Movie in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film Private Lessons Movie with Private Lessons Movie a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Private Lessons Movie Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and moving towards digital screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker distribution of films Private Lessons Movie (via satellite or hard disks), a development which Private Lessons Movie may give local theaters a reprieve from their predicted demise.
The cinema now faces a Private Lessons Movie new challenge from home video by Private Lessons Movie the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide full HD 1080p video playback at near Private Lessons Movie cinema quality. Video formats are gradually catching up with the resolutions and quality that film offers, 1080p in Private Lessons Movie Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of 1920?1080 a leap from the DVD offering of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 Private Lessons Movie offered by the first home video standard VHS. Private Lessons Movie The maximum resolutions that film currently Private Lessons Movie offers are 2485?2970 or 1420?3390, UHD, a future digital video format, will offer a massive resolution of Private Lessons Movie 7680?4320, surpassing all current film resolutions. Private Lessons |
