Film is a term that encompasses individual motion Vivian Hsu Movie Nude pictures, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude the field of film as an art form, and the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with Vivian Hsu Movie Nude cameras, or by creating images Vivian Hsu Movie Nude using animation techniques Vivian Hsu Movie Nude or special Vivian Hsu Movie Nude effects.
Films Vivian Hsu Movie Nude are cultural artifacts created Vivian Hsu Movie Nude by specific cultures, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect Vivian Hsu Movie Nude them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular Vivian Hsu Movie Nude entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power Vivian Hsu Movie Nude of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up Vivian Hsu Movie Nude of a series of individual images called frames. When these images Vivian Hsu Movie Nude are Vivian Hsu Movie Nude shown rapidly in succession, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude a viewer has the illusion that Vivian Hsu Movie Nude motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known Vivian Hsu Movie Nude as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had Vivian Hsu Movie Nude historically been the primary medium for Vivian Hsu Movie Nude recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most Vivian Hsu Movie Nude commonly, movie. Additional Vivian Hsu Movie Nude terms for the field in general include the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences Vivian Hsu Movie Nude of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a Vivian Hsu Movie Nude phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude the images needed to be carefully designed Vivian Hsu Movie Nude to achieve Vivian Hsu Movie Nude the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude world's earliest film, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude by Vivian Hsu Movie Nude Louis Le Vivian Hsu Movie Nude Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to Vivian Hsu Movie Nude directly capture objects in motion in real Vivian Hsu Movie Nude time. Vivian Hsu Movie Nude Early versions of Vivian Hsu Movie Nude the technology sometimes Vivian Hsu Movie Nude required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached Vivian Hsu Movie Nude to Vivian Hsu Movie Nude a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on Vivian Hsu Movie Nude how rapidly the crank Vivian Hsu Movie Nude was turned. Some Vivian Hsu Movie Nude of these machines Vivian Hsu Movie Nude were coin Anupama Movie Songs operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed Vivian Hsu Movie Nude and printed film and magnify Vivian Hsu Movie Nude these Vivian Hsu Movie Nude "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as Vivian Hsu Movie Nude "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments Vivian Hsu Movie Nude (1894), commercial Vivian Hsu Movie Nude motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude but Vivian Hsu Movie Nude these innovative silent films had gained a hold on Vivian Hsu Movie Nude the public imagination. Around Vivian Hsu Movie Nude the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by Vivian Hsu Movie Nude stringing scenes Vivian Hsu Movie Nude together to tell narratives. The scenes Vivian Hsu Movie Nude were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play Vivian Hsu Movie Nude music fitting the mood of the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a Vivian Hsu Movie Nude prepared list of sheet Vivian Hsu Movie Nude music Vivian Hsu Movie Nude for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed Vivian Hsu Movie Nude for major productions.
A shot Vivian Hsu Movie Nude from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune Vivian Hsu Movie Nude (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early Vivian Hsu Movie Nude narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted Coldwater Mi Movie Theater by the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United States flourished with Vivian Hsu Movie Nude the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude along with American innovator D. W. Griffith Vivian Hsu Movie Nude and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and Vivian Hsu Movie Nude others, continued to advance the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude medium. In the 1920s, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude new technology allowed filmmakers Vivian Hsu Movie Nude to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in Vivian Hsu Movie Nude the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called Vivian Hsu Movie Nude "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was Vivian Hsu Movie Nude adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively Vivian Hsu Movie Nude indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more Vivian Hsu Movie Nude movies were filmed in color after the Private Lessons Movie end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in Vivian Hsu Movie Nude its competition Vivian Hsu Movie Nude with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude succeeding decades saw changes in the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude production and style of film. New Vivian Hsu Movie Nude Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in Vivian Hsu Movie Nude change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply Vivian Hsu Movie Nude to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude led Vivian Hsu Movie Nude by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and Vivian Hsu Movie Nude thus Vivian Hsu Movie Nude could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude and Vivian Hsu Movie Nude this Vivian Hsu Movie Nude gave Vivian Hsu Movie Nude rise Initial D The Movie to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred Vivian Hsu Movie Nude by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and Vivian Hsu Movie Nude others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film Vivian Hsu Movie Nude scholars and Vivian Hsu Movie Nude journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
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Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to Vivian Hsu Movie Nude formulate Top Action Movie opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain Vivian Hsu Movie Nude genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films Vivian Hsu Movie Nude tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment Vivian Hsu Movie Nude of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still Vivian Hsu Movie Nude have an important impact Vivian Hsu Movie Nude on whether people decide Vivian Hsu Movie Nude to see Vivian Hsu Movie Nude a Vivian Hsu Movie Nude film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews Vivian Hsu Movie Nude will often doom Vivian Hsu Movie Nude a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well Vivian Hsu Movie Nude financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies Vivian Hsu Movie Nude which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable Vivian Hsu Movie Nude influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown Vivian Hsu Movie Nude to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of Vivian Hsu Movie Nude the film. Vivian Hsu Movie Nude However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth Vivian Hsu Movie Nude seeing Vivian Hsu Movie Nude and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist Vivian Hsu Movie Nude film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics Vivian Hsu Movie Nude are Vivian Hsu Movie Nude those who take Vivian Hsu Movie Nude a more academic approach to films. This line Vivian Hsu Movie Nude of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to Vivian Hsu Movie Nude come to understand Vivian Hsu Movie Nude how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. Already Dead Movie They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing Vivian Hsu Movie Nude of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude was in their native France, the Lumieres Vivian Hsu Movie Nude quickly Vivian Hsu Movie Nude set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their Vivian Hsu Movie Nude equipment and photograph, export, import and Vivian Hsu Movie Nude screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was Vivian Hsu Movie Nude the first commercial motion picture ever Vivian Hsu Movie Nude produced. Other pictures soon followed, and Vivian Hsu Movie Nude motion pictures Vivian Hsu Movie Nude became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to Vivian Hsu Movie Nude produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract Vivian Hsu Movie Nude that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the United Vivian Hsu Movie Nude States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude Indian film industry's Hindi Vivian Hsu Movie Nude cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether Vivian Hsu Movie Nude the ten thousand-plus feature length Vivian Hsu Movie Nude films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film Vivian Hsu Movie Nude industry should qualify for this title is the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude source of some debate.[citation Vivian Hsu Movie Nude needed] Though the expense involved Vivian Hsu Movie Nude in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to Vivian Hsu Movie Nude the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many Vivian Hsu Movie Nude films have large cost Vivian Hsu Movie Nude overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social Vivian Hsu Movie Nude significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a Vivian Hsu Movie Nude select audience, usually for the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews Vivian Hsu Movie Nude are sometimes used to Vivian Hsu Movie Nude judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are Vivian Hsu Movie Nude film advertisements for films Vivian Hsu Movie Nude that will be exhibited Vivian Hsu Movie Nude in the future at a cinema, on whose screen Vivian Hsu Movie Nude they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons Vivian Hsu Movie Nude tended to leave the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude theater Vivian Hsu Movie Nude after the films ended, but the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude name has stuck. Trailers are now shown Vivian Hsu Movie Nude before the film (or the A movie in Vivian Hsu Movie Nude a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an Vivian Hsu Movie Nude open source Vivian Hsu Movie Nude film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes Vivian Hsu Movie Nude place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced Vivian Hsu Movie Nude in a variety Vivian Hsu Movie Nude of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within Vivian Hsu Movie Nude the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The Vivian Hsu Movie Nude second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Vivian Hsu Movie Nude Film crew
A Vivian Hsu Movie Nude film crew is a Vivian Hsu Movie Nude group of people hired by a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" Vivian Hsu Movie Nude phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are Vivian Hsu Movie Nude distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or Vivian Hsu Movie Nude provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and Vivian Hsu Movie Nude those whose primary Vivian Hsu Movie Nude responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as Vivian Hsu Movie Nude writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of Vivian Hsu Movie Nude assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
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Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester Vivian Hsu Movie Nude base Vivian Hsu Movie Nude coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Vivian Hsu Movie Nude Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by Vivian Hsu Movie Nude safer Vivian Hsu Movie Nude materials. Stock widths and the film Vivian Hsu Movie Nude format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot Vivian Hsu Movie Nude on (and distributed Vivian Hsu Movie Nude to theaters) as Vivian Hsu Movie Nude 35 mm prints.
Originally moving Vivian Hsu Movie Nude picture film was shot and projected at Vivian Hsu Movie Nude various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute Vivian Hsu Movie Nude (16? frame/s) Vivian Hsu Movie Nude is generally Vivian Hsu Movie Nude cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between Vivian Hsu Movie Nude 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions Vivian Hsu Movie Nude on how fast each scene Vivian Hsu Movie Nude should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude late 1920s, a constant Vivian Hsu Movie Nude speed was Vivian Hsu Movie Nude required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was Vivian Hsu Movie Nude chosen because Vivian Hsu Movie Nude it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) Vivian Hsu Movie Nude speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements Vivian Hsu Movie Nude since the late 19th century include Vivian Hsu Movie Nude the mechanization of cameras � allowing them Vivian Hsu Movie Nude to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of Vivian Hsu Movie Nude more sophisticated Vivian Hsu Movie Nude filmstocks Vivian Hsu Movie Nude and lenses, allowing directors to film in Vivian Hsu Movie Nude increasingly Vivian Hsu Movie Nude dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding Vivian Hsu Movie Nude action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude but for live-action pictures many parts of the Coming Soon Movie News soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to Vivian Hsu Movie Nude present a Vivian Hsu Movie Nude progressive sequence Vivian Hsu Movie Nude of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and Vivian Hsu Movie Nude storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base Vivian Hsu Movie Nude have been Vivian Hsu Movie Nude copied onto modern safety films. Vivian Hsu Movie Nude Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W Vivian Hsu Movie Nude negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been Vivian Hsu Movie Nude used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) Vivian Hsu Movie Nude a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a Vivian Hsu Movie Nude matter Vivian Hsu Movie Nude of concern Vivian Hsu Movie Nude to Vivian Hsu Movie Nude both film historians and archivists, and to companies Vivian Hsu Movie Nude interested in preserving their existing products Vivian Hsu Movie Nude in order Vivian Hsu Movie Nude to make them available to future Vivian Hsu Movie Nude generations (and thereby increase revenue). Vivian Hsu Movie Nude Preservation is Vivian Hsu Movie Nude generally Vivian Hsu Movie Nude a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip Vivian Hsu Movie Nude color films, due to their high decay Vivian Hsu Movie Nude rates; black and white films on safety bases and Vivian Hsu Movie Nude color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition Vivian Hsu Movie Nude prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology Vivian Hsu Movie Nude similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and Vivian Hsu Movie Nude digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated Vivian Hsu Movie Nude and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet Vivian Hsu Movie Nude the migration is gradual, and Vivian Hsu Movie Nude as of 2005 most major motion pictures are Vivian Hsu Movie Nude still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a Vivian Hsu Movie Nude major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of Vivian Hsu Movie Nude the indie film scene in the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a Vivian Hsu Movie Nude trend in Hollywood towards Vivian Hsu Movie Nude co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out Vivian Hsu Movie Nude by Warner Bros. in Vivian Hsu Movie Nude 2000 Vivian Hsu Movie Nude were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios Vivian Hsu Movie Nude rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in Vivian Hsu Movie Nude lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment Vivian Hsu Movie Nude and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But Vivian Hsu Movie Nude the advent of consumer Vivian Hsu Movie Nude camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video Vivian Hsu Movie Nude in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for Vivian Hsu Movie Nude post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software Vivian Hsu Movie Nude like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude introduction Vivian Hsu Movie Nude of DV technology, the means of production Vivian Hsu Movie Nude have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and Vivian Hsu Movie Nude edit the sound and Vivian Hsu Movie Nude music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production Vivian Hsu Movie Nude may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for Vivian Hsu Movie Nude distribution. The arrival of internet-based Vivian Hsu Movie Nude video outlets such as Vivian Hsu Movie Nude YouTube and Vivian Hsu Movie Nude Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available Vivian Hsu Movie Nude under a license which is permissive enough to allow other Vivian Hsu Movie Nude parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Vivian Hsu Movie Nude Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking Vivian Hsu Movie Nude takes place outside Vivian Hsu Movie Nude of Hollywood, or other major Vivian Hsu Movie Nude studio systems.
Fan Vivian Hsu Movie Nude film
Main article: Fan Vivian Hsu Movie Nude film
A fan film is a film Vivian Hsu Movie Nude or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book Vivian Hsu Movie Nude or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Vivian Hsu Movie Nude Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional Vivian Hsu Movie Nude filmmakers as Vivian Hsu Movie Nude film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in Vivian Hsu Movie Nude length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer Vivian Hsu Movie Nude full-length motion Vivian Hsu Movie Nude pictures
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Animation is the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude technique in which each frame of a film is produced Vivian Hsu Movie Nude individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by Vivian Hsu Movie Nude photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), Vivian Hsu Movie Nude and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating Vivian Hsu Movie Nude such a film is Vivian Hsu Movie Nude very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped Vivian Hsu Movie Nude up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very Vivian Hsu Movie Nude time-consuming and Vivian Hsu Movie Nude often very Vivian Hsu Movie Nude expensive to produce, the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Vivian Hsu Movie Nude Several independent animation producers have gone on to Palestine Texas Movie Theater enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of Vivian Hsu Movie Nude animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most Vivian Hsu Movie Nude animation studios are now using digital Vivian Hsu Movie Nude technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that Vivian Hsu Movie Nude depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye Vivian Hsu Movie Nude and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film Make A Movie Online For Free is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. Vivian Hsu Movie Nude The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to Vivian Hsu Movie Nude be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature Vivian Hsu Movie Nude film). Before the 1970s, there Vivian Hsu Movie Nude were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, and Vivian Hsu Movie Nude a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown Vivian Hsu Movie Nude before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Vivian Hsu Movie Nude Twenty").
Historically, all Vivian Hsu Movie Nude mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films Vivian Hsu Movie Nude to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet Vivian Hsu Movie Nude downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources Vivian Hsu Movie Nude for the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some Vivian Hsu Movie Nude films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% Vivian Hsu Movie Nude of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental Vivian Hsu Movie Nude fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than Vivian Hsu Movie Nude that, and decreases as the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most Vivian Hsu Movie Nude movies are shown Vivian Hsu Movie Nude in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that Vivian Hsu Movie Nude defy this Vivian Hsu Movie Nude rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office Vivian Hsu Movie Nude ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% Vivian Hsu Movie Nude came from Vivian Hsu Movie Nude television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been Vivian Hsu Movie Nude around for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of Vivian Hsu Movie Nude fine arts. In the 1950s, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude such as the development of Vivian Hsu Movie Nude color television and large screens, motion picture Vivian Hsu Movie Nude cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders Vivian Hsu Movie Nude enabled people to select films Vivian Hsu Movie Nude for home viewing, Vivian Hsu Movie Nude industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death Vivian Hsu Movie Nude of the Vivian Hsu Movie Nude local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens Vivian Hsu Movie Nude enabled people to select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas Vivian Hsu Movie Nude will be changing in the 2000s and moving towards digital screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite or hard disks), a development which may give local theaters a reprieve from their predicted demise.
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