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Film is a term that encompasses Scanners Movie individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion Scanners Movie picture industry. Films are produced by Scanners Movie recording Scanners Movie images from the world with Scanners Movie cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects. Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures Scanners Movie a universal power of communication. Scanners Movie Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate Scanners Movie the dialogue. Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are Scanners Movie shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that Scanners Movie motion is occurring. Scanners Movie The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the Scanners Movie eye retains a The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact Scanners Movie that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, Scanners Movie picture show, photo-play, flick, and most Scanners Movie commonly, movie. Additional terms Scanners Movie for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, Scanners Movie the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with devices such Scanners Movie as the zoetrope Scanners Movie and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences Scanners Movie of still pictures at sufficient speed for

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the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying Scanners Movie principle became the basis for the Scanners Movie development of Scanners Movie film animation. A frame from Scanners Movie Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888 With the development of Scanners Movie celluloid film for still photography, it Scanners Movie became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing Scanners Movie machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached Scanners Movie to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was Scanners Movie turned. Scanners Movie Some of these machines were coin operated. By Scanners Movie the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be Scanners Movie captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly Scanners Movie to the development of a Scanners Movie motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture Scanners Movie shows" onto a screen for an Scanners Movie entire audience. Scanners Movie These Scanners Movie reels, so Scanners Movie exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that Scanners Movie showed an event or action with no editing or other

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cinematic techniques. Ignoring Dickson's Scanners Movie early sound experiments Scanners Movie (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual Scanners Movie art through the late 19th century, but these Scanners Movie innovative Scanners Movie silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes Scanners Movie were later broken up Scanners Movie into multiple Scanners Movie shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such Scanners Movie as camera movement were realized as effective Scanners Movie ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play Scanners Movie music Scanners Movie fitting the Scanners Movie mood of the Scanners Movie film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet Scanners Movie music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for Scanners Movie major productions. A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Scanners Movie Moon) (1902), an early narrative film. The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while Scanners Movie the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in Scanners Movie the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Scanners Movie Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued Scanners Movie to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed Scanners Movie filmmakers to attach to Scanners Movie each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", Scanners Movie or talkies. The next Scanners Movie major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end Scanners Movie of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, Scanners Movie which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw

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changes in the Scanners Movie production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers

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were all Scanners Movie part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter Scanners Movie half of the Scanners Movie 20th century. Digital technology Scanners Movie has been the driving Scanners Movie force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century. Theory Main article: Film theory Film theory seeks to develop concise and Scanners Movie systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started Scanners Movie by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Scanners Movie Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, Scanners Movie and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how

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film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a

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valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its

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ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise Scanners Movie to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics Scanners Movie among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film Scanners Movie theory, structuralist Scanners Movie film theory, feminist film theory and others. Criticism Main article: Film criticism Film criticism is the analysis Scanners Movie and evaluation of films. In Scanners Movie general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic Scanners Movie film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers Scanners Movie and other media. Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast Scanners Movie media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate Scanners Movie opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact Scanners Movie on films, especially those of certain Scanners Movie genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment Scanners Movie of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. Scanners Movie For prestige films such as most

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dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often

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doom a film to obscurity and financial loss. The impact

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of a Scanners Movie reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of Scanners Movie debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so Scanners Movie intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected Scanners Movie success of Scanners Movie critically praised independent movies indicates that Scanners Movie extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there Scanners Movie have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread Scanners Movie panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the Scanners Movie film may Scanners Movie not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly Scanners Movie as a result. It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known Scanners Movie as film Scanners Movie reviewers, and true film critics are those who Scanners Movie take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to Scanners Movie understand how film Scanners Movie and filming techniques work, and what effect they have Scanners Movie on people. Scanners Movie Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities. Industry Main article: Film industry The making and showing of motion pictures became a Scanners Movie source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing Scanners Movie how successful their new invention,

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and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to Scanners Movie exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local Scanners Movie scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local Scanners Movie entrepreneurs in the various countries Scanners Movie of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen Scanners Movie additional Scanners Movie product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first Scanners Movie commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became Scanners Movie a separate industry that Scanners Movie overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated Scanners Movie theaters and Scanners Movie companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while Scanners Movie motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge Scanners Movie fees for their performances. Scanners Movie Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars. In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such Scanners Movie as Mumbai-centered Scanners Movie Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which Scanners Movie produces the largest number of films in the Scanners Movie world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a Scanners Movie year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for Scanners Movie this title is Scanners Movie the source of some Scanners Movie debate.[citation Scanners Movie needed] Though the Scanners Movie expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under Scanners Movie the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish. Profit is a key force in the Scanners Movie industry, Scanners Movie due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a notorious Scanners Movie example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits. There is also a large Scanners Movie industry for educational and instructional films made Scanners Movie in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts. Preview A preview performance refers to a showing of Scanners Movie a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly Scanners Movie negative, may result Scanners Movie in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.) Trailer Main article: Trailer (film) Trailers or previews are Scanners Movie film advertisements Scanners Movie for films that will be exhibited Scanners Movie in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having Scanners Movie originally been shown at the end of a Scanners Movie film programme. That practice did not Scanners Movie last long, because patrons tended to Scanners Movie leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Scanners Movie Trailers are now shown before Scanners Movie the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins. The nature of the film determines the size and type of Scanners Movie crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood Scanners Movie adventure films Scanners Movie need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D Scanners Movie modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, Scanners Movie often Scanners Movie paid very Scanners Movie little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the Scanners Movie world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that Scanners Movie range Scanners Movie from Scanners Movie state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system. This production cycle typically takes three years. The first

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year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. Scanners Movie The Scanners Movie third year,

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post-production and distribution. Crew Main article: Film crew A film crew is a group of people hired Scanners Movie by a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" Scanners Movie phase, for the purpose of producing a film or Scanners Movie motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear Scanners Movie in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, Scanners Movie company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication Scanners Movie between production and crew generally passes through

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the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally Scanners Movie divided into departments with

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well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, Scanners Movie shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and Scanners Movie production Scanners Movie special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as Scanners Movie "craft Scanners Movie services") are usually not considered part of the crew. Technology Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film Scanners Movie format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as Scanners Movie 35 mm prints. Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked Scanners Movie cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most Scanners Movie films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be Scanners Movie shown) [1]. Scanners Movie When Scanners Movie sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it Scanners Movie was the slowest Scanners Movie (and Scanners Movie thus cheapest) Scanners Movie speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late Scanners Movie 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � Scanners Movie allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design Scanners Movie � Scanners Movie allowing sound recorded on-set to be Scanners Movie usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated Scanners Movie filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly Scanners Movie dim conditions, and the development of synchronized Scanners Movie sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed

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as its corresponding Scanners Movie action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously. As a Scanners Movie medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed Scanners Movie as the basis for photography. It can be used to present Scanners Movie a progressive

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sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often Scanners Movie has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the Scanners Movie motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some Scanners Movie studios save color films through the use of separation Scanners Movie masters � three B&W Scanners Movie negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse Scanners Movie of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used Scanners Movie to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as

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of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both Scanners Movie film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make them available to Scanners Movie future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, Scanners Movie due to their high decay rates; black and white films on

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safety bases and Scanners Movie color Scanners Movie films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper Scanners Movie handling and Scanners Movie storage. Some films Scanners Movie in recent decades Scanners Movie have been recorded using analog video technology similar Scanners Movie to that used in television production. Scanners Movie Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors Scanners Movie are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage Scanners Movie can Scanners Movie be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on Scanners Movie film. Independent Main article: Independent film The Lumiere Brothers Independent Scanners Movie filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major Scanners Movie movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of Scanners Movie the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century. On the business side, Scanners Movie the costs Scanners Movie of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over Scanners Movie two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in Scanners Movie 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or Scanners Movie she has Scanners Movie significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in Scanners Movie lead roles. Before the advent of digital alternatives, the Scanners Movie cost of professional

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film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, Scanners Movie direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2]. But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and

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software Scanners Movie for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Scanners Movie Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software

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like Adobe Scanners Movie Premiere Pro, Scanners Movie Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer Scanners Movie level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express Scanners Movie and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive. Since Scanners Movie the introduction of DV technology, the means

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of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the Scanners Movie final cut Scanners Movie on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further Scanners Movie changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined. Open content film Main article: Open content film An open content film is much like Scanners Movie an independent film, but it is produced Scanners Movie through open collaborations; its Scanners Movie source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking Scanners Movie takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. Fan film Main article: Fan film A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television Scanners Movie program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually Scanners Movie been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in

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length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, Scanners Movie whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation Scanners Movie camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the Scanners Movie persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very Scanners Movie labour intensive and Scanners Movie tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process. File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash Scanners Movie allow animation to be viewed on a computer or Scanners Movie over the Internet. Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of

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independent animation has existed Scanners Movie at least since the 1950s, with animation Scanners Movie being produced by independent studios (and sometimes Scanners Movie by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry. Limited animation is a way of Scanners Movie increasing Scanners Movie production and decreasing costs of Scanners Movie animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA Scanners Movie and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and Scanners Movie adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3] Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific Scanners Movie style of animation that depends on Scanners Movie film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Scanners Movie Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted Scanners Movie and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a Scanners Movie projector. Venues When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie Scanners Movie theater or cinema. Scanners Movie The first theater Scanners Movie designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to Scanners Movie be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents). Typically, one film is the Scanners Movie featured presentation Scanners Movie (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by Scanners Movie an Scanners Movie independent theater for a lump sum, and a Scanners Movie "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown Scanners Movie before the feature Scanners Movie film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers Scanners Movie or "The Twenty"). Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be Scanners Movie shown in movie theaters. The Scanners Movie development of television has allowed films to be Scanners Movie broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Scanners Movie Recording technology has

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also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and Scanners Movie SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to Scanners Movie become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior Scanners Movie quality Scanners Movie compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that Scanners Movie are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets. The movie

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theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales Scanners Movie to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases Scanners Movie as Scanners Movie the duration Scanners Movie of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to Scanners Movie theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies Scanners Movie every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies Scanners Movie that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their Scanners Movie theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office Scanners Movie ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD Scanners Movie sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6] Future state While motion picture films have Scanners Movie been around for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became Scanners Movie widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color

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television and large Scanners Movie screens, motion picture cinemas continued. Scanners Movie In the

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1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette Scanners Movie recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local Scanners Movie cinemas. In the 1990s and 2000s Scanners Movie the development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with Scanners Movie a

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full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas Scanners Movie will be changing in the 2000s and Scanners Movie moving towards digital screens, Scanners Movie a new approach which will allow for Scanners Movie easier and quicker distribution of Scanners Movie films (via satellite or hard disks), Scanners Movie a development which may give local theaters a reprieve from their predicted Scanners Movie demise. The cinema now faces a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide Scanners Movie full Scanners Movie HD 1080p video Scanners Movie playback at near cinema quality. Video formats Scanners Movie are gradually catching up with the resolutions and quality Scanners Movie that film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of 1920?1080 a leap from the DVD offering of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 offered Scanners Movie by the first home video standard VHS. The maximum resolutions that film currently offers are 2485?2970 or 1420?3390, UHD, Scanners Movie a future digital video format, will Scanners Movie offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing all current film resolutions. The only viable competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which can play film content at an Scanners Movie extreme 10000?7000 resolution. Despite

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the rise of all new technologies, the Scanners Movie development of Scanners Movie the home video market and a surge of online piracy, 2007 was a record year in film that showed the highest ever box-office grosses. Many expected film to suffer as a result of the effects listed above but it has flourished, strengthening film studio expectations for the Scanners Movie future.

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