Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, Lauren Bacall Movie the field of film as an art Lauren Bacall Movie form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by Lauren Bacall Movie recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special Lauren Bacall Movie effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered Lauren Bacall Movie to be an important art form, Lauren Bacall Movie a Lauren Bacall Movie source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for Lauren Bacall Movie educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become Lauren Bacall Movie popular Lauren Bacall Movie worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the Lauren Bacall Movie dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series of individual Lauren Bacall Movie images called frames. When these images are Lauren Bacall Movie shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see Lauren Bacall Movie the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of Lauren Bacall Movie vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" Lauren Bacall Movie comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual Lauren Bacall Movie motion picture, including picture, picture show, Lauren Bacall Movie photo-play, flick, and Lauren Bacall Movie most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion Lauren Bacall Movie were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and Lauren Bacall Movie the praxinoscope. These machines Lauren Bacall Movie were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at Lauren Bacall Movie sufficient speed for Lauren Bacall Movie the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the Lauren Bacall Movie images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame Lauren Bacall Movie from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real Lauren Bacall Movie time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were Lauren Bacall Movie separate paper prints attached to Lauren Bacall Movie a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on Lauren Bacall Movie how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these Lauren Bacall Movie machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the Lauren Bacall Movie individual Lauren Bacall Movie component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, Lauren Bacall Movie and led quickly Lauren Bacall Movie to the development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed Lauren Bacall Movie film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early Lauren Bacall Movie motion pictures were static shots that Lauren Bacall Movie showed an event or action with Lauren Bacall Movie no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold Lauren Bacall Movie on the public imagination. Doylestown Movie Theater Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots Lauren Bacall Movie of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on Lauren Bacall Movie film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist Lauren Bacall Movie or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the Lauren Bacall Movie film at any Lauren Bacall Movie given moment. By the Lauren Bacall Movie early 1920s, most films came with a prepared Lauren Bacall Movie list of Lauren Bacall Movie sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores Lauren Bacall Movie being composed for major productions.
A shot Lauren Bacall Movie from Georges Melies Le Lauren Bacall Movie Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to Lauren Bacall Movie the Lauren Bacall Movie Moon) (1902), Lauren Bacall Movie an early narrative film.
The rise Lauren Bacall Movie of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the film Lauren Bacall Movie industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Lauren Bacall Movie Griffith and the contributions of Charles Lauren Bacall Movie Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, Lauren Bacall Movie continued to Lauren Bacall Movie advance the medium. In the 1920s, Lauren Bacall Movie new technology allowed filmmakers to attach Lauren Bacall Movie to each film a soundtrack Lauren Bacall Movie of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was Lauren Bacall Movie the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more Lauren Bacall Movie gradually as methods evolved Lauren Bacall Movie making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively Lauren Bacall Movie indifferent Lauren Bacall Movie to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but Lauren Bacall Movie as color processes improved and became as affordable Lauren Bacall Movie as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in Lauren Bacall Movie color Lauren Bacall Movie after the end Lauren Bacall Movie of World War II, as the industry Lauren Bacall Movie in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the Lauren Bacall Movie mid-1960s. By the end of the Lauren Bacall Movie 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio Lauren Bacall Movie system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Lauren Bacall Movie Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the Lauren Bacall Movie changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into Lauren Bacall Movie the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to Lauren Bacall Movie the study of film as Lauren Bacall Movie art. It was started Lauren Bacall Movie by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of Lauren Bacall Movie the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a Kevin Bacon New Movie valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not Lauren Bacall Movie in its differences from reality, Lauren Bacall Movie and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand Lauren Bacall Movie de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be Lauren Bacall Movie divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that Lauren Bacall Movie appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only Lauren Bacall Movie see any given film once and Lauren Bacall Movie have only a Lauren Bacall Movie day or two to Lauren Bacall Movie formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not Lauren Bacall Movie to be greatly affected by a critic's Lauren Bacall Movie overall judgment of a film. Lauren Bacall Movie The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review Lauren Bacall Movie can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige Lauren Bacall Movie films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is Lauren Bacall Movie extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial Lauren Bacall Movie loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance Lauren Bacall Movie is a matter of debate. Some claim Lauren Bacall Movie that movie marketing Lauren Bacall Movie is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against Lauren Bacall Movie it. However, the cataclysmic failure Lauren Bacall Movie of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have Lauren Bacall Movie been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have Lauren Bacall Movie been several films in which film companies have so little confidence Lauren Bacall Movie that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced Lauren Bacall Movie viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are Lauren Bacall Movie wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth Lauren Bacall Movie seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and Lauren Bacall Movie true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come Lauren Bacall Movie to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on Lauren Bacall Movie television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be Lauren Bacall Movie affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The Lauren Bacall Movie making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon Lauren Bacall Movie seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, Lauren Bacall Movie was Lauren Bacall Movie in their Lauren Bacall Movie native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Lauren Bacall Movie Continent to exhibit the first films privately Lauren Bacall Movie to royalty and Lauren Bacall Movie publicly Lauren Bacall Movie to the masses. In each Lauren Bacall Movie country, they would normally add new, local scenes Lauren Bacall Movie to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the Lauren Bacall Movie first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, Lauren Bacall Movie and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the Lauren Bacall Movie vaudeville world. Dedicated Lauren Bacall Movie theaters and companies formed Lauren Bacall Movie specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded Lauren Bacall Movie huge fees for their performances. Already by Lauren Bacall Movie 1917, Charlie Chaplin Lauren Bacall Movie had a contract that called for an Lauren Bacall Movie annual salary of one million Lauren Bacall Movie dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, Lauren Bacall Movie such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length Lauren Bacall Movie films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source Lauren Bacall Movie of Lauren Bacall Movie some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, Lauren Bacall Movie recent advances Lauren Bacall Movie in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large Lauren Bacall Movie cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Lauren Bacall Movie Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to Lauren Bacall Movie create works of lasting social Lauren Bacall Movie significance. The Lauren Bacall Movie Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry Lauren Bacall Movie for educational and instructional films made Lauren Bacall Movie in lieu of or in addition to Lauren Bacall Movie lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of Lauren Bacall Movie corporate Lauren Bacall Movie promotions, Lauren Bacall Movie before Lauren Bacall Movie the public Lauren Bacall Movie film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to Lauren Bacall Movie judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main Lauren Bacall Movie article: Lauren Bacall Movie Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the Lauren Bacall Movie future at a cinema, on Lauren Bacall Movie whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their Lauren Bacall Movie having originally been shown at the end of Lauren Bacall Movie a Lauren Bacall Movie film programme. Lauren Bacall Movie That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after Lauren Bacall Movie the films ended, Lauren Bacall Movie but the name Lauren Bacall Movie has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or Lauren Bacall Movie the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size Lauren Bacall Movie and type of crew Lauren Bacall Movie required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need Lauren Bacall Movie computer Lauren Bacall Movie generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a Lauren Bacall Movie low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically Lauren Bacall Movie takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. Lauren Bacall Movie The Lauren Bacall Movie second year comprises preproduction and Lauren Bacall Movie production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Lauren Bacall Movie Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or Lauren Bacall Movie motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who Lauren Bacall Movie appear in Lauren Bacall Movie front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but Lauren Bacall Movie is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as Lauren Bacall Movie writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and Lauren Bacall Movie his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in Lauren Bacall Movie the photography phase: props Lauren Bacall Movie and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special Lauren Bacall Movie effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft Lauren Bacall Movie services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent Lauren Bacall Movie celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was Lauren Bacall Movie the first Lauren Bacall Movie type of film base used to record motion pictures, but Lauren Bacall Movie due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer Lauren Bacall Movie materials. Stock Lauren Bacall Movie widths and the film format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most Lauren Bacall Movie large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various Lauren Bacall Movie speeds using hand-cranked cameras Lauren Bacall Movie and Lauren Bacall Movie projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent Lauren Bacall Movie speed, research Lauren Bacall Movie indicates most films were shot between Lauren Bacall Movie 16 frame/s and Lauren Bacall Movie 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often Free Movie Xxx reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which Lauren Bacall Movie allowed for sufficient Lauren Bacall Movie sound quality. Improvements Lauren Bacall Movie since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring Lauren Bacall Movie large Lauren Bacall Movie "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors Lauren Bacall Movie to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, Lauren Bacall Movie but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, Lauren Bacall Movie film Lauren Bacall Movie is not limited to motion Lauren Bacall Movie pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film Lauren Bacall Movie has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in Lauren Bacall Movie terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring Lauren Bacall Movie many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto Lauren Bacall Movie modern safety Lauren Bacall Movie films. Some studios save color films through Lauren Bacall Movie the Lauren Bacall Movie use of separation masters � three B&W negatives Lauren Bacall Movie each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse Lauren Bacall Movie of the Technicolor process). Lauren Bacall Movie Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a Lauren Bacall Movie poor choice for long-term Lauren Bacall Movie preservation. Film preservation of decaying film Lauren Bacall Movie stock is a matter of concern to both film historians Lauren Bacall Movie and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing Lauren Bacall Movie products in order to Lauren Bacall Movie make them available Lauren Bacall Movie to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to Lauren Bacall Movie keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video Lauren Bacall Movie cameras and digital projectors are Lauren Bacall Movie gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most Lauren Bacall Movie major motion Lauren Bacall Movie pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside Lauren Bacall Movie of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from Lauren Bacall Movie a major movie studio. Lauren Bacall Movie Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films Lauren Bacall Movie also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards Lauren Bacall Movie co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put Lauren Bacall Movie out Lauren Bacall Movie by Warner Bros. in 2000 were Lauren Bacall Movie joint ventures, up from Lauren Bacall Movie 10% in 1987).[2] Lauren Bacall Movie A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce Lauren Bacall Movie films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle Lauren Bacall Movie to being able to produce, direct, or Lauren Bacall Movie star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm Lauren Bacall Movie film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of Lauren Bacall Movie consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video Lauren Bacall Movie in Lauren Bacall Movie the early 1990s, have Lauren Bacall Movie lowered the technology barrier to movie production Lauren Bacall Movie significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have Movie Havoc become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably Lauren Bacall Movie shoot and edit a movie, create Lauren Bacall Movie and Lauren Bacall Movie edit the sound Lauren Bacall Movie and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the Lauren Bacall Movie means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, Lauren Bacall Movie and marketing Lauren Bacall Movie remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets Lauren Bacall Movie such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material Lauren Bacall Movie is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a Lauren Bacall Movie traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source Lauren Bacall Movie filmmaking takes place outside Lauren Bacall Movie of Hollywood, or other Lauren Bacall Movie major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is Lauren Bacall Movie a film or video inspired by a film, Lauren Bacall Movie television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the Lauren Bacall Movie source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films Lauren Bacall Movie vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser Lauren Bacall Movie trailers Lauren Bacall Movie for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is Lauren Bacall Movie the technique in which each frame of a film is produced Lauren Bacall Movie individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by Lauren Bacall Movie repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing Lauren Bacall Movie the result with a special animation camera. When the frames Lauren Bacall Movie are strung together and the resulting film is Lauren Bacall Movie viewed at a speed Lauren Bacall Movie of 16 Lauren Bacall Movie or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats Lauren Bacall Movie like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and Lauren Bacall Movie often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed Lauren Bacall Movie at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios Motocross The Movie (and sometimes by Lauren Bacall Movie a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and Lauren Bacall Movie popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and Lauren Bacall Movie adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie Lauren Bacall Movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, Lauren Bacall Movie there Lauren Bacall Movie is a specific style of animation that depends on Lauren Bacall Movie film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces Lauren Bacall Movie of film, and then run through a Lauren Bacall Movie projector.
Venues
When it is initially Lauren Bacall Movie produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in Lauren Bacall Movie a movie theater Lauren Bacall Movie or cinema. The first theater Lauren Bacall Movie designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from Lauren Bacall Movie existing facilities within a few Lauren Bacall Movie years.[5] Lauren Bacall Movie In the United Lauren Bacall Movie States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, Lauren Bacall Movie one film The Adventures Of Ulysses Movie is the featured presentation (or feature Lauren Bacall Movie film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" Lauren Bacall Movie rented by an independent theater Lauren Bacall Movie for a lump sum, and a Lauren Bacall Movie "B picture" of lower quality rented for Lauren Bacall Movie a percentage of the Lauren Bacall Movie gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of Lauren Bacall Movie previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed Music Movie Download feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be Lauren Bacall Movie broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies Lauren Bacall Movie of films on VHS Lauren Bacall Movie or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have Lauren Bacall Movie started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or Lauren Bacall Movie direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases Lauren Bacall Movie in similar Lauren Bacall Movie genres, and Lauren Bacall Movie indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through Lauren Bacall Movie these Lauren Bacall Movie markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% Lauren Bacall Movie of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of Lauren Bacall Movie a film's Lauren Bacall Movie showing Lauren Bacall Movie continues, as an incentive to theaters Lauren Bacall Movie to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year Lauren Bacall Movie that defy Lauren Bacall Movie this rule, often limited-release movies Lauren Bacall Movie that start in only a few Lauren Bacall Movie theaters and actually grow Lauren Bacall Movie their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came Lauren Bacall Movie from box office ticket sales; 46% Lauren Bacall Movie came from VHS and Lauren Bacall Movie DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future Lauren Bacall Movie state
While motion picture films have been around for Lauren Bacall Movie more than a Lauren Bacall Movie century, film is Lauren Bacall Movie still a relative newcomer Lauren Bacall Movie in Lauren Bacall Movie the pantheon of fine arts. In Lauren Bacall Movie the 1950s, when television Lauren Bacall Movie became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition Lauren Bacall Movie from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture Lauren Bacall Movie cinemas continued. In the Lauren Bacall Movie 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD Lauren Bacall Movie players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to select and Lauren Bacall Movie view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These Lauren Bacall Movie new technologies provided audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas had been able Lauren Bacall Movie to provide: Lauren Bacall Movie a Lauren Bacall Movie large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the Lauren Bacall Movie local Lauren Bacall Movie cinema. Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and moving towards digital screens, a new approach which will allow for easier Lauren Bacall Movie and Lauren Bacall Movie quicker distribution of films (via satellite or hard disks), a development which may give local theaters a reprieve from their predicted demise.
The cinema now faces a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide full HD 1080p video playback at Lauren Bacall Movie near cinema quality. Video formats are gradually catching up Lauren Bacall Movie with the resolutions and quality that film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of 1920?1080 a leap Lauren Bacall Movie from the DVD offering of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 offered by the first home video standard VHS. Lauren Bacall Movie The maximum Lauren Bacall Movie resolutions that film currently offers are 2485?2970 or 1420?3390, UHD, a future digital video format, will Lauren Bacall Movie offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing all current film resolutions. The only viable competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which can play film content at an extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite the rise of all new Lauren Bacall Movie technologies, the development of Lauren Bacall Movie the home video Movie Memorabilia For Sale market and a surge of online piracy, 2007 was a record year in film that showed the highest ever box-office grosses. Many expected film to suffer as a result of the effects listed above but October Movie it has flourished, strengthening film studio expectations for the future. |
