Film is a term that encompasses individual motion Hbo Movie Schedule pictures, the field Hbo Movie Schedule of film as an art form, and the motion picture Hbo Movie Schedule industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or Hbo Movie Schedule by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural Hbo Movie Schedule artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect Hbo Movie Schedule them. Film is considered to be an important art Hbo Movie Schedule form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating Hbo Movie Schedule � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures Hbo Movie Schedule a universal power of communication. Hbo Movie Schedule Some films have Hbo Movie Schedule become Hbo Movie Schedule popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of Hbo Movie Schedule a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly Hbo Movie Schedule in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the Hbo Movie Schedule flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains Hbo Movie Schedule a
The origin Hbo Movie Schedule of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also Hbo Movie Schedule called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and Hbo Movie Schedule displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an Hbo Movie Schedule individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the Hbo Movie Schedule silver screen, the cinema, Hbo Movie Schedule and the movies.In the 1860s, Hbo Movie Schedule mechanisms for producing artificially created, Hbo Movie Schedule two-dimensional images Hbo Movie Schedule in motion were demonstrated with Hbo Movie Schedule devices such as the zoetrope and Hbo Movie Schedule the praxinoscope. These machines Hbo Movie Schedule were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of Hbo Movie Schedule still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed Hbo Movie Schedule to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became Hbo Movie Schedule the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Hbo Movie Schedule Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, Hbo Movie Schedule 1888
With the development Hbo Movie Schedule of celluloid film for still photography, it Hbo Movie Schedule became possible to directly capture Hbo Movie Schedule objects in Hbo Movie Schedule motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a Hbo Movie Schedule person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum Hbo Movie Schedule turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown Hbo Movie Schedule at a variable Hbo Movie Schedule speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the Hbo Movie Schedule individual Hbo Movie Schedule component images to be captured and stored Hbo Movie Schedule on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine Hbo Movie Schedule light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen Hbo Movie Schedule for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, Hbo Movie Schedule came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion Hbo Movie Schedule pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had Hbo Movie Schedule gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the Hbo Movie Schedule turn of the twentieth century, films began Hbo Movie Schedule developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The Hbo Movie Schedule scenes were later broken up Hbo Movie Schedule into multiple Hbo Movie Schedule shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, Hbo Movie Schedule theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play Hbo Movie Schedule music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came Hbo Movie Schedule with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to Hbo Movie Schedule the Moon) (1902), an early narrative Hbo Movie Schedule film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I Hbo Movie Schedule while the film industry in Hbo Movie Schedule United States flourished Hbo Movie Schedule with the rise Hbo Movie Schedule of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Hbo Movie Schedule Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance Hbo Movie Schedule the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and Hbo Movie Schedule sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", Hbo Movie Schedule or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce Hbo Movie Schedule "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to Hbo Movie Schedule color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as Hbo Movie Schedule color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of Hbo Movie Schedule World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the Hbo Movie Schedule end of Hbo Movie Schedule the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the Hbo Movie Schedule studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, Hbo Movie Schedule French Hbo Movie Schedule New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part Hbo Movie Schedule of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film Hbo Movie Schedule theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be Hbo Movie Schedule considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted Hbo Movie Schedule against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically Hbo Movie Schedule reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and Hbo Movie Schedule this gave rise to Hbo Movie Schedule realist theory. Hbo Movie Schedule More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical Hbo Movie Schedule film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic Hbo Movie Schedule criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working Hbo Movie Schedule for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to Hbo Movie Schedule formulate opinions. Despite this, Hbo Movie Schedule critics Hbo Movie Schedule have an important impact Hbo Movie Schedule on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment Hbo Movie Schedule of a film. The Hbo Movie Schedule plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such Hbo Movie Schedule as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely Hbo Movie Schedule important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity Hbo Movie Schedule and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an Hbo Movie Schedule impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as Hbo Movie Schedule well Hbo Movie Schedule as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have Hbo Movie Schedule been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, Hbo Movie Schedule there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they Hbo Movie Schedule refuse to give Hbo Movie Schedule reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread Hbo Movie Schedule panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public Hbo Movie Schedule that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It Hbo Movie Schedule is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, Hbo Movie Schedule and true film critics are those who take Hbo Movie Schedule a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or Hbo Movie Schedule film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and Hbo Movie Schedule filming techniques work, and Hbo Movie Schedule what effect they have on people. Rather Hbo Movie Schedule than Hbo Movie Schedule having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are Hbo Movie Schedule published in scholarly journals, or sometimes Hbo Movie Schedule in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or Hbo Movie Schedule universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion Hbo Movie Schedule pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful Hbo Movie Schedule their new invention, and its product, Hbo Movie Schedule was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring Hbo Movie Schedule the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally Hbo Movie Schedule add Hbo Movie Schedule new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and Hbo Movie Schedule photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Hbo Movie Schedule Other pictures soon Hbo Movie Schedule followed, Hbo Movie Schedule and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
|
In the Hbo Movie Schedule United States today, much of Hbo Movie Schedule the film industry is centered Hbo Movie Schedule around Hollywood. Other regional Hbo Movie Schedule centers exist in many parts Hbo Movie Schedule of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Hbo Movie Schedule Bollywood, Hbo Movie Schedule the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films Hbo Movie Schedule a year produced Hbo Movie Schedule by the Valley Hbo Movie Schedule pornographic film industry should qualify for this Hbo Movie Schedule title is the source of some debate.[citation Hbo Movie Schedule needed] Hbo Movie Schedule Though the expense involved in Hbo Movie Schedule making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the Hbo Movie Schedule auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film Hbo Movie Schedule making equipment have allowed Hbo Movie Schedule independent film productions to flourish.
Profit Hbo Movie Schedule is a key Hbo Movie Schedule force in the industry, due Hbo Movie Schedule to the costly and risky Hbo Movie Schedule nature of filmmaking; many films Hbo Movie Schedule have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Hbo Movie Schedule Waterworld. Yet many Hbo Movie Schedule filmmakers strive to create works of lasting Hbo Movie Schedule social significance. The Hbo Movie Schedule Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film Hbo Movie Schedule awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for Hbo Movie Schedule educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes Hbo Movie Schedule of corporate promotions, before the public film Hbo Movie Schedule premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may Hbo Movie Schedule result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on Hbo Movie Schedule whose screen they are shown. Hbo Movie Schedule The term Hbo Movie Schedule "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name Hbo Movie Schedule has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A Hbo Movie Schedule movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film Hbo Movie Schedule determines Hbo Movie Schedule the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of Hbo Movie Schedule 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, Hbo Movie Schedule independent film may be Hbo Movie Schedule made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, Hbo Movie Schedule collaborative processes. Hbo Movie Schedule Filmmaking takes place Hbo Movie Schedule all over the Hbo Movie Schedule world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that Hbo Movie Schedule range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within Hbo Movie Schedule the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The Hbo Movie Schedule third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by a film company, employed during the "production" or Hbo Movie Schedule "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or Hbo Movie Schedule motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front Hbo Movie Schedule of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of Hbo Movie Schedule producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or Hbo Movie Schedule post-production phases, such as writers and Hbo Movie Schedule editors. Communication Hbo Movie Schedule between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally Hbo Movie Schedule divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and Hbo Movie Schedule cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and Hbo Movie Schedule costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock Hbo Movie Schedule consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film Hbo Movie Schedule format for images on the Hbo Movie Schedule reel have had a rich Hbo Movie Schedule history, though most large Hbo Movie Schedule commercial Hbo Movie Schedule films are still shot on (and distributed Hbo Movie Schedule to Hbo Movie Schedule theaters) as 35 mm Hbo Movie Schedule prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and Hbo Movie Schedule projectors; Hbo Movie Schedule though 1000 Hbo Movie Schedule frames per minute Hbo Movie Schedule (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot Hbo Movie Schedule between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should Hbo Movie Schedule be Hbo Movie Schedule shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the Hbo Movie Schedule sound head. 24 frames Hbo Movie Schedule per second was chosen because it was the slowest Hbo Movie Schedule (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, Hbo Movie Schedule quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring Hbo Movie Schedule large "blimps" Hbo Movie Schedule to encase the camera, the invention of more Hbo Movie Schedule sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized Hbo Movie Schedule sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded Hbo Movie Schedule separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures Hbo Movie Schedule many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a Hbo Movie Schedule medium, film is not Hbo Movie Schedule limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive Hbo Movie Schedule sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often Hbo Movie Schedule has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms Hbo Movie Schedule of preservation and storage, and Hbo Movie Schedule the motion picture industry Hbo Movie Schedule is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto Scanners Movie modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or Hbo Movie Schedule blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Hbo Movie Schedule Technicolor process). Digital methods have also Hbo Movie Schedule been used to restore films, although their continued Hbo Movie Schedule obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order Arachnid Movie to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern Hbo Movie Schedule for nitrate Hbo Movie Schedule and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some Hbo Movie Schedule films Hbo Movie Schedule in recent decades have been Hbo Movie Schedule recorded using analog video technology Hbo Movie Schedule similar to that used in television production. Hbo Movie Schedule Modern digital video cameras Hbo Movie Schedule and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited Hbo Movie Schedule without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion Hbo Movie Schedule pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, Hbo Movie Schedule or Hbo Movie Schedule other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and Hbo Movie Schedule technological Hbo Movie Schedule reasons have all contributed to Hbo Movie Schedule the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs Hbo Movie Schedule of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and Hbo Movie Schedule crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds Hbo Movie Schedule of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from Hbo Movie Schedule 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never The Simpsons Movie On Dvd given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in Hbo Movie Schedule film or television. Also, the studios Hbo Movie Schedule rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of Hbo Movie Schedule digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also Hbo Movie Schedule a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, Hbo Movie Schedule the arrival Hbo Movie Schedule of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have Hbo Movie Schedule lowered the technology barrier to movie Hbo Movie Schedule production significantly. Both production and post-production costs Hbo Movie Schedule have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed Hbo Movie Schedule in Hbo Movie Schedule a commodity-based personal Hbo Movie Schedule computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Hbo Movie Schedule Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
|
Since the Hbo Movie Schedule introduction of DV technology, the Hbo Movie Schedule means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, Hbo Movie Schedule and marketing remain difficult Hbo Movie Schedule to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their Hbo Movie Schedule films noticed and Hbo Movie Schedule sold for distribution. The arrival of Hbo Movie Schedule internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open Hbo Movie Schedule content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film Hbo Movie Schedule is much Hbo Movie Schedule like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like Hbo Movie Schedule independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside Hbo Movie Schedule of Hollywood, Hbo Movie Schedule or other major Hbo Movie Schedule studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Hbo Movie Schedule Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally Hbo Movie Schedule been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration Hbo Movie Schedule reels. Hbo Movie Schedule Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer Hbo Movie Schedule full-length motion pictures
Animation is Hbo Movie Schedule the technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then Hbo Movie Schedule photographing the result with a special Hbo Movie Schedule animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more Hbo Movie Schedule frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to Hbo Movie Schedule the persistence Hbo Movie Schedule of vision). Generating such a film is Hbo Movie Schedule very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of Hbo Movie Schedule computer animation has greatly sped up Hbo Movie Schedule the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed Hbo Movie Schedule on a computer or over Hbo Movie Schedule the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often Hbo Movie Schedule very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes Hbo Movie Schedule from Hbo Movie Schedule professional animation studios. However, the field of independent Hbo Movie Schedule animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone Hbo Movie Schedule on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital Hbo Movie Schedule technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless Hbo Movie Schedule animation, made famous by Hbo Movie Schedule moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is Hbo Movie Schedule painted Hbo Movie Schedule and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a Hbo Movie Schedule projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown Hbo Movie Schedule to audiences in a movie Hbo Movie Schedule theater or cinema. Hbo Movie Schedule The first theater Hbo Movie Schedule designed exclusively for cinema Hbo Movie Schedule opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Hbo Movie Schedule in 1905.[4] Hbo Movie Schedule Thousands of Hbo Movie Schedule such theaters Hbo Movie Schedule were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because Hbo Movie Schedule admission Hbo Movie Schedule typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is Hbo Movie Schedule the featured Hbo Movie Schedule presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" Hbo Movie Schedule rented by an independent theater for a Hbo Movie Schedule lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage Hbo Movie Schedule of the gross receipts. Today, the Hbo Movie Schedule bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in Hbo Movie Schedule movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after Hbo Movie Schedule the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also Hbo Movie Schedule enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and Hbo Movie Schedule the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have Hbo Movie Schedule started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now made Hbo Movie Schedule specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. Hbo Movie Schedule The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are Hbo Movie Schedule rejected Hbo Movie Schedule by their own Hbo Movie Schedule studios upon completion Hbo Movie Schedule are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts Hbo Movie Schedule with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's Hbo Movie Schedule showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater Hbo Movie Schedule longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There Hbo Movie Schedule are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only Hbo Movie Schedule a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and Hbo Movie Schedule reviews. According to a 2000 study by Hbo Movie Schedule ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from Hbo Movie Schedule box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales Hbo Movie Schedule to consumers; and 28% came from Hbo Movie Schedule television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than a century, Hbo Movie Schedule film is still a Hbo Movie Schedule relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. Hbo Movie Schedule In Hbo Movie Schedule the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of Hbo Movie Schedule local movie theaters. Despite Hbo Movie Schedule competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification Hbo Movie Schedule systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people Hbo Movie Schedule to select and view films Hbo Movie Schedule at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided Hbo Movie Schedule audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas Hbo Movie Schedule had been able Hbo Movie Schedule to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry Hbo Movie Schedule analysts predicted the demise Hbo Movie Schedule of the local cinema. Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and moving towards digital screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker distribution of Hbo Movie Schedule films (via satellite or hard disks), a development which may Hbo Movie Schedule give local theaters a reprieve from their predicted demise.
The cinema now faces Hbo Movie Schedule a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide full HD 1080p video playback at near cinema quality. Video formats are gradually catching Hbo Movie Schedule up with the resolutions and quality that film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution Hbo Movie Schedule of 1920?1080 a leap from the DVD offering of 720?480 and Hbo Movie Schedule the paltry 330?480 offered by the first home video standard VHS. The maximum resolutions that Hbo Movie Schedule film currently Hbo Movie Schedule offers are Movie Theaters In Nyc 2485?2970 Hbo Movie Schedule or 1420?3390, Hbo Movie Schedule UHD, a future digital video format, will offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing all current film Hbo Movie Schedule resolutions. The only viable competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which can play film content at an extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite the Hbo Movie Schedule rise of all new technologies, the development of the home video market and a surge of online piracy, 2007 was a record year in Hbo Movie Schedule film that showed the highest ever box-office grosses. Many expected film to suffer as a result of the effects listed above but it has flourished, strengthening film studio expectations for the Hbo Movie Schedule future. |
