Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by Chipmunk Movie Ringtones specific cultures, which Chipmunk Movie Ringtones reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The Chipmunk Movie Ringtones visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some Chipmunk Movie Ringtones films have become popular worldwide attractions by Making Love Pic Or Movie using dubbing or subtitles Chipmunk Movie Ringtones that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are Chipmunk Movie Ringtones shown rapidly in succession, a viewer Chipmunk Movie Ringtones has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between Chipmunk Movie Ringtones frames due to an effect Chipmunk Movie Ringtones known as persistence Chipmunk Movie Ringtones of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that Chipmunk Movie Ringtones photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for Chipmunk Movie Ringtones an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in Chipmunk Movie Ringtones general include the big screen, the Chipmunk Movie Ringtones silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as Chipmunk Movie Ringtones magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on Chipmunk Movie Ringtones the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � Chipmunk Movie Ringtones and the underlying principle became Chipmunk Movie Ringtones the basis Chipmunk Movie Ringtones for the Chipmunk Movie Ringtones development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early Chipmunk Movie Ringtones versions of the technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper Chipmunk Movie Ringtones prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of Chipmunk Movie Ringtones these machines were Chipmunk Movie Ringtones coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture Chipmunk Movie Ringtones camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single Chipmunk Movie Ringtones reel, and led quickly to the development of a Chipmunk Movie Ringtones motion picture projector to shine light through the processed Chipmunk Movie Ringtones and printed film and magnify these "moving picture Chipmunk Movie Ringtones shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. Chipmunk Movie Ringtones These Chipmunk Movie Ringtones reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion Chipmunk Movie Ringtones pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that Chipmunk Movie Ringtones showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films Chipmunk Movie Ringtones had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative Chipmunk Movie Ringtones structure by stringing scenes Chipmunk Movie Ringtones together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up Chipmunk Movie Ringtones into multiple shots of Chipmunk Movie Ringtones varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story Chipmunk Movie Ringtones on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater Chipmunk Movie Ringtones owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood Chipmunk Movie Ringtones of the film at any given moment. Chipmunk Movie Ringtones By the early 1920s, most films Chipmunk Movie Ringtones came with a prepared list of sheet music for this Chipmunk Movie Ringtones purpose, with Chipmunk Movie Ringtones complete film scores being composed for major Chipmunk Movie Ringtones productions.
A shot Chipmunk Movie Ringtones from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of Chipmunk Movie Ringtones European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise Chipmunk Movie Ringtones of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Chipmunk Movie Ringtones Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the Chipmunk Movie Ringtones development of cinema was the Chipmunk Movie Ringtones introduction of so-called Chipmunk Movie Ringtones "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved Chipmunk Movie Ringtones making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of Chipmunk Movie Ringtones World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as Chipmunk Movie Ringtones essential to attracting audiences in its Chipmunk Movie Ringtones competition with television, which remained a black-and-white Chipmunk Movie Ringtones medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding Chipmunk Movie Ringtones decades saw changes in the production Chipmunk Movie Ringtones and style of Chipmunk Movie Ringtones film. New Chipmunk Movie Ringtones Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were Chipmunk Movie Ringtones all part of the Chipmunk Movie Ringtones changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving Chipmunk Movie Ringtones force Chipmunk Movie Ringtones in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st Chipmunk Movie Ringtones century.
Theory
Main article: Film Chipmunk Movie Ringtones theory
Film theory seeks to Chipmunk Movie Ringtones develop concise and systematic concepts Chipmunk Movie Ringtones that apply to the study Chipmunk Movie Ringtones of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Chipmunk Movie Ringtones Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones and thus could be Chipmunk Movie Ringtones considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand Chipmunk Movie Ringtones de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film Chipmunk Movie Ringtones theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into Chipmunk Movie Ringtones two Chipmunk Movie Ringtones categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast Chipmunk Movie Ringtones media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or Chipmunk Movie Ringtones two to formulate opinions. Despite Chipmunk Movie Ringtones this, critics Chipmunk Movie Ringtones have an important impact Chipmunk Movie Ringtones on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's Chipmunk Movie Ringtones overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of a film Chipmunk Movie Ringtones that makes up the majority of any film review Chipmunk Movie Ringtones can still have an important impact on whether Chipmunk Movie Ringtones people decide to see Chipmunk Movie Ringtones a Chipmunk Movie Ringtones film. Chipmunk Movie Ringtones For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Chipmunk Movie Ringtones Some claim that movie marketing Chipmunk Movie Ringtones is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. Chipmunk Movie Ringtones However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were Chipmunk Movie Ringtones harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success Chipmunk Movie Ringtones of critically praised independent Chipmunk Movie Ringtones movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note Chipmunk Movie Ringtones that positive film reviews have been Chipmunk Movie Ringtones shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing Chipmunk Movie Ringtones to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually Chipmunk Movie Ringtones backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not Chipmunk Movie Ringtones be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only Chipmunk Movie Ringtones be known as film Chipmunk Movie Ringtones reviewers, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work Chipmunk Movie Ringtones is more often known as film theory Chipmunk Movie Ringtones or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film Chipmunk Movie Ringtones and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published Chipmunk Movie Ringtones in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are Chipmunk Movie Ringtones published Chipmunk Movie Ringtones in scholarly journals, or sometimes Chipmunk Movie Ringtones in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Chipmunk Movie Ringtones Film industry
The making and showing of Chipmunk Movie Ringtones motion pictures became a source of profit Chipmunk Movie Ringtones almost as soon as the process Chipmunk Movie Ringtones was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones the Lumieres quickly set about Chipmunk Movie Ringtones touring the Continent Chipmunk Movie Ringtones to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would Chipmunk Movie Ringtones normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy Chipmunk Movie Ringtones their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Chipmunk Movie Ringtones Oberammergau Passion Play of Chipmunk Movie Ringtones 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon Chipmunk Movie Ringtones followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated Chipmunk Movie Ringtones theaters and companies formed specifically Chipmunk Movie Ringtones to Chipmunk Movie Ringtones produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and Chipmunk Movie Ringtones commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones the Indian Chipmunk Movie Ringtones film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making Chipmunk Movie Ringtones movies Chipmunk Movie Ringtones has led cinema production Chipmunk Movie Ringtones to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent Chipmunk Movie Ringtones advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions Chipmunk Movie Ringtones to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the Chipmunk Movie Ringtones costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers Chipmunk Movie Ringtones strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry Chipmunk Movie Ringtones for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition Chipmunk Movie Ringtones to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a Chipmunk Movie Ringtones movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes Chipmunk Movie Ringtones of corporate promotions, before Chipmunk Movie Ringtones the public film premiere itself. Previews are Chipmunk Movie Ringtones sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if Chipmunk Movie Ringtones unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain Chipmunk Movie Ringtones sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers Chipmunk Movie Ringtones or previews Chipmunk Movie Ringtones are film advertisements for films that will be Chipmunk Movie Ringtones exhibited in the Chipmunk Movie Ringtones future at a cinema, on whose Chipmunk Movie Ringtones screen they are shown. The term "trailer" Chipmunk Movie Ringtones comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the Chipmunk Movie Ringtones theater after Chipmunk Movie Ringtones the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in Chipmunk Movie Ringtones a double feature program) begins.
The Chipmunk Movie Ringtones nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood Chipmunk Movie Ringtones adventure films need computer generated imagery Chipmunk Movie Ringtones (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and Chipmunk Movie Ringtones compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through Chipmunk Movie Ringtones open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using Chipmunk Movie Ringtones different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and Chipmunk Movie Ringtones is Chipmunk Movie Ringtones produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary Chipmunk Movie Ringtones in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes Chipmunk Movie Ringtones three years. The Chipmunk Movie Ringtones first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired Chipmunk Movie Ringtones by a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the Chipmunk Movie Ringtones purpose of producing a Chipmunk Movie Ringtones film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished Chipmunk Movie Ringtones from cast, the actors who appear Chipmunk Movie Ringtones in front of Chipmunk Movie Ringtones the Chipmunk Movie Ringtones camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew Chipmunk Movie Ringtones interacts with but Chipmunk Movie Ringtones is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones managers, company representatives, their assistants, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special Chipmunk Movie Ringtones effects. Caterers (known Chipmunk Movie Ringtones in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists Chipmunk Movie Ringtones of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type Chipmunk Movie Ringtones of film Chipmunk Movie Ringtones base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by Chipmunk Movie Ringtones safer materials. Stock widths and the film Chipmunk Movie Ringtones format for images Chipmunk Movie Ringtones on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally Chipmunk Movie Ringtones moving Chipmunk Movie Ringtones picture film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between Chipmunk Movie Ringtones 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often Chipmunk Movie Ringtones reels included instructions on how fast each Chipmunk Movie Ringtones scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film Chipmunk Movie Ringtones was Chipmunk Movie Ringtones introduced in Chipmunk Movie Ringtones the late 1920s, a constant speed was required Chipmunk Movie Ringtones for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) Chipmunk Movie Ringtones speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include Chipmunk Movie Ringtones the mechanization Chipmunk Movie Ringtones of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded Chipmunk Movie Ringtones on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the Chipmunk Movie Ringtones invention of Chipmunk Movie Ringtones more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly Chipmunk Movie Ringtones dim conditions, and the Chipmunk Movie Ringtones development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded Chipmunk Movie Ringtones at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts Chipmunk Movie Ringtones of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited Chipmunk Movie Ringtones to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for Chipmunk Movie Ringtones photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form Chipmunk Movie Ringtones of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often Chipmunk Movie Ringtones has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones and the motion picture industry is Chipmunk Movie Ringtones exploring Chipmunk Movie Ringtones many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some Chipmunk Movie Ringtones studios save color films through the Chipmunk Movie Ringtones use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones green, or blue filters Chipmunk Movie Ringtones (essentially a reverse Chipmunk Movie Ringtones of the Technicolor process). Chipmunk Movie Ringtones Digital Chipmunk Movie Ringtones methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of Chipmunk Movie Ringtones 2006) a Chipmunk Movie Ringtones poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to Chipmunk Movie Ringtones both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in Chipmunk Movie Ringtones preserving their existing products in Femdom Movie Thumbs order to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally Chipmunk Movie Ringtones a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high Chipmunk Movie Ringtones decay Chipmunk Movie Ringtones rates; black and white films on safety bases and Chipmunk Movie Ringtones color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and Chipmunk Movie Ringtones storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras Chipmunk Movie Ringtones and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be Chipmunk Movie Ringtones processed. Yet the migration is Chipmunk Movie Ringtones gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures Chipmunk Movie Ringtones are Chipmunk Movie Ringtones still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major Chipmunk Movie Ringtones studio systems. An independent film (or Chipmunk Movie Ringtones indie film) is a film initially Chipmunk Movie Ringtones produced without financing or distribution Chipmunk Movie Ringtones from a Chipmunk Movie Ringtones major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late Chipmunk Movie Ringtones 20th and early 21st Chipmunk Movie Ringtones century.
On the business Chipmunk Movie Ringtones side, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones the costs Chipmunk Movie Ringtones of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards Chipmunk Movie Ringtones co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were Chipmunk Movie Ringtones joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director Chipmunk Movie Ringtones is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of Chipmunk Movie Ringtones digital alternatives, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones the cost of Chipmunk Movie Ringtones professional film equipment and Chipmunk Movie Ringtones stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones or star in a traditional studio film. Chipmunk Movie Ringtones The cost Chipmunk Movie Ringtones of 35 mm film Chipmunk Movie Ringtones is outpacing inflation: in Windows Movie Maker Codec Download 2002 alone, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones have lowered Chipmunk Movie Ringtones the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production Chipmunk Movie Ringtones costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production Chipmunk Movie Ringtones can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer Chipmunk Movie Ringtones level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become Chipmunk Movie Ringtones more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production Chipmunk Movie Ringtones may be democratized, financing, distribution, and Chipmunk Movie Ringtones marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get Chipmunk Movie Ringtones their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets Chipmunk Movie Ringtones such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Chipmunk Movie Ringtones Open content film
An open content film is much like an Chipmunk Movie Ringtones independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its Chipmunk Movie Ringtones source material is available under a license which is permissive Chipmunk Movie Ringtones enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a Chipmunk Movie Ringtones film or video inspired by a Chipmunk Movie Ringtones film, television program, comic book Chipmunk Movie Ringtones or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but Chipmunk Movie Ringtones some of the Chipmunk Movie Ringtones more notable films have actually been produced by Habersham Movie professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in Chipmunk Movie Ringtones length, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is Chipmunk Movie Ringtones the technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or Chipmunk Movie Ringtones by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit Chipmunk Movie Ringtones (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones there is an illusion Chipmunk Movie Ringtones of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating Chipmunk Movie Ringtones such a film is very Chipmunk Movie Ringtones labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the Chipmunk Movie Ringtones process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave Chipmunk Movie Ringtones and Flash allow animation to be viewed on Chipmunk Movie Ringtones a computer or Chipmunk Movie Ringtones over the Internet.
Because animation is Chipmunk Movie Ringtones very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of Chipmunk Movie Ringtones independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with Chipmunk Movie Ringtones animation being produced by independent studios (and Chipmunk Movie Ringtones sometimes by a Chipmunk Movie Ringtones single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on Chipmunk Movie Ringtones to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way Chipmunk Movie Ringtones of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized Little Miss Sunshine Movie by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most Chipmunk Movie Ringtones animation studios are now using digital Chipmunk Movie Ringtones technologies Chipmunk Movie Ringtones in their productions, there Chipmunk Movie Ringtones is a specific style of Chipmunk Movie Ringtones animation that Chipmunk Movie Ringtones depends on Chipmunk Movie Ringtones film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Chipmunk Movie Ringtones Stan Brakhage, is painted and Chipmunk Movie Ringtones drawn directly onto pieces of Chipmunk Movie Ringtones film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature Chipmunk Movie Ringtones film is often shown to audiences Chipmunk Movie Ringtones in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities Chipmunk Movie Ringtones within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones one film Chipmunk Movie Ringtones is the featured presentation Chipmunk Movie Ringtones (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent Chipmunk Movie Ringtones theater for Chipmunk Movie Ringtones a lump sum, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming Chipmunk Movie Ringtones movies and paid advertisements (also known Hitman Movie Release Date as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were Chipmunk Movie Ringtones made to be Chipmunk Movie Ringtones shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film Chipmunk Movie Ringtones is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology Chipmunk Movie Ringtones has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the Chipmunk Movie Ringtones older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and Chipmunk Movie Ringtones have started to become revenue sources for the film Chipmunk Movie Ringtones companies. Some films are now made specifically Chipmunk Movie Ringtones for these other venues, being Chipmunk Movie Ringtones released as Chipmunk Movie Ringtones made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values Chipmunk Movie Ringtones on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in Chipmunk Movie Ringtones similar genres, and indeed, Marco Polo - Movie some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as Movie Creator film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a Chipmunk Movie Ringtones few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only Chipmunk Movie Ringtones a few Chipmunk Movie Ringtones theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came Chipmunk Movie Ringtones from television (broadcast, cable, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion Chipmunk Movie Ringtones picture Chipmunk Movie Ringtones films have been around for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the Chipmunk Movie Ringtones pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's Chipmunk Movie Ringtones increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders Chipmunk Movie Ringtones enabled people to select films Chipmunk Movie Ringtones for home viewing, 80s Tv Movie About Time Travel industry analysts again wrongly Chipmunk Movie Ringtones predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, Chipmunk Movie Ringtones and large LCD or plasma screens enabled Chipmunk Movie Ringtones people to select and view films Chipmunk Movie Ringtones at home with greatly improved audio and Chipmunk Movie Ringtones visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual that in the past only local Chipmunk Movie Ringtones cinemas had been Chipmunk Movie Ringtones able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry Chipmunk Movie Ringtones analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s Chipmunk Movie Ringtones and moving towards digital Chipmunk Movie Ringtones screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker distribution of films (via Chipmunk Movie Ringtones |
