Film is a term that Movie Theaters In Nyc encompasses individual motion pictures, Movie Theaters In Nyc the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific Movie Theaters In Nyc cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in Movie Theaters In Nyc turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful Movie Theaters In Nyc method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. Movie Theaters In Nyc The visual elements of cinema gives Movie Theaters In Nyc motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide Movie Theaters In Nyc attractions by using dubbing Movie Theaters In Nyc or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of Movie Theaters In Nyc a series of Movie Theaters In Nyc individual images Movie Theaters In Nyc called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer Movie Theaters In Nyc has the Movie Theaters In Nyc illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of Movie Theaters In Nyc vision, whereby the eye retains a Movie Theaters In Nyc
The origin of the name "film" comes Movie Theaters In Nyc from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In Movie Theaters In Nyc the 1860s, mechanisms for Movie Theaters In Nyc producing artificially created, two-dimensional images Movie Theaters In Nyc in motion were demonstrated with devices Movie Theaters In Nyc such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences Movie Theaters In Nyc of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on Movie Theaters In Nyc the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Movie Theaters In Nyc Naturally, the Movie Theaters In Nyc images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and Movie Theaters In Nyc the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture Movie Theaters In Nyc objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing Movie Theaters In Nyc machine to see the pictures which were Movie Theaters In Nyc separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By Movie Theaters In Nyc the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of Movie Theaters In Nyc a motion Movie Theaters In Nyc picture Movie Theaters In Nyc projector to shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an Movie Theaters In Nyc entire audience. These reels, Movie Theaters In Nyc so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures Movie Theaters In Nyc were static shots that showed an Movie Theaters In Nyc event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual Movie Theaters In Nyc art through Movie Theaters In Nyc the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold Movie Theaters In Nyc on Movie Theaters In Nyc the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together Movie Theaters In Nyc to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement Movie Theaters In Nyc were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any Movie Theaters In Nyc given Movie Theaters In Nyc moment. By the early 1920s, most films Movie Theaters In Nyc came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot Movie Theaters In Nyc from Georges Movie Theaters In Nyc Melies Movie Theaters In Nyc Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was Movie Theaters In Nyc interrupted by Movie Theaters In Nyc the breakout of World War I while the film Movie Theaters In Nyc industry in United States flourished with the Movie Theaters In Nyc rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers Movie Theaters In Nyc such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator Movie Theaters In Nyc D. W. Griffith Movie Theaters In Nyc and the Movie Theaters In Nyc contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued Movie Theaters In Nyc to advance the medium. In the Movie Theaters In Nyc 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers Movie Theaters In Nyc to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound Movie Theaters In Nyc films were initially distinguished by calling Movie Theaters In Nyc them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted Movie Theaters In Nyc more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography Movie Theaters In Nyc as opposed to black-and-white,[citation Movie Theaters In Nyc needed] but as Movie Theaters In Nyc color processes improved Scanners Movie and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War II, Movie Theaters In Nyc as the Movie Theaters In Nyc industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which Movie Theaters In Nyc remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of Movie Theaters In Nyc the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding Movie Theaters In Nyc decades saw changes in the Movie Theaters In Nyc production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Movie Theaters In Nyc Digital technology has been the driving force Movie Theaters In Nyc in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise Movie Theaters In Nyc and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Movie Theaters In Nyc Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led Movie Theaters In Nyc by Rudolf Arnheim, Movie Theaters In Nyc Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from Movie Theaters In Nyc reality, and thus could be considered a valid Movie Theaters In Nyc fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's Movie Theaters In Nyc artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences Movie Theaters In Nyc from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics Movie Theaters In Nyc among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, Movie Theaters In Nyc feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film Movie Theaters In Nyc criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism Movie Theaters In Nyc that appears regularly in newspapers and other Movie Theaters In Nyc media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast Movie Theaters In Nyc media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, Movie Theaters In Nyc critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain Movie Theaters In Nyc genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description Movie Theaters In Nyc of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide Movie Theaters In Nyc to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor Movie Theaters In Nyc reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
|
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed Movie Theaters In Nyc that reviewers cannot make Movie Theaters In Nyc an impact against it. However, the Arachnid Movie cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected Movie Theaters In Nyc success of critically praised independent movies indicates Movie Theaters In Nyc that extreme Movie Theaters In Nyc critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest Movie Theaters In Nyc in little-known films. Conversely, there have Movie Theaters In Nyc been several films Movie Theaters In Nyc in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning Movie Theaters In Nyc of the film. However, this usually Movie Theaters In Nyc backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as Movie Theaters In Nyc a result.
It Movie Theaters In Nyc is argued that journalist Movie Theaters In Nyc film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and Movie Theaters In Nyc true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is Movie Theaters In Nyc more often known as Movie Theaters In Nyc film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand Movie Theaters In Nyc how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on Movie Theaters In Nyc people. Movie Theaters In Nyc Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are published in Movie Theaters In Nyc scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making Movie Theaters In Nyc and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost Movie Theaters In Nyc as Movie Theaters In Nyc soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring Movie Theaters In Nyc the Continent to Movie Theaters In Nyc exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each Movie Theaters In Nyc country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue Movie Theaters In Nyc and, quickly enough, Movie Theaters In Nyc found local entrepreneurs in Movie Theaters In Nyc the various countries of Europe to buy Movie Theaters In Nyc their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was Movie Theaters In Nyc the Movie Theaters In Nyc first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures Movie Theaters In Nyc soon followed, and motion pictures Movie Theaters In Nyc became a separate industry that overshadowed Movie Theaters In Nyc the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one Movie Theaters In Nyc million dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film industry is Movie Theaters In Nyc centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest Movie Theaters In Nyc number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a Movie Theaters In Nyc year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though Movie Theaters In Nyc the Movie Theaters In Nyc expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices Movie Theaters In Nyc of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in Movie Theaters In Nyc the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, Movie Theaters In Nyc a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers Movie Theaters In Nyc strive Movie Theaters In Nyc to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as Movie Theaters In Nyc "the Oscars") are the most prominent film Movie Theaters In Nyc awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also Movie Theaters In Nyc a large industry for educational and instructional films made Movie Theaters In Nyc in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview Movie Theaters In Nyc performance refers to a showing of a movie to Movie Theaters In Nyc a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the Movie Theaters In Nyc public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain Movie Theaters In Nyc sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are Movie Theaters In Nyc film advertisements for films that Movie Theaters In Nyc will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose Movie Theaters In Nyc screen they are shown. The term Movie Theaters In Nyc "trailer" comes from their Movie Theaters In Nyc having originally been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not Movie Theaters In Nyc last long, Movie Theaters In Nyc because patrons tended Movie Theaters In Nyc to leave Movie Theaters In Nyc the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created Movie Theaters In Nyc by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, Movie Theaters In Nyc rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton Movie Theaters In Nyc crew, often paid Movie Theaters In Nyc very little. Also, an open Movie Theaters In Nyc source Movie Theaters In Nyc film Movie Theaters In Nyc may Movie Theaters In Nyc be Movie Theaters In Nyc produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced Movie Theaters In Nyc in a Movie Theaters In Nyc variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary Movie Theaters In Nyc in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This Movie Theaters In Nyc production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is Movie Theaters In Nyc taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose Movie Theaters In Nyc of producing a film Movie Theaters In Nyc or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, Movie Theaters In Nyc the actors Movie Theaters In Nyc who appear in front Movie Theaters In Nyc of the camera or provide voices Movie Theaters In Nyc for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose Movie Theaters In Nyc primary responsibility falls in Movie Theaters In Nyc pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication Movie Theaters In Nyc between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of Movie Theaters In Nyc assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in Movie Theaters In Nyc the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of Movie Theaters In Nyc transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an Movie Theaters In Nyc emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record Movie Theaters In Nyc motion pictures, Movie Theaters In Nyc but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and Movie Theaters In Nyc the film format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still Movie Theaters In Nyc shot on Movie Theaters In Nyc (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
|
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds using Movie Theaters In Nyc hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a Movie Theaters In Nyc standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot Movie Theaters In Nyc between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 Movie Theaters In Nyc frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should Movie Theaters In Nyc be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was Movie Theaters In Nyc chosen because it was the slowest Movie Theaters In Nyc (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization Movie Theaters In Nyc of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set Movie Theaters In Nyc to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the Movie Theaters In Nyc development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its Movie Theaters In Nyc corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from Movie Theaters In Nyc shooting the Movie Theaters In Nyc film, but for live-action Movie Theaters In Nyc pictures many parts Movie Theaters In Nyc of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film Movie Theaters In Nyc is not limited Movie Theaters In Nyc to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used Movie Theaters In Nyc to present a Movie Theaters In Nyc progressive sequence of still images in the Movie Theaters In Nyc form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as Movie Theaters In Nyc primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in Movie Theaters In Nyc terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Movie Theaters In Nyc Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto Movie Theaters In Nyc modern safety films. Movie Theaters In Nyc Some studios Movie Theaters In Nyc save color films through Movie Theaters In Nyc the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have The Simpsons Movie On Dvd also been used to restore films, although their continued Movie Theaters In Nyc obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is Movie Theaters In Nyc a matter of concern to both film Movie Theaters In Nyc historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to Movie Theaters In Nyc make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation Movie Theaters In Nyc is generally Movie Theaters In Nyc a higher-concern Movie Theaters In Nyc for Movie Theaters In Nyc nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases Movie Theaters In Nyc and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition Movie Theaters In Nyc prints tend to Movie Theaters In Nyc keep up much Movie Theaters In Nyc better, assuming proper handling Movie Theaters In Nyc and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using Movie Theaters In Nyc analog video technology similar to Movie Theaters In Nyc that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and Movie Theaters In Nyc digital projectors are gaining ground as well. Movie Theaters In Nyc These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially Movie Theaters In Nyc because footage can be evaluated and edited Movie Theaters In Nyc without waiting for the film stock to be Movie Theaters In Nyc processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent Movie Theaters In Nyc film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or Movie Theaters In Nyc other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film Movie Theaters In Nyc initially produced without financing or distribution Movie Theaters In Nyc from a Movie Theaters In Nyc major movie Movie Theaters In Nyc studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the Movie Theaters In Nyc indie Movie Theaters In Nyc film scene in the late 20th and early 21st Movie Theaters In Nyc century.
On Movie Theaters In Nyc the business Movie Theaters In Nyc side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director Movie Theaters In Nyc is almost never given the Movie Theaters In Nyc opportunity to get a job Movie Theaters In Nyc on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of Movie Theaters In Nyc digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, Movie Theaters In Nyc or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 Movie Theaters In Nyc mm film Movie Theaters In Nyc is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in Movie Theaters In Nyc the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly Movie Theaters In Nyc lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as Movie Theaters In Nyc DVDs, FireWire connections and Movie Theaters In Nyc non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie Movie Theaters In Nyc make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means Movie Theaters In Nyc of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, Movie Theaters In Nyc while the Movie Theaters In Nyc means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside Movie Theaters In Nyc the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The Movie Theaters In Nyc arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are Movie Theaters In Nyc still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is Movie Theaters In Nyc permissive enough to Movie Theaters In Nyc allow other parties to create fan Movie Theaters In Nyc fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan Movie Theaters In Nyc film
A fan film is a film Movie Theaters In Nyc or video inspired by a Movie Theaters In Nyc film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more Movie Theaters In Nyc notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is Movie Theaters In Nyc the Movie Theaters In Nyc technique in Movie Theaters In Nyc which each frame of a film is produced individually, Movie Theaters In Nyc whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or Movie Theaters In Nyc by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see Movie Theaters In Nyc claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the Movie Theaters In Nyc result with Movie Theaters In Nyc a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting Movie Theaters In Nyc film is Movie Theaters In Nyc viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is Movie Theaters In Nyc an illusion Movie Theaters In Nyc of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a Movie Theaters In Nyc film is very labour intensive and tedious, though Movie Theaters In Nyc the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
|
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Movie Theaters In Nyc Shockwave and Movie Theaters In Nyc Flash allow animation to be viewed Movie Theaters In Nyc on a Movie Theaters In Nyc computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies Movie Theaters In Nyc comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at Movie Theaters In Nyc least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in Movie Theaters In Nyc the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and Movie Theaters In Nyc popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific Movie Theaters In Nyc style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers Movie Theaters In Nyc like Norman Movie Theaters In Nyc McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn Movie Theaters In Nyc directly onto Movie Theaters In Nyc pieces Movie Theaters In Nyc of film, and Movie Theaters In Nyc then run through a Movie Theaters In Nyc projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences Movie Theaters In Nyc in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were Movie Theaters In Nyc "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" Movie Theaters In Nyc rented by an independent theater for Movie Theaters In Nyc a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality Movie Theaters In Nyc rented for a percentage of Movie Theaters In Nyc the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the Movie Theaters In Nyc feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as Movie Theaters In Nyc trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The Movie Theaters In Nyc development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no Movie Theaters In Nyc longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or Movie Theaters In Nyc buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue Movie Theaters In Nyc sources for the film companies. Movie Theaters In Nyc Some films are Movie Theaters In Nyc now made Movie Theaters In Nyc specifically for these other venues, being released as Movie Theaters In Nyc made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The Movie Theaters In Nyc production values Movie Theaters In Nyc on these films Movie Theaters In Nyc are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays Movie Theaters In Nyc an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual Movie Theaters In Nyc percentage Movie Theaters In Nyc starts with a number higher than that, and decreases Movie Theaters In Nyc as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to Movie Theaters In Nyc keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed Movie Theaters In Nyc movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters Movie Theaters In Nyc for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start Movie Theaters In Nyc in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and Movie Theaters In Nyc reviews. According to a 2000 study by Movie Theaters In Nyc ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been Movie Theaters In Nyc around Movie Theaters In Nyc for more than a century, film Movie Theaters In Nyc is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon Movie Theaters In Nyc of Movie Theaters In Nyc fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of Movie Theaters In Nyc color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of Movie Theaters In Nyc inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled Movie Theaters In Nyc people to select films for home viewing, Movie Theaters In Nyc industry analysts Movie Theaters In Nyc again Movie Theaters In Nyc wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development Movie Theaters In Nyc of digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to Movie Theaters In Nyc select and view films at home with Movie Theaters In Nyc greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with Movie Theaters In Nyc a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and moving towards digital screens, Movie Theaters In Nyc a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite or hard disks), a development which may give local theaters a reprieve from Movie Theaters In Nyc their predicted demise.
The cinema now faces a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide Movie Theaters In Nyc full HD 1080p video playback at near cinema quality. Video formats are gradually catching up with the resolutions and quality that film offers, 1080p Movie Theaters In Nyc in Blu-ray offers a pixel Movie Theaters In Nyc resolution of 1920?1080 a leap from the DVD offering of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 offered by the first home video standard VHS. The maximum resolutions that film currently offers are 2485?2970 or 1420?3390, UHD, a future digital video Movie Theaters In Nyc format, will Movie Theaters In Nyc offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing all current film resolutions. The only viable competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which Movie Theaters In Nyc can Movie Theaters In Nyc play film content at an extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite the rise Movie Theaters In Nyc of Movie Theaters In Nyc all new technologies, the development of the home video market and a Movie Theaters In Nyc surge of online piracy, 2007 was a Movie Theaters In Nyc record year Movie Theaters In Nyc in film that showed the highest ever box-office grosses. Many expected film to suffer as a result of the effects listed above but it has flourished, strengthening film studio expectations for Movie Theaters In Nyc the future. |
