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Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are The Brown Bunny Movie produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects. Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, The Brown Bunny Movie in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a The Brown Bunny Movie powerful method for educating � The Brown Bunny Movie or indoctrinating � The Brown Bunny Movie citizens. The The Brown Bunny Movie visual The Brown Bunny Movie elements of cinema gives motion pictures a The Brown Bunny Movie universal power of communication. Some films have

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become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles The Brown Bunny Movie that translate the dialogue. Traditional films are made up The Brown Bunny Movie of a series of The Brown Bunny Movie individual The Brown Bunny Movie images called frames. When these The Brown Bunny Movie images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer The Brown Bunny Movie has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see The Brown Bunny Movie the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye The Brown Bunny Movie retains a The origin of the name "film" comes The Brown Bunny Movie from the fact that The Brown Bunny Movie photographic The Brown Bunny Movie film (also called film stock) had historically been the The Brown Bunny Movie primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist The Brown Bunny Movie for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture The Brown Bunny Movie show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms The Brown Bunny Movie for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, The Brown Bunny Movie the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, The Brown Bunny Movie two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical The Brown Bunny Movie devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences The Brown Bunny Movie of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation. A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, The Brown Bunny Movie the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888 With the development of celluloid The Brown Bunny Movie film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper The Brown Bunny Movie prints The Brown Bunny Movie attached to a drum turned by The Brown Bunny Movie a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per The Brown Bunny Movie second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these The Brown Bunny Movie machines were coin operated. The Brown Bunny Movie By the The Brown Bunny Movie 1880s, the The Brown Bunny Movie development of the motion picture camera

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allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single The Brown Bunny Movie reel, and led quickly to The Brown Bunny Movie the development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known The Brown Bunny Movie as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed The Brown Bunny Movie an event or action with no

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editing or other cinematic techniques. Ignoring Dickson's early The Brown Bunny Movie sound experiments (1894), commercial The Brown Bunny Movie motion pictures were The Brown Bunny Movie purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had The Brown Bunny Movie gained a hold on the The Brown Bunny Movie public imagination. Around the The Brown Bunny Movie turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a

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narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple The Brown Bunny Movie shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a The Brown Bunny Movie story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a The Brown Bunny Movie pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play

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music fitting the mood of The Brown Bunny Movie the film at The Brown Bunny Movie any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions. A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film. The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United States flourished The Brown Bunny Movie with the rise of Hollywood. However in The Brown Bunny Movie the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, The Brown Bunny Movie and Fritz The Brown Bunny Movie Lang, along with American innovator D. The Brown Bunny Movie W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, The Brown Bunny Movie continued The Brown Bunny Movie to advance the medium. In the 1920s, The Brown Bunny Movie new technology allowed The Brown Bunny Movie filmmakers to attach The Brown Bunny Movie to each film a soundtrack of speech, music The Brown Bunny Movie and sound effects synchronized with the action The Brown Bunny Movie on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling The Brown Bunny Movie them The Brown Bunny Movie "talking pictures", or talkies. The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" The Brown Bunny Movie color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent The Brown Bunny Movie film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making The Brown Bunny Movie it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively The Brown Bunny Movie indifferent to The Brown Bunny Movie color The Brown Bunny Movie photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but The Brown Bunny Movie as color The Brown Bunny Movie processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color The Brown Bunny Movie after the end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences The Brown Bunny Movie in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the The Brown Bunny Movie mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of The Brown Bunny Movie film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the The Brown Bunny Movie 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s The Brown Bunny Movie and

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into The Brown Bunny Movie the 21st century. Theory Main article: Film theory Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film The Brown Bunny Movie theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from The Brown Bunny Movie reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre

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Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic The Brown Bunny Movie essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and The Brown Bunny Movie this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's The Brown Bunny Movie semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film The Brown Bunny Movie theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others. Criticism Main article: Film criticism Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be

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divided into two The Brown Bunny Movie categories: academic criticism by film scholars and The Brown Bunny Movie journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media. Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film The Brown Bunny Movie once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed The Brown Bunny Movie action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by The Brown Bunny Movie a critic's overall judgment of a film. The Brown Bunny Movie The plot summary and description of a film The Brown Bunny Movie that makes up the majority The Brown Bunny Movie of The Brown Bunny Movie any film review can still have an The Brown Bunny Movie important impact on whether people decide to see a The Brown Bunny Movie film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. The Brown Bunny Movie Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity The Brown Bunny Movie and financial The Brown Bunny Movie loss. The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter The Brown Bunny Movie of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense The Brown Bunny Movie and well financed The Brown Bunny Movie that The Brown Bunny Movie reviewers cannot make an impact The Brown Bunny Movie against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted The Brown Bunny Movie movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success The Brown Bunny Movie of critically praised independent The Brown Bunny Movie movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have The Brown Bunny Movie considerable influence. Others note that positive The Brown Bunny Movie film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an The Brown Bunny Movie advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers The Brown Bunny Movie are wise to the tactic and warn the The Brown Bunny Movie public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result. It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film The Brown Bunny Movie reviewers, The Brown Bunny Movie and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These

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film critics attempt to come The Brown Bunny Movie to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers The Brown Bunny Movie or appear on

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television, their articles are published in scholarly The Brown Bunny Movie journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. The Brown Bunny Movie They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities. Industry Main article: Film industry The

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making and showing of motion pictures became a The Brown Bunny Movie source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, The Brown Bunny Movie and its product, was in The Brown Bunny Movie their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, The Brown Bunny Movie they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue The Brown Bunny Movie and, quickly The Brown Bunny Movie enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, The Brown Bunny Movie import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon The Brown Bunny Movie followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture The Brown Bunny Movie actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already

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by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had The Brown Bunny Movie a contract The Brown Bunny Movie that called for an annual salary of one million dollars. In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. The Brown Bunny Movie Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as The Brown Bunny Movie Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films The Brown Bunny Movie a The Brown Bunny Movie year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate The Brown Bunny Movie under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film The Brown Bunny Movie productions to flourish. Profit is a key The Brown Bunny Movie force in Freida Movie the industry, The Brown Bunny Movie due to The Brown Bunny Movie the costly and The Brown Bunny Movie risky nature of filmmaking; many The Brown Bunny Movie films have large cost overruns, a notorious The Brown Bunny Movie example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each The Brown Bunny Movie year to films, ostensibly based on The Brown Bunny Movie their The Brown Bunny Movie artistic The Brown Bunny Movie merits. There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made The Brown Bunny Movie in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts. Preview A The Brown Bunny Movie preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or The Brown Bunny Movie even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.) Trailer Main article: Trailer (film) Trailers or previews are film advertisements for The Brown Bunny Movie films that will be exhibited in the future The Brown Bunny Movie at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" The Brown Bunny Movie comes from their having originally been shown at the end The Brown Bunny Movie of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has The Brown Bunny Movie stuck. Trailers are now shown before the The Brown Bunny Movie film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins. The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required The Brown Bunny Movie during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, The Brown Bunny Movie an open source film may be produced through The Brown Bunny Movie open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the

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world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced The Brown Bunny Movie in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system. This production cycle typically The Brown Bunny Movie takes three The Brown Bunny Movie years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution. Crew Main article: Film crew A film crew The Brown Bunny Movie is a group of people hired by a The Brown Bunny Movie film company, The Brown Bunny Movie employed during the "production" or "photography" The Brown Bunny Movie phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The The Brown Bunny Movie crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, The Brown Bunny Movie company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or The Brown Bunny Movie post-production phases, such The Brown Bunny Movie as writers and editors. The Brown Bunny Movie Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and The Brown Bunny Movie costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), The Brown Bunny Movie sets, and The Brown Bunny Movie production special The Brown Bunny Movie effects. Caterers (known in the film industry The Brown Bunny Movie as "craft The Brown Bunny Movie services") are usually not considered part of the crew. Technology Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate The Brown Bunny Movie was the first The Brown Bunny Movie type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its Movie Junebug flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format The Brown Bunny Movie for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints. Originally moving picture film was shot and projected The Brown Bunny Movie at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in The Brown Bunny Movie the late 1920s, a constant speed The Brown Bunny Movie was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it The Brown Bunny Movie was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since The Brown Bunny Movie the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera The Brown Bunny Movie design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated The Brown Bunny Movie filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and The Brown Bunny Movie the The Brown Bunny Movie development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed The Brown Bunny Movie as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately The Brown Bunny Movie from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the The Brown Bunny Movie soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously. As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for The Brown Bunny Movie photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has The Brown Bunny Movie also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base The Brown Bunny Movie have been copied onto modern safety films. The Brown Bunny Movie Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters The Brown Bunny Movie � three B&W negatives each

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exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a The Brown Bunny Movie reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although The Brown Bunny Movie their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. The Brown Bunny Movie Film preservation of decaying film The Brown Bunny Movie stock is a The Brown Bunny Movie matter of concern to both The Brown Bunny Movie film historians and archivists, and The Brown Bunny Movie to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make them available to The Brown Bunny Movie future generations (and The Brown Bunny Movie thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high The Brown Bunny Movie decay rates; black and white films on safety The Brown Bunny Movie bases and color films preserved on Technicolor The Brown Bunny Movie imbibition prints tend to keep up The Brown Bunny Movie much better, assuming proper handling The Brown Bunny Movie and storage. Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. The Brown Bunny Movie Modern digital video cameras The Brown Bunny Movie and digital projectors are gaining Juneau Movie ground as well. These Sailor Moon Hentai Movie approaches are extremely beneficial The Brown Bunny Movie to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film. Independent Main The Brown Bunny Movie article: The Brown Bunny Movie Independent film The Lumiere Brothers Independent The Brown Bunny Movie filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film The Brown Bunny Movie (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, The Brown Bunny Movie business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the The Brown Bunny Movie indie The Brown Bunny Movie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century. On the business Movie The St Francisville Experiment side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in The Brown Bunny Movie cast and crew. The Brown Bunny Movie There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing The Brown Bunny Movie (over two-thirds of the films put The Brown Bunny Movie out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in The Brown Bunny Movie 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience

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in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly The Brown Bunny Movie in lead roles. Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and Chip Munk Movie Sound Track stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The The Brown Bunny Movie cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2]. But the advent of consumer The Brown Bunny Movie camcorders in 1985, and more

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importantly, the The Brown Bunny Movie arrival of high-resolution digital video in the The Brown Bunny Movie early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have The Brown Bunny Movie been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal The Brown Bunny Movie computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level The Brown Bunny Movie software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive. Since the The Brown Bunny Movie introduction of DV technology, the means The Brown Bunny Movie of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and The Brown Bunny Movie mix the final The Brown Bunny Movie cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and The Brown Bunny Movie marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. The Brown Bunny Movie Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The The Brown Bunny Movie arrival of The Brown Bunny Movie internet-based video outlets The Brown Bunny Movie such as YouTube and

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Veoh has The Brown Bunny Movie further changed the The Brown Bunny Movie film making landscape in ways The Brown Bunny Movie that are still to be determined. Open The Brown Bunny Movie content film Main article: The Brown Bunny Movie Open content film An The Brown Bunny Movie open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available The Brown Bunny Movie under a license which is The Brown Bunny Movie permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or The Brown Bunny Movie derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like The Brown Bunny Movie independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside The Brown Bunny Movie of The Brown Bunny Movie Hollywood, or other major studio systems. Fan film Main article: Fan film A fan film is a The Brown Bunny Movie film or video inspired by The Brown Bunny Movie a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright

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holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been The Brown Bunny Movie amateurs, but The Brown Bunny Movie some of the The Brown Bunny Movie more notable

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films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects

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or as demonstration The Brown Bunny Movie reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer The Brown Bunny Movie full-length motion pictures Animation is the technique The Brown Bunny Movie in The Brown Bunny Movie which each frame of a film is produced The Brown Bunny Movie individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a The Brown Bunny Movie drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to The Brown Bunny Movie a model unit The Brown Bunny Movie (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation The Brown Bunny Movie camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film The Brown Bunny Movie is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement

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(due to the persistence of vision). The Brown Bunny Movie Generating such a film is very labour intensive and

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tedious, though the Free B Movie Clips Cheerleaders development of computer animation has greatly sped up The Brown Bunny Movie the process. File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed The Brown Bunny Movie on a computer or over the The Brown Bunny Movie Internet. Because The Brown Bunny Movie animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the The Brown Bunny Movie majority of animation for The Brown Bunny Movie TV and The Brown Bunny Movie movies comes from professional animation The Brown Bunny Movie studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced The Brown Bunny Movie by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry. Limited animation is a The Brown Bunny Movie way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by The Brown Bunny Movie using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons The Brown Bunny Movie moved from movie theaters to television.[3] Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. The Brown Bunny Movie Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector. Venues When it is initially produced, a feature The Brown Bunny Movie film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The The Brown Bunny Movie first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to The Brown Bunny Movie be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents). Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, The Brown Bunny Movie there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of The Brown Bunny Movie the The Brown Bunny Movie material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming The Brown Bunny Movie movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers The Brown Bunny Movie or "The Twenty"). Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger The Brown Bunny Movie audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or The Brown Bunny Movie buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � The Brown Bunny Movie see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other The Brown Bunny Movie venues, being released as made-for-TV

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movies

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or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of The Brown Bunny Movie inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets. The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts The Brown Bunny Movie with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration The Brown Bunny Movie of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for The Brown Bunny Movie less than 8 weeks. There are The Brown Bunny Movie a few movies every year that defy this The Brown Bunny Movie rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater The Brown Bunny Movie count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a The Brown Bunny Movie 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers;

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and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6] Future state While motion picture films have been around for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely The Brown Bunny Movie available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication The Brown Bunny Movie over The Brown Bunny Movie the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large screens, motion The Brown Bunny Movie picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to The Brown Bunny Movie select films for The Brown Bunny Movie home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the The Brown Bunny Movie local cinemas. In the 1990s and 2000s the development of The Brown Bunny Movie digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to select and The Brown Bunny Movie view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These The Brown Bunny Movie new The Brown Bunny Movie technologies provided audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film The Brown Bunny Movie with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry The Brown Bunny Movie analysts predicted the The Brown Bunny Movie demise of the local cinema. The Brown Bunny Movie Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and moving towards digital screens, a new approach which will allow The Brown Bunny Movie for The Brown Bunny Movie easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite or

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hard disks), a development which may give local theaters a reprieve from their predicted demise. The cinema now

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faces a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide

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full HD 1080p video playback at The Brown Bunny Movie near cinema quality. Video formats The Brown Bunny Movie are gradually catching up with the resolutions and quality that film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of 1920?1080 a The Brown Bunny Movie leap from the DVD offering of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 offered by the first home video standard VHS. The maximum resolutions that The Brown Bunny Movie film currently offers are 2485?2970 or The Brown Bunny Movie 1420?3390, UHD, a future digital The Brown Bunny Movie video format, will offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing all current film resolutions. The only viable The Brown Bunny Movie competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which can play film content at an extreme 10000?7000 resolution. Despite the rise of all new technologies, the development of the home video market and a surge of online piracy, 2007 was a record year in film that The Brown Bunny Movie showed the highest The Brown Bunny Movie ever The Brown Bunny Movie box-office grosses. The Brown Bunny Movie Simon Birch Movie Many expected film to suffer as a result of the effects listed above but it has flourished, strengthening film studio expectations