Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of Carrollton Movie Theater film Carrollton Movie Theater as an Carrollton Movie Theater art form, and the Carrollton Movie Theater motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, Carrollton Movie Theater and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual Carrollton Movie Theater elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called Carrollton Movie Theater frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due Carrollton Movie Theater to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby Carrollton Movie Theater the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic Carrollton Movie Theater film (also Carrollton Movie Theater called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for Carrollton Movie Theater recording and displaying Carrollton Movie Theater motion pictures. Many other terms exist for Carrollton Movie Theater an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing Carrollton Movie Theater artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as Carrollton Movie Theater the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of Carrollton Movie Theater simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for Carrollton Movie Theater the images on the pictures to appear to Carrollton Movie Theater be moving, Carrollton Movie Theater a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images Carrollton Movie Theater needed to Carrollton Movie Theater be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for Carrollton Movie Theater the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Carrollton Movie Theater Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Carrollton Movie Theater Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture Carrollton Movie Theater objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a person to Carrollton Movie Theater look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. Scanners Movie The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were Carrollton Movie Theater coin operated. By Carrollton Movie Theater the 1880s, the development of the motion Carrollton Movie Theater picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify these Carrollton Movie Theater "moving Carrollton Movie Theater picture shows" onto Carrollton Movie Theater a screen for an entire audience. These reels, Carrollton Movie Theater so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion Carrollton Movie Theater pictures were static shots Carrollton Movie Theater that showed an Carrollton Movie Theater event or action with Carrollton Movie Theater no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Carrollton Movie Theater Dickson's Carrollton Movie Theater early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had Carrollton Movie Theater gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth Carrollton Movie Theater century, films Carrollton Movie Theater began Carrollton Movie Theater developing a narrative structure Carrollton Movie Theater by stringing scenes together to Carrollton Movie Theater tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as Carrollton Movie Theater effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than Carrollton Movie Theater leave the audience in silence, theater owners Carrollton Movie Theater would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to Carrollton Movie Theater play Carrollton Movie Theater music fitting Carrollton Movie Theater the mood of the Carrollton Movie Theater film at any given moment. By the Carrollton Movie Theater early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores Carrollton Movie Theater being Arachnid Movie composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the Carrollton Movie Theater breakout of World War Carrollton Movie Theater I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions Carrollton Movie Theater of Charles Carrollton Movie Theater Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers Carrollton Movie Theater to attach to each film a soundtrack of Carrollton Movie Theater speech, music and sound effects Carrollton Movie Theater synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling Carrollton Movie Theater them Carrollton Movie Theater "talking pictures", Carrollton Movie Theater or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making Carrollton Movie Theater it more Carrollton Movie Theater practical and cost effective to produce "natural Carrollton Movie Theater color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color Carrollton Movie Theater processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more Carrollton Movie Theater and more movies were filmed in Carrollton Movie Theater color after the end Carrollton Movie Theater of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to Carrollton Movie Theater attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By Carrollton Movie Theater the Carrollton Movie Theater end Carrollton Movie Theater of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the Carrollton Movie Theater 1960s, the succeeding decades saw Carrollton Movie Theater changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the Carrollton Movie Theater rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium Carrollton Movie Theater experienced in the Carrollton Movie Theater latter half of the Carrollton Movie Theater 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change Carrollton Movie Theater throughout Carrollton Movie Theater the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise Carrollton Movie Theater and systematic concepts that apply Carrollton Movie Theater to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a Carrollton Movie Theater valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other Carrollton Movie Theater things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly Carrollton Movie Theater review new releases. Normally they only see any given Carrollton Movie Theater film once and have only Carrollton Movie Theater a day Carrollton Movie Theater or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Carrollton Movie Theater Mass marketed action, horror, Carrollton Movie Theater and comedy films tend Carrollton Movie Theater not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The Carrollton Movie Theater plot summary and description Carrollton Movie Theater of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on Carrollton Movie Theater whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, Carrollton Movie Theater the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity Carrollton Movie Theater and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance Carrollton Movie Theater is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so Carrollton Movie Theater intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the Carrollton Movie Theater cataclysmic Carrollton Movie Theater failure of Carrollton Movie Theater some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the Carrollton Movie Theater unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that Carrollton Movie Theater extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film Carrollton Movie Theater reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that Carrollton Movie Theater they refuse to give reviewers an Carrollton Movie Theater advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of Carrollton Movie Theater the film. However, this usually backfires as Carrollton Movie Theater reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn Carrollton Movie Theater the public that the film may Carrollton Movie Theater not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics Carrollton Movie Theater are those who take Carrollton Movie Theater a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film Carrollton Movie Theater theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on Carrollton Movie Theater people. Rather than having their works Carrollton Movie Theater published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion Carrollton Movie Theater pictures became a source of profit almost as soon Carrollton Movie Theater as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new Carrollton Movie Theater invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to Carrollton Movie Theater royalty and Carrollton Movie Theater publicly to Carrollton Movie Theater the masses. In Carrollton Movie Theater each country, they would Carrollton Movie Theater normally add Carrollton Movie Theater new, local scenes to their Carrollton Movie Theater catalogue and, quickly enough, Carrollton Movie Theater found local entrepreneurs in Carrollton Movie Theater the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and Carrollton Movie Theater photograph, export, import and screen additional Carrollton Movie Theater product commercially. The Carrollton Movie Theater Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial Carrollton Movie Theater motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion Carrollton Movie Theater pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Carrollton Movie Theater Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion Carrollton Movie Theater picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film industry is Carrollton Movie Theater centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, Carrollton Movie Theater the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Carrollton Movie Theater Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a Carrollton Movie Theater year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the Carrollton Movie Theater source of Carrollton Movie Theater some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making Carrollton Movie Theater movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have Carrollton Movie Theater allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to Carrollton Movie Theater the Carrollton Movie Theater costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works Carrollton Movie Theater of lasting Carrollton Movie Theater social significance. The Carrollton Movie Theater Academy Awards (also known Carrollton Movie Theater as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in Carrollton Movie Theater lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the Carrollton Movie Theater purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes Carrollton Movie Theater used to judge Carrollton Movie Theater audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Carrollton Movie Theater Audience response.)
Trailer
Main Carrollton Movie Theater article: Trailer Carrollton Movie Theater (film)
Trailers Carrollton Movie Theater or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The Carrollton Movie Theater term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film Carrollton Movie Theater programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name Carrollton Movie Theater has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) Carrollton Movie Theater begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of Carrollton Movie Theater crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films Carrollton Movie Theater need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by Carrollton Movie Theater dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent The Simpsons Movie On Dvd film may Carrollton Movie Theater be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, Carrollton Movie Theater an Carrollton Movie Theater open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and Carrollton Movie Theater genre, and is produced in a variety of economic Carrollton Movie Theater contexts that range Carrollton Movie Theater from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Carrollton Movie Theater Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by a Carrollton Movie Theater film company, employed during the "production" Carrollton Movie Theater or "photography" phase, Carrollton Movie Theater for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters Carrollton Movie Theater in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their Carrollton Movie Theater assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, Carrollton Movie Theater such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well Carrollton Movie Theater defined Carrollton Movie Theater hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, Carrollton Movie Theater the crew handles everything Carrollton Movie Theater in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, Carrollton Movie Theater electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special Carrollton Movie Theater effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered Carrollton Movie Theater part of the crew.
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Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated Carrollton Movie Theater with an emulsion Carrollton Movie Theater containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record Carrollton Movie Theater motion pictures, but due to its Carrollton Movie Theater flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on Carrollton Movie Theater the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was Carrollton Movie Theater shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films Carrollton Movie Theater were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound Carrollton Movie Theater film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was Carrollton Movie Theater required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the Carrollton Movie Theater slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras Carrollton Movie Theater � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without Carrollton Movie Theater requiring large "blimps" to encase the Carrollton Movie Theater camera, the Carrollton Movie Theater invention of Carrollton Movie Theater more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development Carrollton Movie Theater of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded Carrollton Movie Theater at exactly the same speed Carrollton Movie Theater as Carrollton Movie Theater its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting Carrollton Movie Theater the film, but for live-action Carrollton Movie Theater pictures Carrollton Movie Theater many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a Carrollton Movie Theater Movie Theaters In Nyc progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated Carrollton Movie Theater into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and Carrollton Movie Theater storage, and the Carrollton Movie Theater motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most Carrollton Movie Theater movies on cellulose nitrate Carrollton Movie Theater base Carrollton Movie Theater have been copied onto Carrollton Movie Theater modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Carrollton Movie Theater Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle Carrollton Movie Theater makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for Carrollton Movie Theater long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is Carrollton Movie Theater a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make them available Carrollton Movie Theater to Carrollton Movie Theater future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras Carrollton Movie Theater and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to Carrollton Movie Theater moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Carrollton Movie Theater Yet the migration is Carrollton Movie Theater gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent Carrollton Movie Theater filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, Carrollton Movie Theater or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing Carrollton Movie Theater or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late Carrollton Movie Theater 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads Carrollton Movie Theater to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful Carrollton Movie Theater director is Carrollton Movie Theater almost never given the Carrollton Movie Theater opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless Carrollton Movie Theater he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, Carrollton Movie Theater the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of Carrollton Movie Theater digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock Carrollton Movie Theater was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a Carrollton Movie Theater traditional studio film. The cost of Carrollton Movie Theater 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early Carrollton Movie Theater 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for Carrollton Movie Theater post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, Carrollton Movie Theater FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software Carrollton Movie Theater like Carrollton Movie Theater Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively Carrollton Movie Theater inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means Carrollton Movie Theater of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on Carrollton Movie Theater a home computer. However, while the means of production may Carrollton Movie Theater be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside Carrollton Movie Theater the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film Carrollton Movie Theater festivals to get their films noticed Carrollton Movie Theater and sold for Carrollton Movie Theater distribution. The arrival of Carrollton Movie Theater internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open Carrollton Movie Theater content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much Carrollton Movie Theater like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material Carrollton Movie Theater is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan Carrollton Movie Theater fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside Carrollton Movie Theater of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by a Carrollton Movie Theater film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans Carrollton Movie Theater rather Carrollton Movie Theater than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as Carrollton Movie Theater film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures Carrollton Movie Theater to rarer full-length motion Carrollton Movie Theater pictures
Animation is Carrollton Movie Theater the technique in Carrollton Movie Theater which each frame of a Carrollton Movie Theater film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer Carrollton Movie Theater graphic, or by photographing a drawn Carrollton Movie Theater image, or by repeatedly making small Carrollton Movie Theater changes to a model unit Carrollton Movie Theater (see claymation Carrollton Movie Theater and stop motion), and Carrollton Movie Theater then photographing the result with a special animation Carrollton Movie Theater camera. When the frames are strung together Carrollton Movie Theater and the resulting film is viewed Carrollton Movie Theater at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement Carrollton Movie Theater (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on Carrollton Movie Theater a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often Carrollton Movie Theater very expensive to produce, the majority Carrollton Movie Theater of animation for TV and movies comes from Carrollton Movie Theater professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least Hbo Movie Schedule since Carrollton Movie Theater the 1950s, with Carrollton Movie Theater animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a Carrollton Movie Theater single person). Several independent animation producers have Carrollton Movie Theater gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" Carrollton Movie Theater in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now Carrollton Movie Theater using Carrollton Movie Theater digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers Carrollton Movie Theater like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in Carrollton Movie Theater 1905.[4] Carrollton Movie Theater Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be Carrollton Movie Theater known as Enemy Mine Movie nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater Carrollton Movie Theater for a lump sum, and a "B Carrollton Movie Theater picture" of Carrollton Movie Theater lower quality Carrollton Movie Theater rented for a percentage of Carrollton Movie Theater the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known Carrollton Movie Theater as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to Carrollton Movie Theater be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the Carrollton Movie Theater film is no longer being shown Carrollton Movie Theater in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent Carrollton Movie Theater or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older Carrollton Movie Theater formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources Carrollton Movie Theater for Carrollton Movie Theater the Carrollton Movie Theater film companies. Some films Carrollton Movie Theater are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production Carrollton Movie Theater values on these films are often Carrollton Movie Theater considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected Carrollton Movie Theater by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket Carrollton Movie Theater sales to Carrollton Movie Theater the movie studio, as Carrollton Movie Theater film rental Carrollton Movie Theater fees.[6] Carrollton Movie Theater The actual percentage starts with a Carrollton Movie Theater number higher than that, and Carrollton Movie Theater decreases as the Carrollton Movie Theater duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's Carrollton Movie Theater barrage of highly Carrollton Movie Theater marketed movies ensures that most Carrollton Movie Theater movies are shown Carrollton Movie Theater in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only Carrollton Movie Theater a few theaters and actually grow their theater Carrollton Movie Theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about Carrollton Movie Theater 26% of Hollywood movie Carrollton Movie Theater studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% Carrollton Movie Theater came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been Movie Theaters In Waterbury Ct around for Carrollton Movie Theater more than a Carrollton Movie Theater century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, Carrollton Movie Theater when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted Carrollton Movie Theater the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition Carrollton Movie Theater from television's Carrollton Movie Theater increasing technological sophistication Carrollton Movie Theater over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development Carrollton Movie Theater of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled Carrollton Movie Theater people to select films Carrollton Movie Theater for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted Carrollton Movie Theater the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, Carrollton Movie Theater home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and Carrollton Movie Theater large LCD or plasma screens enabled Carrollton Movie Theater people to select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These Carrollton Movie Theater new technologies provided audio and visual Carrollton Movie Theater that in the Carrollton Movie Theater past only Carrollton Movie Theater local cinemas Carrollton Movie Theater had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the Carrollton Movie Theater local cinema. Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and moving Carrollton Movie Theater towards digital screens, a new approach which will allow Carrollton Movie Theater for easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite or hard disks), a development Carrollton Movie Theater which may give local theaters a reprieve from their predicted demise.
The cinema now faces Carrollton Movie Theater a new challenge Carrollton Movie Theater from home video by the likes of a |
