Film October Movie is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced Movie Theatre Valdosta Ga by October Movie recording images from the world with October Movie cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is October Movie considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and October Movie a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements October Movie of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular October Movie worldwide October Movie attractions by October Movie using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are October Movie made up of a series of individual images called October Movie frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. October Movie The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby October Movie the eye retains a
The origin October Movie of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called October Movie film October Movie stock) had historically been the primary medium October Movie for recording and displaying October Movie motion pictures. Many other terms exist for October Movie an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and October Movie most commonly, movie. Additional terms October Movie for October Movie the field in October Movie general include the October Movie big October Movie screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing October Movie artificially created, two-dimensional images October Movie in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple October Movie optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a October Movie phenomenon called persistence October Movie of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the October Movie development of film October Movie animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest October Movie film, by October Movie Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects October Movie in October Movie motion October Movie in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a person to look into a October Movie viewing machine to see October Movie the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The October Movie pictures were October Movie shown at October Movie a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on October Movie how rapidly the October Movie crank was turned. Some of these machines were October Movie coin operated. By October Movie the 1880s, the development of the motion October Movie picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine October Movie light through the processed and printed film and October Movie magnify these "moving picture October Movie shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These October Movie reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action October Movie with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late October Movie 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. October Movie Around the turn of October Movie the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative October Movie structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways October Movie to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in October Movie silence, October Movie theater owners would hire a pianist October Movie or organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a October Movie prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune October Movie (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of October Movie World War October Movie I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. October Movie However in October Movie the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions October Movie of Charles October Movie Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were October Movie initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step October Movie in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of October Movie sound quickly eclipsed October Movie silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved October Movie making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but October Movie as color processes improved and became as October Movie affordable as black-and-white film, more October Movie and more movies were October Movie filmed in color after the end of World War II, October Movie as the industry in America came to October Movie view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained October Movie a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of October Movie the 1960s, col
Since the decline of October Movie the studio system in the 1960s, the Movie Intro Theme Music succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the Doylestown Movie Theater changes the medium experienced in the latter October Movie half of the October Movie 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The October Movie Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and October Movie Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted October Movie against this theory by arguing October Movie that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality October Movie not in October Movie its October Movie differences from reality, and October Movie this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's October Movie semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist October Movie film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is October Movie the analysis and October Movie evaluation October Movie of films. In October Movie general, these works can October Movie be divided into two categories: academic October Movie criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears October Movie regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or October Movie two to October Movie formulate opinions. Despite October Movie this, critics have an important impact on films, especially October Movie those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly October Movie affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. October Movie The plot summary and description of a film that makes October Movie up October Movie the majority of any film review October Movie can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. October Movie For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews October Movie will often October Movie doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an October Movie impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected October Movie success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can October Movie have considerable influence. Others note that October Movie positive film reviews have October Movie been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have October Movie been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers October Movie an advanced viewing October Movie to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often October Movie do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film October Movie critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line October Movie of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film October Movie and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, October Movie their October Movie articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: October Movie Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of October Movie profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring October Movie the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to October Movie the masses. In each October Movie country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play October Movie of 1898[citation October Movie needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever October Movie produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate October Movie industry that overshadowed October Movie the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion October Movie picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already October Movie by October Movie 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
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In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around October Movie Hollywood. Other regional October Movie centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation October Movie needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent October Movie film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the October Movie costly and risky nature October Movie of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, October Movie a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet October Movie many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting October Movie social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, October Movie ostensibly October Movie based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large October Movie industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or October Movie in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview October Movie performance refers to October Movie a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before October Movie the public film premiere itself. Previews October Movie are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which October Movie if unexpectedly October Movie negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. October Movie (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film October Movie advertisements for films October Movie that will be October Movie exhibited in the October Movie future at a October Movie cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" October Movie comes from their having originally been shown at October Movie the end October Movie of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or October Movie the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew October Movie required during October Movie filmmaking. Many October Movie Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D October Movie modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, Kevin Bacon New Movie an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking October Movie takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a October Movie variety of economic contexts that range from October Movie state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented October Movie movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: October Movie Film crew
A film crew is Free Movie Xxx a group of people hired by a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, October Movie for October Movie the purpose of producing a film October Movie or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but October Movie is also distinct from October Movie the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, October Movie their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production Movie Havoc phases, such as October Movie writers and editors. October Movie Communication October Movie between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff October Movie of assistants. Medium-to-large crews October Movie are generally divided into departments with well defined October Movie hierarchies October Movie and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, October Movie the crew handles October Movie everything October Movie in the October Movie photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film October Movie industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, October Movie but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by October Movie safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on the reel have had a rich history, October Movie though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to October Movie theaters) as 35 mm October Movie prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast October Movie each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the October Movie sound head. 24 frames per October Movie second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at October Movie a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be October Movie recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are October Movie usually October Movie recorded October Movie simultaneously.
As a medium, October Movie film is not limited to motion pictures, October Movie since the technology developed as the basis for October Movie photography. It can be used to present a October Movie progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated October Movie into multimedia presentations, and often October Movie has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the October Movie use of separation masters October Movie � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice October Movie for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing October Movie products in order October Movie to make them available to future generations October Movie (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to October Movie their high decay rates; black and white October Movie films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and October Movie digital projectors are gaining ground as well. October Movie These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be October Movie processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major Motocross The Movie motion pictures October Movie are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The October Movie Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film October Movie (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or October Movie distribution from a major movie studio. October Movie Creative, business, and technological October Movie reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the October Movie late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, October Movie the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and October Movie crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a October Movie job October Movie on a big-budget studio October Movie film unless he or she has significant industry October Movie experience in film or television. Also, the studios October Movie rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to October Movie being able to October Movie produce, direct, or star in October Movie a traditional studio film. The cost October Movie of 35 mm film October Movie is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative October Movie costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the October Movie hardware and software for post-production October Movie The Adventures Of Ulysses Movie can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony October Movie Vegas October Movie and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer October Movie level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
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Since the introduction of DV technology, the October Movie means of production October Movie have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit October Movie the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals October Movie to get their films October Movie noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has October Movie further changed the film making October Movie landscape in October Movie ways that are October Movie still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is October Movie much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan October Movie film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic October Movie book or October Movie a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or October Movie creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, October Movie but some of the more October Movie notable films have October Movie actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class October Movie projects or as October Movie demonstration reels. Fan October Movie films vary tremendously October Movie in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures October Movie to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in October Movie which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by October Movie photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small October Movie changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then October Movie photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous October Movie movement October Movie (due to the October Movie persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though October Movie the development of computer animation has greatly sped up October Movie the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer October Movie or October Movie over October Movie the Internet.
Because animation October Movie is very time-consuming October Movie and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV October Movie and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the October Movie field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to October Movie enter the October Movie professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs October Movie of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to October Movie television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is October Movie a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature October Movie film is often shown to October Movie audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in October Movie Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters October Movie were built or converted from existing facilities within October Movie a few years.[5] In the United States, these October Movie theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before October Movie Music Movie Download the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater October Movie for a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown October Movie before the feature film consists of previews October Movie for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be October Movie shown in movie theaters. The development October Movie of October Movie television October Movie has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in October Movie theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have October Movie started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now October Movie made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV October Movie movies October Movie or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be October Movie of inferior quality compared to October Movie theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own October Movie studios upon completion are distributed October Movie through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about October Movie 50-55% October Movie of its ticket sales to the October Movie movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the October Movie duration of a October Movie film's October Movie showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. October Movie However, today's barrage October Movie of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every October Movie year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in October Movie only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count October Movie through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box October Movie office ticket sales; 46% October Movie came from VHS and DVD sales to October Movie consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While October Movie motion October Movie picture films have been around for more than a century, film is still a relative October Movie newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In October Movie the 1950s, when television became widely available, October Movie industry analysts predicted the demise of October Movie local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the October Movie 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability October Movie of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of October Movie digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems October Movie with surround sound October Movie and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to select and view films at home with greatly October Movie improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio October Movie and visual that in the past only local October Movie cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s October Movie and moving towards digital screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite or hard disks), a October Movie development which may give local theaters October Movie a reprieve from their predicted demise.
The cinema now faces October Movie a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can October Movie provide full HD 1080p video playback at near cinema quality. October Movie Video formats are gradually catching up with the October Movie resolutions and quality that film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray Movie Memorabilia For Sale offers October Movie a October Movie pixel resolution October Movie of 1920?1080 a leap from the DVD offering October Movie of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 offered by the first home video standard VHS. The maximum resolutions that film currently offers are 2485?2970 or 1420?3390, UHD, a future digital video format, will offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing all current film resolutions. The October Movie only viable competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which can play film content at an extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite the rise of all new technologies, the development of the home video market and a surge of online piracy, October Movie 2007 was a record year in film that showed the highest ever box-office grosses. Many expected film October Movie to suffer as a result of the effects listed above but it has flourished, strengthening film studio expectations for the future. October Movie |
