Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film Palestine Texas Movie Theater as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from Palestine Texas Movie Theater the world with cameras, or by creating Palestine Texas Movie Theater images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, Palestine Texas Movie Theater in Palestine Texas Movie Theater turn, affect them. Film is considered to Palestine Texas Movie Theater be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using Palestine Texas Movie Theater dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of Palestine Texas Movie Theater a series of Palestine Texas Movie Theater individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the Palestine Texas Movie Theater illusion Palestine Texas Movie Theater that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an Palestine Texas Movie Theater effect known as persistence of Palestine Texas Movie Theater vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film Palestine Texas Movie Theater (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other Palestine Texas Movie Theater terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for Palestine Texas Movie Theater the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the Palestine Texas Movie Theater 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with Palestine Texas Movie Theater devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines Palestine Texas Movie Theater were outgrowths of simple optical Palestine Texas Movie Theater devices Palestine Texas Movie Theater (such as Palestine Texas Movie Theater magic lanterns) Palestine Texas Movie Theater and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame Palestine Texas Movie Theater from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of Palestine Texas Movie Theater celluloid Palestine Texas Movie Theater film for still photography, it became possible Palestine Texas Movie Theater to directly Palestine Texas Movie Theater capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a person to look into Palestine Texas Movie Theater a Palestine Texas Movie Theater viewing machine Palestine Texas Movie Theater to see the Palestine Texas Movie Theater pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum Palestine Texas Movie Theater turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were Palestine Texas Movie Theater coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed Palestine Texas Movie Theater the individual component images to Palestine Texas Movie Theater be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a Palestine Texas Movie Theater screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known Palestine Texas Movie Theater as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments Palestine Texas Movie Theater (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art Palestine Texas Movie Theater through Palestine Texas Movie Theater the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began Palestine Texas Movie Theater developing a narrative structure by Palestine Texas Movie Theater stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes Palestine Texas Movie Theater were later broken up into multiple Palestine Texas Movie Theater shots of varying sizes and Palestine Texas Movie Theater angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play Palestine Texas Movie Theater music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most Palestine Texas Movie Theater films Palestine Texas Movie Theater came with Palestine Texas Movie Theater a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for Palestine Texas Movie Theater major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise Palestine Texas Movie Theater of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the Palestine Texas Movie Theater 1920s, Palestine Texas Movie Theater European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the Palestine Texas Movie Theater contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued Palestine Texas Movie Theater to advance the medium. Palestine Texas Movie Theater In the 1920s, new Palestine Texas Movie Theater technology allowed Palestine Texas Movie Theater filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound Palestine Texas Movie Theater films were initially Palestine Texas Movie Theater distinguished by Palestine Texas Movie Theater calling Palestine Texas Movie Theater them "talking Palestine Texas Movie Theater pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the Palestine Texas Movie Theater addition of sound quickly Palestine Texas Movie Theater eclipsed silent film Palestine Texas Movie Theater and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical Palestine Texas Movie Theater and Palestine Texas Movie Theater cost Palestine Texas Movie Theater effective Palestine Texas Movie Theater to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] Palestine Texas Movie Theater but as color processes improved and became Palestine Texas Movie Theater as affordable as Palestine Texas Movie Theater black-and-white film, more Palestine Texas Movie Theater and more movies were filmed in color after the end Palestine Texas Movie Theater of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its Palestine Texas Movie Theater competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the Palestine Texas Movie Theater production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of Palestine Texas Movie Theater film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital Palestine Texas Movie Theater technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to Palestine Texas Movie Theater the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led Palestine Texas Movie Theater by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Palestine Texas Movie Theater Kracauer, emphasized how film differed Palestine Texas Movie Theater from reality, and Coldwater Mi Movie Theater thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by Palestine Texas Movie Theater arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from Palestine Texas Movie Theater reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis Palestine Texas Movie Theater and Ferdinand de Palestine Texas Movie Theater Saussure's semiotics among Palestine Texas Movie Theater other things has Palestine Texas Movie Theater given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, Palestine Texas Movie Theater these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film Palestine Texas Movie Theater scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears Palestine Texas Movie Theater regularly in newspapers and Palestine Texas Movie Theater other media.
Film critics working for Palestine Texas Movie Theater newspapers, magazines, and Palestine Texas Movie Theater broadcast media Palestine Texas Movie Theater mainly review new releases. Palestine Texas Movie Theater Normally they only see any Palestine Texas Movie Theater given film once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy Palestine Texas Movie Theater films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a Palestine Texas Movie Theater film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to Palestine Texas Movie Theater see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, Palestine Texas Movie Theater the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact Palestine Texas Movie Theater of a reviewer on Palestine Texas Movie Theater a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that Palestine Texas Movie Theater reviewers cannot make Palestine Texas Movie Theater an impact against Palestine Texas Movie Theater it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as Palestine Texas Movie Theater well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive Palestine Texas Movie Theater film reviews have Palestine Texas Movie Theater been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that Palestine Texas Movie Theater they refuse Palestine Texas Movie Theater to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid Palestine Texas Movie Theater widespread panning of the film. However, Palestine Texas Movie Theater this usually backfires as reviewers are Palestine Texas Movie Theater wise to the tactic and warn the Palestine Texas Movie Theater public that the film may not Palestine Texas Movie Theater be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film Palestine Texas Movie Theater critics should only be known as Private Lessons Movie film reviewers, and true film critics Palestine Texas Movie Theater are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film Palestine Texas Movie Theater theory or film studies. These Palestine Texas Movie Theater film critics attempt to come to understand Palestine Texas Movie Theater how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than Palestine Texas Movie Theater having their works published Palestine Texas Movie Theater in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They Palestine Texas Movie Theater also Palestine Texas Movie Theater tend to Palestine Texas Movie Theater be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing Palestine Texas Movie Theater of motion Palestine Texas Movie Theater pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was Palestine Texas Movie Theater in Palestine Texas Movie Theater their native France, Palestine Texas Movie Theater the Lumieres quickly set about Palestine Texas Movie Theater touring Palestine Texas Movie Theater the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and Palestine Texas Movie Theater publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and Palestine Texas Movie Theater photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Palestine Texas Movie Theater Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation Palestine Texas Movie Theater needed] Palestine Texas Movie Theater was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion Palestine Texas Movie Theater pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors Palestine Texas Movie Theater became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their Palestine Texas Movie Theater performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the United States Palestine Texas Movie Theater today, much of the film industry is Palestine Texas Movie Theater centered around Hollywood. Other regional Palestine Texas Movie Theater centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Palestine Texas Movie Theater Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of Palestine Texas Movie Theater films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the Palestine Texas Movie Theater expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is Palestine Texas Movie Theater a key force in the Palestine Texas Movie Theater industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have Palestine Texas Movie Theater large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Initial D The Movie Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") Palestine Texas Movie Theater are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly Palestine Texas Movie Theater based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large Palestine Texas Movie Theater industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate Palestine Texas Movie Theater promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if Palestine Texas Movie Theater unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or Palestine Texas Movie Theater even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen Palestine Texas Movie Theater they are Palestine Texas Movie Theater shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the Palestine Texas Movie Theater name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before Palestine Texas Movie Theater the film (or the Palestine Texas Movie Theater A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), Palestine Texas Movie Theater created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may Palestine Texas Movie Theater be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source Palestine Texas Movie Theater film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of Palestine Texas Movie Theater acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year Palestine Texas Movie Theater is taken Palestine Texas Movie Theater up with development. The Palestine Texas Movie Theater second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film Palestine Texas Movie Theater crew
A film crew is a group of people Palestine Texas Movie Theater hired by a Palestine Texas Movie Theater film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, Palestine Texas Movie Theater for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for Palestine Texas Movie Theater characters in the Palestine Texas Movie Theater film. The crew interacts Palestine Texas Movie Theater with but is also distinct from the Palestine Texas Movie Theater production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their Palestine Texas Movie Theater assistants, and those whose primary Palestine Texas Movie Theater responsibility falls in Palestine Texas Movie Theater pre-production or post-production Palestine Texas Movie Theater phases, Palestine Texas Movie Theater such as writers Palestine Texas Movie Theater and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large Palestine Texas Movie Theater crews Palestine Texas Movie Theater are generally Palestine Texas Movie Theater divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other Palestine Texas Movie Theater than acting, the crew Palestine Texas Movie Theater handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part Palestine Texas Movie Theater of the crew.
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Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or Palestine Texas Movie Theater polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Palestine Texas Movie Theater Stock widths and the film format for images on the Palestine Texas Movie Theater reel have Palestine Texas Movie Theater had a rich Palestine Texas Movie Theater history, though Palestine Texas Movie Theater most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various Palestine Texas Movie Theater speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) Palestine Texas Movie Theater is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates Palestine Texas Movie Theater most films Top Action Movie were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up Palestine Texas Movie Theater (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene Palestine Texas Movie Theater should be shown) [1]. When sound film was Palestine Texas Movie Theater introduced in Palestine Texas Movie Theater the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest Palestine Texas Movie Theater (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements Palestine Texas Movie Theater since the late 19th century include Palestine Texas Movie Theater the mechanization of Palestine Texas Movie Theater cameras Palestine Texas Movie Theater � allowing them to record at Palestine Texas Movie Theater a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts Palestine Texas Movie Theater of the soundtrack are usually Palestine Texas Movie Theater recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It Palestine Texas Movie Theater can Palestine Texas Movie Theater be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in Palestine Texas Movie Theater terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies Palestine Texas Movie Theater on cellulose nitrate Palestine Texas Movie Theater base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios Palestine Texas Movie Theater save color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying Palestine Texas Movie Theater film stock is Palestine Texas Movie Theater a matter of concern to both Palestine Texas Movie Theater film Palestine Texas Movie Theater historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make them available to future generations (and Palestine Texas Movie Theater thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for Palestine Texas Movie Theater nitrate and single-strip color films, due to Palestine Texas Movie Theater their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades Palestine Texas Movie Theater have been recorded using Palestine Texas Movie Theater analog video technology Palestine Texas Movie Theater similar to that used in television Palestine Texas Movie Theater production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining Palestine Texas Movie Theater ground as well. These approaches are Palestine Texas Movie Theater extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially Palestine Texas Movie Theater because footage can be evaluated and Palestine Texas Movie Theater edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main Palestine Texas Movie Theater article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from Palestine Texas Movie Theater a major Palestine Texas Movie Theater movie studio. Palestine Texas Movie Theater Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the Palestine Texas Movie Theater films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up Palestine Texas Movie Theater from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio Palestine Texas Movie Theater film unless he Palestine Texas Movie Theater or she has significant industry experience in Palestine Texas Movie Theater film or television. Palestine Texas Movie Theater Also, the studios rarely produce films Palestine Texas Movie Theater with unknown Palestine Texas Movie Theater actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost Palestine Texas Movie Theater of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 Palestine Texas Movie Theater mm film is Palestine Texas Movie Theater outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up Palestine Texas Movie Theater 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and Palestine Texas Movie Theater more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, Palestine Texas Movie Theater have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and Palestine Texas Movie Theater software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such Palestine Texas Movie Theater as DVDs, FireWire Palestine Texas Movie Theater connections and non-linear editing system pro-level Palestine Texas Movie Theater software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Palestine Texas Movie Theater Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Palestine Texas Movie Theater Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively Palestine Texas Movie Theater inexpensive.
Since the introduction of Palestine Texas Movie Theater DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and Palestine Texas Movie Theater music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film Palestine Texas Movie Theater festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The Palestine Texas Movie Theater arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube Palestine Texas Movie Theater and Palestine Texas Movie Theater Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main Palestine Texas Movie Theater article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, Palestine Texas Movie Theater but it is produced through open Palestine Texas Movie Theater collaborations; its source material is available under Palestine Texas Movie Theater a license which is Palestine Texas Movie Theater permissive enough Palestine Texas Movie Theater to Palestine Texas Movie Theater allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative Palestine Texas Movie Theater works, than a Palestine Texas Movie Theater traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a film Palestine Texas Movie Theater or video inspired by Already Dead Movie a film, television program, comic Palestine Texas Movie Theater book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more Palestine Texas Movie Theater notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in Palestine Texas Movie Theater length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing Palestine Texas Movie Theater the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung Palestine Texas Movie Theater together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed Palestine Texas Movie Theater of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement Palestine Texas Movie Theater (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave Palestine Texas Movie Theater and Flash allow animation to be Palestine Texas Movie Theater viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is Palestine Texas Movie Theater very time-consuming and Palestine Texas Movie Theater often very expensive to Palestine Texas Movie Theater produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation Palestine Texas Movie Theater has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation Palestine Texas Movie Theater being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is Palestine Texas Movie Theater a way of increasing production and decreasing Palestine Texas Movie Theater costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method Palestine Texas Movie Theater was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Palestine Texas Movie Theater Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved Palestine Texas Movie Theater from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using Palestine Texas Movie Theater digital technologies in their productions, there is a Palestine Texas Movie Theater specific style of Palestine Texas Movie Theater animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made Palestine Texas Movie Theater famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and Palestine Texas Movie Theater drawn Palestine Texas Movie Theater directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a Palestine Texas Movie Theater projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed Palestine Texas Movie Theater exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from Palestine Texas Movie Theater existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the Palestine Texas Movie Theater United States, Palestine Texas Movie Theater these theaters came Palestine Texas Movie Theater to be known as nickelodeons, Palestine Texas Movie Theater because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by Palestine Texas Movie Theater an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development Palestine Texas Movie Theater of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being Palestine Texas Movie Theater shown Palestine Texas Movie Theater in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to Palestine Texas Movie Theater rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads Palestine Texas Movie Theater may Palestine Texas Movie Theater be Palestine Texas Movie Theater available and have started to become revenue sources Palestine Texas Movie Theater for Palestine Texas Movie Theater the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these Palestine Texas Movie Theater other Palestine Texas Movie Theater venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values Palestine Texas Movie Theater on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in Palestine Texas Movie Theater similar genres, and Palestine Texas Movie Theater indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are Coming Soon Movie News distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher Palestine Texas Movie Theater than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, Palestine Texas Movie Theater as Palestine Texas Movie Theater an Palestine Texas Movie Theater incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a Palestine Texas Movie Theater few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about Palestine Texas Movie Theater 26% of Hollywood movie studios' Palestine Texas Movie Theater worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS Palestine Texas Movie Theater and DVD sales to consumers; and Palestine Texas Movie Theater 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and Palestine Texas Movie Theater pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films Palestine Texas Movie Theater have been around for Palestine Texas Movie Theater more Palestine Texas Movie Theater than a century, film is still a relative newcomer Palestine Texas Movie Theater in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry Palestine Texas Movie Theater analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from Palestine Texas Movie Theater television's Palestine Texas Movie Theater increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In Palestine |
