Film is Movie Bumper Stickers a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film Movie Bumper Stickers as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films Movie Bumper Stickers are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which Movie Bumper Stickers reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the Movie Bumper Stickers dialogue.
Traditional Movie Bumper Stickers films are made up of a series of individual images called Movie Bumper Stickers frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a Movie Bumper Stickers viewer has the Movie Bumper Stickers illusion that motion is occurring. Movie Bumper Stickers The viewer cannot see the flickering between Movie Bumper Stickers frames due to an Movie Bumper Stickers effect known as persistence Movie Bumper Stickers of vision, whereby the Movie Bumper Stickers eye retains a
The Movie Bumper Stickers origin of Movie Bumper Stickers the Movie Bumper Stickers name "film" comes from Movie Bumper Stickers the fact that photographic film (also called Movie Bumper Stickers film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, Thebigguy Movie Cam Releases picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general Movie Bumper Stickers include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated Movie Bumper Stickers with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths Movie Bumper Stickers of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would Movie Bumper Stickers display sequences of Movie Bumper Stickers still pictures at sufficient Western Town Movie Set Designer speed for the Movie Bumper Stickers images on the pictures to appear to be Movie Bumper Stickers moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's Movie Bumper Stickers earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still Movie Bumper Stickers photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes Movie Bumper Stickers required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate Movie Bumper Stickers paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were Movie Bumper Stickers shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were Movie Bumper Stickers coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured Movie Bumper Stickers and stored on a Movie Bumper Stickers single reel, Movie Bumper Stickers and led quickly to the Movie Bumper Stickers development of a motion picture projector to shine light through Movie Bumper Stickers the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving Movie Bumper Stickers picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These Movie Bumper Stickers reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures Movie Bumper Stickers were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other Movie Bumper Stickers cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th Movie Bumper Stickers century, but these Movie Bumper Stickers innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began Movie Bumper Stickers developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were Movie Bumper Stickers later broken up into Movie Bumper Stickers multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to Movie Bumper Stickers play music fitting the mood of the Willow Movie Sword film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared Movie Bumper Stickers list of sheet music for this purpose, Movie Bumper Stickers with Movie Bumper Stickers complete film scores being composed Movie Bumper Stickers for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Movie Bumper Stickers Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by Movie Bumper Stickers the breakout of World Movie Bumper Stickers War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However Movie Bumper Stickers in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and Movie Bumper Stickers the Movie Bumper Stickers contributions Movie Bumper Stickers of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in Movie Bumper Stickers the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and Movie Bumper Stickers theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce Movie Bumper Stickers "natural color" films. The public was relatively Movie Bumper Stickers indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes Movie Bumper Stickers improved and Movie Bumper Stickers became as affordable as Movie Bumper Stickers black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a Movie Bumper Stickers black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system Movie Bumper Stickers in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw Movie Bumper Stickers changes in the production Movie Bumper Stickers and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film Movie Bumper Stickers theory
Film theory Movie Bumper Stickers seeks to develop concise Movie Bumper Stickers and systematic concepts that apply Movie Bumper Stickers to the study of film as Transatlantic Movie art. It was started by Movie Bumper Stickers Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of Movie Bumper Stickers the Sixth Movie Bumper Stickers Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus Movie Bumper Stickers could be considered Movie Bumper Stickers a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its Movie Bumper Stickers ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical Movie Bumper Stickers film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and Movie Bumper Stickers evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two Movie Bumper Stickers categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, Movie Bumper Stickers and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only Movie Bumper Stickers see any given film once and have only Movie Bumper Stickers a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a Movie Bumper Stickers critic's overall judgment of a Movie Bumper Stickers film. The Movie Bumper Stickers plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to Movie Bumper Stickers see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, Movie Bumper Stickers the influence of reviews is Movie Bumper Stickers extremely important. Poor reviews will Movie Bumper Stickers often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
|
The impact of a reviewer on a given Movie Bumper Stickers film's box office performance is a matter Movie Bumper Stickers of debate. Some Movie Bumper Stickers claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an Movie Bumper Stickers impact Movie Bumper Stickers against Movie Bumper Stickers it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the Movie Bumper Stickers unexpected Movie Bumper Stickers success of critically praised independent Movie The Rock movies indicates that extreme Movie Bumper Stickers critical reactions can Movie Bumper Stickers have considerable influence. Others Movie Bumper Stickers note Movie Bumper Stickers that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence Movie Bumper Stickers that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced Movie Bumper Stickers viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires Movie Bumper Stickers as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films Movie Bumper Stickers often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be Movie Bumper Stickers known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. Movie Bumper Stickers These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques Movie Bumper Stickers work, and what Quiz About The Movie Shrek effect they have on people. Rather than having their works Movie Bumper Stickers published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, Movie Bumper Stickers or sometimes in up-market magazines. They Movie Bumper Stickers also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The Movie Bumper Stickers making and showing of motion pictures became Movie Bumper Stickers a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful Movie Bumper Stickers their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first Movie Bumper Stickers films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the Movie Bumper Stickers various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional Movie Bumper Stickers product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was Movie Bumper Stickers the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Wav Movie Sound Bites Other pictures San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting soon followed, Movie Bumper Stickers and motion pictures became a separate industry that Movie Bumper Stickers overshadowed Movie Bumper Stickers the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional Movie Bumper Stickers centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length Movie Bumper Stickers films a year produced Movie Bumper Stickers by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this Movie Bumper Stickers title is Movie Bumper Stickers the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense Movie Bumper Stickers involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, Movie Bumper Stickers a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also Movie Bumper Stickers known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in Movie Bumper Stickers lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, Movie Bumper Stickers usually for the purposes of Movie Bumper Stickers corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge Movie Bumper Stickers audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming Movie Bumper Stickers certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are Movie Bumper Stickers film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose Movie Bumper Stickers screen they Movie Bumper Stickers are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown Movie Bumper Stickers at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Movie Bumper Stickers Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type Movie Bumper Stickers of Movie Bumper Stickers crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films Movie Bumper Stickers need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may The Movie The Story Of O be made with a skeleton Movie Bumper Stickers crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Movie Bumper Stickers Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, Movie Bumper Stickers styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts Movie Bumper Stickers that range from state-sponsored Movie Bumper Stickers documentary Movie Bumper Stickers in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The Movie Bumper Stickers first year is taken up Movie Bumper Stickers with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third Movie Bumper Stickers year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A Movie Bumper Stickers film crew is a group of people hired by a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose Movie Bumper Stickers of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with Movie Bumper Stickers but is Movie Bumper Stickers also distinct from the production staff, Movie Bumper Stickers consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, Movie Bumper Stickers and those Movie Bumper Stickers whose primary responsibility falls in Movie Bumper Stickers pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between Movie Bumper Stickers production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well Movie Bumper Stickers defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation Movie Bumper Stickers between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester Movie Bumper Stickers base coated Movie Bumper Stickers with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type Movie Bumper Stickers of film Movie Bumper Stickers base used Movie Bumper Stickers to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer Movie Bumper Stickers materials. Stock widths and the film Movie Bumper Stickers format for images on the reel Movie Bumper Stickers have had a Movie Bumper Stickers rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
|
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds Movie Bumper Stickers using hand-cranked Movie Bumper Stickers cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 Movie Bumper Stickers frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often Movie Bumper Stickers reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be Movie Bumper Stickers shown) [1]. Movie Bumper Stickers When sound film was introduced in the late Movie Bumper Stickers 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements Movie Bumper Stickers since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at a Movie Bumper Stickers consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim Movie Bumper Stickers conditions, and the development of synchronized Movie Bumper Stickers sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The Movie Bumper Stickers soundtrack can Projector Map Movie In 3d Max be recorded separately from shooting the film, Movie Bumper Stickers but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed Movie Bumper Stickers as Movie Bumper Stickers the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia Movie Bumper Stickers presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have Movie Bumper Stickers problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring Movie Bumper Stickers many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have Movie Bumper Stickers been copied Movie Bumper Stickers onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods Movie Bumper Stickers have also been used to restore films, although Movie Bumper Stickers their continued obsolescence cycle makes Movie Bumper Stickers them (as of 2006) Movie Bumper Stickers a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is Movie Bumper Stickers a matter of concern to both film Movie Bumper Stickers historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase Movie Bumper Stickers revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and Movie Bumper Stickers single-strip color Movie Bumper Stickers films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in Movie Bumper Stickers recent decades have been recorded using analog video Movie Bumper Stickers technology similar to that Movie Bumper Stickers used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage Movie Bumper Stickers can Movie Bumper Stickers be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion Movie Bumper Stickers pictures are still Movie Bumper Stickers recorded on film.
Independent
Main Movie Bumper Stickers article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Movie Bumper Stickers Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, Movie Bumper Stickers and technological reasons Movie Bumper Stickers have all Movie Bumper Stickers contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early Movie Bumper Stickers 21st Movie Bumper Stickers century.
On the business side, the costs Movie Bumper Stickers of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to Movie Bumper Stickers get a Movie Bumper Stickers job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with Movie Bumper Stickers unknown actors, particularly in Movie Bumper Stickers lead roles.
Before the advent of Movie Bumper Stickers digital alternatives, the cost of professional film Movie Bumper Stickers equipment and Movie Bumper Stickers stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, Movie Bumper Stickers direct, or star Movie Bumper Stickers in a traditional studio film. The cost of Movie Bumper Stickers 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of Movie Bumper Stickers consumer camcorders Movie Bumper Stickers in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution Movie Bumper Stickers digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal Movie Bumper Stickers computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire Movie Bumper Stickers connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Movie Bumper Stickers Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Movie Bumper Stickers Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making Movie Bumper Stickers relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production Movie Bumper Stickers have become more democratized. Filmmakers can Movie Bumper Stickers conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create Movie Bumper Stickers and Movie Bumper Stickers edit the sound and music, and mix the Movie Bumper Stickers final Movie Bumper Stickers cut on a home computer. However, while Movie Bumper Stickers the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold Movie Bumper Stickers for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such Movie Bumper Stickers as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making Movie Bumper Stickers landscape in ways that Movie Bumper Stickers are Movie Bumper Stickers still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an Movie Bumper Stickers independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material Movie Bumper Stickers is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow Movie Bumper Stickers other parties to Movie Bumper Stickers create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside Movie Bumper Stickers of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar Movie Bumper Stickers source, Movie Bumper Stickers created by fans rather than Movie Bumper Stickers by the Movie Bumper Stickers source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but Movie Bumper Stickers some Movie Bumper Stickers of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration Movie Bumper Stickers reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation Movie Bumper Stickers and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are Movie Bumper Stickers strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames Movie Bumper Stickers per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
|
File formats like Movie Bumper Stickers GIF, QuickTime, Movie Bumper Stickers Shockwave and Flash allow Movie Bumper Stickers animation to be Movie Bumper Stickers viewed Movie Bumper Stickers on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is Movie Bumper Stickers very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, Movie Bumper Stickers the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production Movie Bumper Stickers and decreasing costs Movie Bumper Stickers of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other Movie Bumper Stickers studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are Movie Bumper Stickers now using Movie Bumper Stickers digital technologies Movie Bumper Stickers in their Movie Bumper Stickers productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous Movie Bumper Stickers by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then Movie Bumper Stickers run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is Movie Bumper Stickers often shown to audiences Movie Bumper Stickers in a movie theater or Movie Bumper Stickers cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built Movie Bumper Stickers or converted from existing facilities within a Movie Bumper Stickers few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, Movie Bumper Stickers because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured Movie Bumper Stickers presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump Movie Bumper Stickers sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality Movie Bumper Stickers rented for a percentage of Movie Bumper Stickers the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for Movie Bumper Stickers upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed Movie Bumper Stickers feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development Movie Bumper Stickers of television has allowed Movie Bumper Stickers films to be broadcast Movie Bumper Stickers to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being Movie Bumper Stickers shown Movie Bumper Stickers in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers Movie Bumper Stickers to rent Movie Bumper Stickers or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD Movie Bumper Stickers and SelectaVision � Movie Bumper Stickers see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to Movie Bumper Stickers become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now made Movie Bumper Stickers specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies Movie Bumper Stickers or direct-to-video movies. The Movie Bumper Stickers production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, Movie Bumper Stickers and indeed, some films Movie Bumper Stickers that are rejected Movie Bumper Stickers by Movie Bumper Stickers their own studios Movie Bumper Stickers upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The Movie Bumper Stickers actual percentage starts Movie Bumper Stickers with Movie Bumper Stickers a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters Movie Bumper Stickers to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 Movie Bumper Stickers weeks. Movie Bumper Stickers There are a few movies every year that Movie Bumper Stickers defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters Movie Bumper Stickers and actually Movie Bumper Stickers grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to Movie Bumper Stickers consumers; Movie Bumper Stickers and 28% came from Movie Bumper Stickers television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than a century, film is Movie Bumper Stickers still a relative newcomer in Movie Bumper Stickers the Movie Bumper Stickers pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television Movie Bumper Stickers became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological Movie Bumper Stickers sophistication over the Movie Bumper Stickers 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when Movie Bumper Stickers the widespread availability of inexpensive Movie Bumper Stickers videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of Movie Bumper Stickers the Movie Bumper Stickers local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the Movie Bumper Stickers development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD Movie Bumper Stickers or Movie Bumper Stickers plasma screens enabled people to select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas had Movie Bumper Stickers been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound Movie Bumper Stickers system. Once Movie Bumper Stickers again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Movie Bumper Stickers Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and moving towards digital screens, a new approach which Movie Bumper Stickers will allow for easier and quicker Movie Bumper Stickers distribution of Movie Bumper Stickers films (via satellite or hard disks), a development which may give local theaters a reprieve from their predicted demise.
The cinema now faces a new challenge from Movie Bumper Stickers home video by Movie Bumper Stickers the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide full HD Movie Bumper Stickers 1080p video playback at near cinema quality. Video formats are gradually catching up with the resolutions and Movie Bumper Stickers quality Movie Bumper Stickers that film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel Movie Bumper Stickers resolution of 1920?1080 a leap from the DVD offering of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 offered by the first Movie Bumper Stickers home video standard VHS. The maximum resolutions that film currently Movie Bumper Stickers offers are 2485?2970 or Movie Bumper Stickers 1420?3390, Movie Bumper Stickers UHD, a future digital video format, will offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing all current film resolutions. The only viable Movie Bumper Stickers competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which can play film content Movie Bumper Stickers at an extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite the rise of all new technologies, the development of the home video market and a Movie Bumper Stickers surge of online piracy, 2007 was a record year Movie Bumper |
