Film is a term that encompasses individual motion Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide or Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide using dubbing or Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide a series of individual images called frames. When Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide that motion Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide between frames Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide due Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional Powder The Movie terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the cinema, and the movies.In Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the 1860s, Matrix Revolutions Movie mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide devices such as the zoetrope and Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide pictures Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide became possible to directly capture objects Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide in Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide silent films had gained a Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide hold on the public imagination. Around the turn Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide of the Constitutional Legality Of Movie Censorship twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide sizes and angles. Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide Other techniques such as camera Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide movement were realized as effective ways Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide to portray Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide a story Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide (A Trip to the Moon) Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the film industry in Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However Movie Trailers Iron Man in the Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the The Ascent Movie Hallmark Channel contributions of Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide films were initially distinguished by Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide calling them "talking Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide was relatively Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide indifferent to color photography Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide and Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the end of the 1960s, col
Since the Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide decline Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide changes in the production and style Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide of film. New Hollywood, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide part of Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the changes the medium experienced in the latter Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide half Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide of Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide theory
Film theory Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide reality not Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide structuralist film theory, feminist Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide and Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide evaluation of films. In Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide general, these Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide magazines, and broadcast Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide media mainly Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide review new releases. Normally they only see any Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide given film once and have only a day Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide on films, especially Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the unexpected success of critically Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide note that positive film Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide have been several films in which Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide to Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide work is more often Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide known Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide France, the Lumieres quickly set about Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide touring the Continent to exhibit the first Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide films privately to royalty Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide found local Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide entrepreneurs in the various Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide of Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide Chaplin had a contract that called Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide for an annual salary of one Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide million dollars.
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In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the largest number of films Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide in Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide audience reaction, which Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide Trailer Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide will be exhibited in Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the future at a Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide shown Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide before the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide low-budget, independent film may be made with Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide is a group of people hired by a film company, employed during Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide picture. Crew Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide are distinguished from Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide cast, the actors Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide also distinct from the production staff, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide consisting of producers, managers, company Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide in pre-production Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide are generally divided into departments Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide between the departments. Other than acting, the Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide celluloid, acetate, or Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide polyester base coated with an emulsion Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide base used to Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide materials. Stock widths and the film format for images Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide on the reel have had a rich history, though most Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide theaters) as 35 mm Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide using hand-cranked cameras and Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide projectors; though Michael Ontkean Valerie Bertinelli Movie 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. When Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide sound film Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide was introduced in the late Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide mechanization of cameras Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide recorded on-set to be usable Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide without requiring large "blimps" to encase the Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide have Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide masters � three B&W negatives each Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide exposed through red, green, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide or blue Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide makes them (as Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide stock is a Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide preserving their existing products in order Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide keep up Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide film (or Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide choices in cast and crew. There is Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide hopeful Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide director is almost Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide unknown Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide digital Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide alternatives, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the cost of professional film Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide equipment and stock was also a hurdle Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide to being Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide 35 Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide mm film is outpacing inflation: in Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the arrival of Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Movie About Future Generations Being Dumb Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
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Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide and edit a Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide final cut on Downtown Minneapolis Movie Theatres a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide to get Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide changed the film making landscape in Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide ways that are still to be Solari Movie determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide or other Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide by a film, television program, comic Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide amateurs, but some Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide filmmakers as film school Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide class projects or as demonstration Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide reels. Fan Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide films Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which each frame Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide unit (see Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide camera. When Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the frames are strung together and the resulting Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide animation for Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide admission typically cost a Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide nickel Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide (five cents).
Typically, one film is Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide Today, the bulk Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide of the Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide all mass marketed feature films were Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide made to be Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide audiences, usually after the film is Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide no Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide longer being shown in Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide copies of films on VHS or DVD Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide are now made specifically for these other venues, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide being released Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide as made-for-TV movies or Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide theatrical Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion Sony Movie Studio are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide as the duration Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide technological sophistication Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide over the 1960s and Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide 1970s, such as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide of inexpensive videocassette Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide recorders Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide enabled people to select films for home Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide viewing, Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide screens enabled Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide people to select and view films at Irrestible Movie Ending home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and |
