Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, Highest Boxoffice Movie the field of film as an art Highest Boxoffice Movie form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with Highest Boxoffice Movie cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or Highest Boxoffice Movie special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created Highest Boxoffice Movie by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating Highest Boxoffice Movie � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power Highest Boxoffice Movie of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using Highest Boxoffice Movie dubbing or subtitles that Highest Boxoffice Movie translate the dialogue.
Traditional Highest Boxoffice Movie films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an Highest Boxoffice Movie effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a Highest Boxoffice Movie
The origin of the name "film" comes Highest Boxoffice Movie from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for Highest Boxoffice Movie recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for Highest Boxoffice Movie the Highest Boxoffice Movie field in general Highest Boxoffice Movie include the Highest Boxoffice Movie big screen, the silver screen, the Highest Boxoffice Movie cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional Kevin Spacey Movie Quotes images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope Highest Boxoffice Movie and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still Highest Boxoffice Movie pictures at Highest Boxoffice Movie sufficient speed Highest Boxoffice Movie for the Highest Boxoffice Movie images Highest Boxoffice Movie on the pictures Highest Boxoffice Movie to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of Highest Boxoffice Movie vision. Naturally, Highest Boxoffice Movie the images needed to be carefully designed Highest Boxoffice Movie to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film Highest Boxoffice Movie animation.
A frame from Highest Boxoffice Movie Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest Highest Boxoffice Movie film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the Highest Boxoffice Movie development Highest Boxoffice Movie of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in Highest Boxoffice Movie real time. Early versions of Highest Boxoffice Movie the technology sometimes required Highest Boxoffice Movie a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were Highest Boxoffice Movie shown at a Highest Boxoffice Movie variable Highest Boxoffice Movie speed Highest Boxoffice Movie of about 5 to 10 pictures per second Highest Boxoffice Movie depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured Highest Boxoffice Movie and stored on a single reel, and led Highest Boxoffice Movie quickly to Highest Boxoffice Movie the development of a motion picture projector Highest Boxoffice Movie to shine light through Highest Boxoffice Movie the processed Highest Boxoffice Movie and printed film and magnify these "moving picture Highest Boxoffice Movie shows" onto a screen Highest Boxoffice Movie for an entire audience. These Highest Boxoffice Movie reels, Highest Boxoffice Movie so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or Highest Boxoffice Movie other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Highest Boxoffice Movie Dickson's Highest Boxoffice Movie early sound Highest Boxoffice Movie experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent Highest Boxoffice Movie films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure Highest Boxoffice Movie by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other Highest Boxoffice Movie techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on Highest Boxoffice Movie film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, Highest Boxoffice Movie theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or Highest Boxoffice Movie a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed Highest Boxoffice Movie for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Highest Boxoffice Movie Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise Highest Boxoffice Movie of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the Highest Boxoffice Movie film industry in United States Highest Boxoffice Movie flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with Highest Boxoffice Movie American innovator D. W. Griffith Highest Boxoffice Movie and the contributions Highest Boxoffice Movie of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and Highest Boxoffice Movie others, continued to advance Highest Boxoffice Movie the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film Highest Boxoffice Movie a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized Highest Boxoffice Movie with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished Highest Boxoffice Movie by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next Highest Boxoffice Movie major step in the development Highest Boxoffice Movie of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" Highest Boxoffice Movie color. While the addition of Highest Boxoffice Movie sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods Highest Boxoffice Movie evolved making Highest Boxoffice Movie it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes Highest Boxoffice Movie improved and became Highest Boxoffice Movie as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the Highest Boxoffice Movie end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the Highest Boxoffice Movie decline of the Highest Boxoffice Movie studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. Highest Boxoffice Movie New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced Highest Boxoffice Movie in the latter half of Highest Boxoffice Movie the 20th century. Highest Boxoffice Movie Digital technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic Highest Boxoffice Movie concepts that apply to Highest Boxoffice Movie the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist Highest Boxoffice Movie film Highest Boxoffice Movie theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Highest Boxoffice Movie Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized Highest Boxoffice Movie how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a Highest Boxoffice Movie valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist Highest Boxoffice Movie film theory Highest Boxoffice Movie and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, Highest Boxoffice Movie these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working Highest Boxoffice Movie for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a Highest Boxoffice Movie day Highest Boxoffice Movie or Highest Boxoffice Movie two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have Highest Boxoffice Movie an important impact on films, Highest Boxoffice Movie especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a Highest Boxoffice Movie film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence Highest Boxoffice Movie of Highest Boxoffice Movie reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box Highest Boxoffice Movie office performance is a matter of debate. Some Highest Boxoffice Movie claim Highest Boxoffice Movie that movie marketing is now so intense and Highest Boxoffice Movie well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly Highest Boxoffice Movie reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so Highest Boxoffice Movie little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread Highest Boxoffice Movie panning of the film. However, Highest Boxoffice Movie this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that Highest Boxoffice Movie the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and Highest Boxoffice Movie true film critics are those who take a more academic approach Highest Boxoffice Movie to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics Highest Boxoffice Movie attempt Highest Boxoffice Movie to Highest Boxoffice Movie come to understand how film and Highest Boxoffice Movie filming Highest Boxoffice Movie techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having Highest Boxoffice Movie their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with Highest Boxoffice Movie colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing Highest Boxoffice Movie of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their Highest Boxoffice Movie native France, the Highest Boxoffice Movie Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit Highest Boxoffice Movie the first Highest Boxoffice Movie films privately to royalty and publicly to Highest Boxoffice Movie the masses. In each Highest Boxoffice Movie country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various Highest Boxoffice Movie countries of Europe to buy their equipment and Highest Boxoffice Movie photograph, Highest Boxoffice Movie export, import and screen additional Highest Boxoffice Movie product commercially. The Highest Boxoffice Movie Oberammergau Highest Boxoffice Movie Passion Play Highest Boxoffice Movie of 1898[citation needed] was the first Highest Boxoffice Movie commercial motion picture ever produced. Highest Boxoffice Movie Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate Highest Boxoffice Movie industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to Electra Movie produce Highest Boxoffice Movie and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for Highest Boxoffice Movie their performances. Already by 1917, Highest Boxoffice Movie Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the United States today, much Highest Boxoffice Movie of the film industry is centered around Highest Boxoffice Movie Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in Highest Boxoffice Movie many Highest Boxoffice Movie parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian Highest Boxoffice Movie film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number Highest Boxoffice Movie of Highest Boxoffice Movie films in the world.[1] Whether Highest Boxoffice Movie the ten thousand-plus feature length films a Highest Boxoffice Movie year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title Highest Boxoffice Movie is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Highest Boxoffice Movie Though the expense involved in making movies has Highest Boxoffice Movie led Highest Boxoffice Movie cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the Highest Boxoffice Movie industry, due to the costly and risky nature of Reviews For Movie Hard Candy filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are Highest Boxoffice Movie the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on Highest Boxoffice Movie their artistic merits.
There is Highest Boxoffice Movie also a large industry Highest Boxoffice Movie for educational Highest Boxoffice Movie and instructional Highest Boxoffice Movie films Highest Boxoffice Movie made in lieu Highest Boxoffice Movie of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may Highest Boxoffice Movie result Highest Boxoffice Movie in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on Highest Boxoffice Movie whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Highest Boxoffice Movie Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The Highest Boxoffice Movie nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens Highest Boxoffice Movie of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made Highest Boxoffice Movie with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic Dvd Movie Format contexts that range from state-sponsored Highest Boxoffice Movie documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American Highest Boxoffice Movie studio system.
This production cycle typically takes Highest Boxoffice Movie three years. The first year is taken up with Highest Boxoffice Movie development. The second Highest Boxoffice Movie year comprises preproduction Highest Boxoffice Movie and production. The third year, post-production Highest Boxoffice Movie and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film Highest Boxoffice Movie crew is Highest Boxoffice Movie a group of people hired by a film company, employed during the Highest Boxoffice Movie "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose Highest Boxoffice Movie of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in Highest Boxoffice Movie the film. The crew interacts with but is also Highest Boxoffice Movie distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their Highest Boxoffice Movie assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls Highest Boxoffice Movie in pre-production or Highest Boxoffice Movie post-production Highest Boxoffice Movie phases, such as writers and editors. Highest Boxoffice Movie Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large Highest Boxoffice Movie crews are generally divided Highest Boxoffice Movie into departments Highest Boxoffice Movie with well defined Highest Boxoffice Movie hierarchies and standards for Highest Boxoffice Movie interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything Aneta Smrhova Movie in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") Highest Boxoffice Movie are usually not considered part of the crew.
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Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose Highest Boxoffice Movie nitrate was Highest Boxoffice Movie the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) Highest Boxoffice Movie as 35 Highest Boxoffice Movie mm prints.
Originally moving picture film Highest Boxoffice Movie was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames Highest Boxoffice Movie per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were Highest Boxoffice Movie shot between 16 Highest Boxoffice Movie frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels Highest Boxoffice Movie included instructions on how fast each Highest Boxoffice Movie scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was Highest Boxoffice Movie introduced Highest Boxoffice Movie in the Highest Boxoffice Movie late 1920s, a constant speed was required for Highest Boxoffice Movie the sound head. 24 frames Highest Boxoffice Movie per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent Highest Boxoffice Movie speed, quiet camera design � allowing Highest Boxoffice Movie sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, Highest Boxoffice Movie the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing Highest Boxoffice Movie directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at Highest Boxoffice Movie exactly the same Highest Boxoffice Movie speed Shadow Divers Movie as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, Highest Boxoffice Movie but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film Highest Boxoffice Movie is not limited Highest Boxoffice Movie to Highest Boxoffice Movie motion pictures, since the technology developed as Highest Boxoffice Movie the basis for Highest Boxoffice Movie photography. It can be Highest Boxoffice Movie used to present a progressive sequence of still images Highest Boxoffice Movie in the Highest Boxoffice Movie form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the Super Troopers Free Online Movie motion picture industry is exploring Highest Boxoffice Movie many alternatives. Most movies on Highest Boxoffice Movie cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives Highest Boxoffice Movie each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have Highest Boxoffice Movie also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make them available to future generations Highest Boxoffice Movie (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and Highest Boxoffice Movie white films on safety bases and color Highest Boxoffice Movie films preserved on Technicolor imbibition Highest Boxoffice Movie prints Highest Boxoffice Movie tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have Highest Boxoffice Movie been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting Highest Boxoffice Movie for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and Highest Boxoffice Movie as of 2005 most major motion pictures Highest Boxoffice Movie are Highest Boxoffice Movie still recorded Highest Boxoffice Movie on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, Highest Boxoffice Movie business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth Highest Boxoffice Movie of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget Highest Boxoffice Movie studio films also leads to conservative choices in Highest Boxoffice Movie cast and crew. Highest Boxoffice Movie There is a trend in Hollywood Highest Boxoffice Movie towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films Highest Boxoffice Movie put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were Highest Boxoffice Movie joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio Highest Boxoffice Movie film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely Highest Boxoffice Movie produce films Highest Boxoffice Movie with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent Highest Boxoffice Movie of digital alternatives, Highest Boxoffice Movie the cost of Highest Boxoffice Movie professional film equipment Highest Boxoffice Movie and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star Highest Boxoffice Movie in a traditional studio film. The cost Highest Boxoffice Movie of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Highest Boxoffice Movie Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital Highest Boxoffice Movie video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production Highest Boxoffice Movie and post-production costs Highest Boxoffice Movie have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware Highest Boxoffice Movie and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and Highest Boxoffice Movie edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, Highest Boxoffice Movie financing, distribution, and marketing Highest Boxoffice Movie remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for Highest Boxoffice Movie distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed Highest Boxoffice Movie the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content Highest Boxoffice Movie film is Highest Boxoffice Movie much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive Highest Boxoffice Movie enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction Highest Boxoffice Movie or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like Highest Boxoffice Movie independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking Highest Boxoffice Movie takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan Highest Boxoffice Movie film
Main Highest Boxoffice Movie article: Highest Boxoffice Movie Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, Highest Boxoffice Movie television program, comic book or a similar source, created Highest Boxoffice Movie by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, Highest Boxoffice Movie or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model Highest Boxoffice Movie unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with Highest Boxoffice Movie a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames Highest Boxoffice Movie per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to Highest Boxoffice Movie the persistence Highest Boxoffice Movie of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash Highest Boxoffice Movie allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over Highest Boxoffice Movie the Internet.
Because animation Highest Boxoffice Movie is very time-consuming and often very expensive to Highest Boxoffice Movie produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent Highest Boxoffice Movie animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several Highest Boxoffice Movie independent animation producers have Highest Boxoffice Movie gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited Highest Boxoffice Movie animation is a way of Highest Boxoffice Movie increasing production and decreasing costs Highest Boxoffice Movie of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Highest Boxoffice Movie Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and Highest Boxoffice Movie drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown Highest Boxoffice Movie to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or Highest Boxoffice Movie converted from Highest Boxoffice Movie existing Highest Boxoffice Movie facilities Highest Boxoffice Movie within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission Highest Boxoffice Movie typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before Highest Boxoffice Movie the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, Highest Boxoffice Movie and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for Highest Boxoffice Movie a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, Highest Boxoffice Movie the bulk of the Highest Boxoffice Movie material shown before the Highest Boxoffice Movie feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers Highest Boxoffice Movie or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger Highest Boxoffice Movie audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy Highest Boxoffice Movie copies of films on VHS or DVD (and Highest Boxoffice Movie the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film Highest Boxoffice Movie companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being Highest Boxoffice Movie released Highest Boxoffice Movie as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and Highest Boxoffice Movie indeed, some films that are Highest Boxoffice Movie rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about Highest Boxoffice Movie 50-55% of its ticket sales Highest Boxoffice Movie to the movie studio, as film Highest Boxoffice Movie rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep Highest Boxoffice Movie movies in the theater longer. However, Highest Boxoffice Movie today's barrage of highly Highest Boxoffice Movie marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. Highest Boxoffice Movie There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their Highest Boxoffice Movie theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 Highest Boxoffice Movie study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came Highest Boxoffice Movie from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than a century, film is Highest Boxoffice Movie still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home Highest Boxoffice Movie viewing, industry analysts Highest Boxoffice Movie again wrongly predicted the death of the local Highest Boxoffice Movie cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s Highest Boxoffice Movie the development Highest Boxoffice Movie of digital DVD players, home theater Highest Boxoffice Movie amplification systems with surround Highest Boxoffice Movie sound and subwoofers, Highest Boxoffice Movie and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, Highest Boxoffice Movie clear widescreen presentation of a film Highest Boxoffice Movie with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts Highest Boxoffice Movie predicted the demise of the local cinema. Highest Boxoffice Movie Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and moving towards digital Highest Boxoffice Movie screens, a new approach which will allow for Highest Boxoffice Movie easier and quicker distribution of films Highest Boxoffice Movie (via satellite or hard disks), a development which may give local theaters a reprieve from their predicted demise.
The cinema Highest Boxoffice Movie now faces a new challenge Highest Boxoffice Movie from home Highest Boxoffice Movie video by the likes of a new DVD Highest Boxoffice Movie format Blu-ray, which can provide full HD 1080p video playback at near cinema quality. Highest Boxoffice Movie Video formats are gradually catching up with the resolutions and quality that Highest Boxoffice Movie film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of 1920?1080 a Highest Boxoffice Movie leap from the DVD offering of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 |
