Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are Walkabout Movie produced Walkabout Movie by Walkabout Movie recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific Walkabout Movie cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, Walkabout Movie a Walkabout Movie source of popular entertainment and a powerful Walkabout Movie method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures Walkabout Movie a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or Walkabout Movie subtitles that Walkabout Movie translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for Walkabout Movie recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other Walkabout Movie terms exist for Walkabout Movie an Walkabout Movie individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most Walkabout Movie commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include Walkabout Movie the big screen, the silver screen, the Walkabout Movie cinema, and the Walkabout Movie movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated Walkabout Movie with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were Walkabout Movie outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed Walkabout Movie for the Walkabout Movie images on the pictures to Walkabout Movie appear to be moving, a phenomenon Walkabout Movie called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve Walkabout Movie the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for Walkabout Movie the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Walkabout Movie Prince, 1888
With the development Walkabout Movie of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible Walkabout Movie to directly capture objects in Walkabout Movie motion in real time. Early versions of the technology Walkabout Movie sometimes required a person to Walkabout Movie look into a viewing Walkabout Movie machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines Walkabout Movie were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion Walkabout Movie picture projector to shine light through Walkabout Movie the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an Walkabout Movie entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), Walkabout Movie commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained Walkabout Movie a hold on the Walkabout Movie public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken Walkabout Movie up Walkabout Movie into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Walkabout Movie Other techniques such as camera movement were Walkabout Movie realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, Walkabout Movie theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a Walkabout Movie full orchestra to play music Walkabout Movie fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early Walkabout Movie 1920s, most films Walkabout Movie came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to Walkabout Movie the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The Walkabout Movie rise Walkabout Movie of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the Walkabout Movie rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers Walkabout Movie such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. Walkabout Movie W. Murnau, Walkabout Movie and Walkabout Movie Fritz Lang, along with Walkabout Movie American innovator D. W. Griffith and Walkabout Movie the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to Walkabout Movie each film a soundtrack of speech, music and Walkabout Movie sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking Walkabout Movie pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development Walkabout Movie of cinema was Walkabout Movie the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, Walkabout Movie color Walkabout Movie was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public Walkabout Movie was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as Walkabout Movie color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view Walkabout Movie color as essential to attracting Walkabout Movie audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of Walkabout Movie the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave Walkabout Movie and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were Walkabout Movie all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half Walkabout Movie of the 20th century. Digital Walkabout Movie technology has been the driving Walkabout Movie force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main Walkabout Movie article: Film theory
Film theory Walkabout Movie seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of Walkabout Movie the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Walkabout Movie Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized Walkabout Movie how film differed from Walkabout Movie reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this Walkabout Movie theory by arguing that Walkabout Movie film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. Walkabout Movie More Walkabout Movie recent analysis Walkabout Movie spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis Walkabout Movie and Walkabout Movie Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise Walkabout Movie to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis Walkabout Movie and evaluation Walkabout Movie of films. In general, these works can Walkabout Movie be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review Walkabout Movie new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics Walkabout Movie have an important impact on films, especially those of Walkabout Movie certain Walkabout Movie genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by Walkabout Movie a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still Walkabout Movie have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on Walkabout Movie a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure Walkabout Movie of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected Walkabout Movie success of Walkabout Movie critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have Walkabout Movie considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have Walkabout Movie so little confidence that they refuse Walkabout Movie to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning Walkabout Movie of the film. However, this usually Walkabout Movie backfires as reviewers are wise to Walkabout Movie the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a Walkabout Movie result.
It Walkabout Movie is argued Walkabout Movie that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often Walkabout Movie known as film theory or film studies. These film critics Walkabout Movie attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, Walkabout Movie and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to Walkabout Movie be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit Walkabout Movie almost as soon as the Walkabout Movie process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set Walkabout Movie about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each Walkabout Movie country, they would normally add new, Walkabout Movie local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs Walkabout Movie in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] Walkabout Movie was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate Walkabout Movie industry that overshadowed Walkabout Movie the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge Walkabout Movie fees for their performances. Already by Walkabout Movie 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a Walkabout Movie contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film Walkabout Movie industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of Walkabout Movie the world, such as Walkabout Movie Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which Walkabout Movie produces the largest number Walkabout Movie of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense Walkabout Movie involved in making movies has led cinema production to Walkabout Movie concentrate under Walkabout Movie the auspices of movie Walkabout Movie studios, recent advances in affordable film Walkabout Movie making Walkabout Movie equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due Walkabout Movie to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many Walkabout Movie films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works Walkabout Movie of Walkabout Movie lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and Walkabout Movie instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview Walkabout Movie performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes Walkabout Movie used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result Walkabout Movie in recutting or even refilming Walkabout Movie certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film Walkabout Movie advertisements Walkabout Movie for films that will be exhibited in the Walkabout Movie future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes Walkabout Movie from their having originally been shown at the end of a Walkabout Movie film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The Walkabout Movie nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required Walkabout Movie during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer Walkabout Movie generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, Walkabout Movie an open source film may be produced through open, Walkabout Movie collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles Walkabout Movie of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts Walkabout Movie that Walkabout Movie range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first Walkabout Movie year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A Walkabout Movie film crew is Walkabout Movie a group of people hired Walkabout Movie by a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose Walkabout Movie of producing a Walkabout Movie film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the Walkabout Movie actors who appear Walkabout Movie in front of the camera or provide voices for characters Walkabout Movie in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the Walkabout Movie production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in Walkabout Movie pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes Walkabout Movie through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large Walkabout Movie crews Walkabout Movie are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards Walkabout Movie for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the Walkabout Movie photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
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Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or Walkabout Movie polyester base coated with an emulsion containing Walkabout Movie light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of Walkabout Movie film base Walkabout Movie used to Walkabout Movie record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the Walkabout Movie film format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still Walkabout Movie shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though Walkabout Movie 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were Walkabout Movie shot Walkabout Movie between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up Walkabout Movie (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene Walkabout Movie should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) Walkabout Movie speed which allowed Walkabout Movie for Walkabout Movie sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th Walkabout Movie century include the mechanization of Walkabout Movie cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet Walkabout Movie camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to Walkabout Movie be usable without requiring Walkabout Movie large "blimps" to Walkabout Movie encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be Walkabout Movie recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack Walkabout Movie can be recorded separately from Walkabout Movie shooting the film, but for live-action pictures Walkabout Movie many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a Walkabout Movie medium, film is not limited Walkabout Movie to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for Walkabout Movie photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into Walkabout Movie multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic Walkabout Movie films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many Walkabout Movie alternatives. Most movies on cellulose Walkabout Movie nitrate base have been Walkabout Movie copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color Walkabout Movie films through the use of Walkabout Movie separation Walkabout Movie masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially Walkabout Movie a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore Walkabout Movie films, although their Walkabout Movie continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a Walkabout Movie poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock Walkabout Movie is a matter of concern to both film historians Walkabout Movie and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in Walkabout Movie order to make them Walkabout Movie available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; Walkabout Movie black and white films Walkabout Movie on safety bases and color Walkabout Movie films Walkabout Movie preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films Walkabout Movie in recent decades have been recorded using Walkabout Movie analog video technology similar to Walkabout Movie that used in television production. Walkabout Movie Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, Walkabout Movie and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent Walkabout Movie filmmaking often takes place Walkabout Movie outside Walkabout Movie of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all Walkabout Movie contributed to Walkabout Movie the growth Walkabout Movie of the indie film scene in the Walkabout Movie late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business Walkabout Movie side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative Walkabout Movie choices in cast Walkabout Movie and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood Walkabout Movie towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. Walkabout Movie in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before Walkabout Movie the advent of Walkabout Movie digital alternatives, the cost Walkabout Movie of professional film equipment and Walkabout Movie stock was Walkabout Movie also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is Walkabout Movie outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital Walkabout Movie video in the early 1990s, have lowered Walkabout Movie the technology Walkabout Movie barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, Walkabout Movie FireWire connections and non-linear editing Walkabout Movie system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Walkabout Movie Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, Walkabout Movie the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create Walkabout Movie and edit Walkabout Movie the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be Walkabout Movie democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film Walkabout Movie making landscape in ways that are Walkabout Movie still to Walkabout Movie be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent Walkabout Movie filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other Walkabout Movie major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Walkabout Movie Fan film
A fan film is a film or video Walkabout Movie inspired Walkabout Movie by a film, television program, comic book or a Walkabout Movie similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from Walkabout Movie short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in Walkabout Movie which each frame of a film is produced Walkabout Movie individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together Walkabout Movie and the resulting film is viewed Walkabout Movie at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there Walkabout Movie is an illusion of Walkabout Movie continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and Walkabout Movie tedious, though the development of computer animation has Walkabout Movie greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, Walkabout Movie QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow Walkabout Movie animation to be viewed on Walkabout Movie a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often Walkabout Movie very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes Walkabout Movie by a Walkabout Movie single person). Several independent animation Walkabout Movie producers have gone Walkabout Movie on Walkabout Movie to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is Walkabout Movie a way of increasing Walkabout Movie production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in Walkabout Movie the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in Walkabout Movie their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Walkabout Movie Stan Walkabout Movie Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it Walkabout Movie is initially produced, a feature Walkabout Movie film is often Walkabout Movie shown Walkabout Movie to audiences in a movie theater Walkabout Movie or cinema. The first theater Walkabout Movie designed exclusively for cinema Walkabout Movie opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Walkabout Movie in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the Walkabout Movie featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump Walkabout Movie sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality Walkabout Movie rented for a percentage of the Walkabout Movie gross receipts. Today, Walkabout Movie the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also Walkabout Movie known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to Walkabout Movie be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films Walkabout Movie to Walkabout Movie be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on Walkabout Movie VHS or DVD (and Walkabout Movie the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started Walkabout Movie to become revenue Walkabout Movie sources for the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, Walkabout Movie being released as made-for-TV movies Walkabout Movie or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie Walkabout Movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% Walkabout Movie of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual Walkabout Movie percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that Walkabout Movie most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release Walkabout Movie movies that start in only a Walkabout Movie few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and Walkabout Movie reviews. According to a Walkabout Movie 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office Walkabout Movie ticket sales; Walkabout Movie 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, Walkabout Movie cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than a century, Walkabout Movie film is still a relative Walkabout Movie newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and Walkabout Movie 1970s, such Walkabout Movie as the development of color television Walkabout Movie and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. Walkabout Movie In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people Walkabout Movie to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the Walkabout Movie death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of Walkabout Movie digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD Walkabout Movie or plasma screens enabled people to select and view films at Walkabout Movie home Walkabout Movie with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These Walkabout Movie new technologies provided audio and visual that in Walkabout Movie the past only local cinemas had been Walkabout Movie able Walkabout Movie to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film Walkabout Movie with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Walkabout Movie Once again Walkabout Movie industry analysts Walkabout Movie predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and moving towards digital screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker distribution Walkabout Movie of films (via satellite Walkabout Movie or hard disks), a development which may give local theaters a reprieve from their Walkabout Movie predicted demise.
The cinema now faces Walkabout Movie a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide full Walkabout Movie HD 1080p video playback at near Walkabout Movie cinema quality. Video formats are gradually catching up Walkabout Movie with the resolutions and quality that film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of 1920?1080 a leap from the DVD offering of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 offered by the first home video standard Walkabout Movie VHS. The maximum resolutions that film currently offers are 2485?2970 or 1420?3390, UHD, a future digital video format, Walkabout Movie will offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing Walkabout Movie all current Walkabout Movie film resolutions. The only viable competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which can play film content at Walkabout Movie an extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite the rise of all new Walkabout Movie technologies, the Windows Movie Maker Animated Movie development of the home video market and a surge of online piracy, 2007 was a record year in film that showed the highest ever box-office grosses. Many expected film to suffer as a result of the effects listed above but it has flourished, Walkabout Movie strengthening Walkabout Movie film studio expectations for the future. |
