Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as Free Wallpapers Movie an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques Free Wallpapers Movie or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered Free Wallpapers Movie to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. Free Wallpapers Movie The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some Free Wallpapers Movie films Free Wallpapers Movie have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made Free Wallpapers Movie up Free Wallpapers Movie of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames Free Wallpapers Movie due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" Free Wallpapers Movie comes from Free Wallpapers Movie the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) Free Wallpapers Movie had Free Wallpapers Movie historically been the primary medium for recording and Free Wallpapers Movie displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, Free Wallpapers Movie including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, Free Wallpapers Movie and the Free Wallpapers Movie movies.In the 1860s, Free Wallpapers Movie mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as Free Wallpapers Movie the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths Free Wallpapers Movie of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be Free Wallpapers Movie moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect Free Wallpapers Movie � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With Free Wallpapers Movie the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects Free Wallpapers Movie in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the Free Wallpapers Movie pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a Free Wallpapers Movie drum turned by a handcrank. The Free Wallpapers Movie pictures were shown at a variable speed of Free Wallpapers Movie about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera Free Wallpapers Movie allowed the individual component images Free Wallpapers Movie to be captured and stored on Free Wallpapers Movie a Free Wallpapers Movie single reel, and led quickly to the development Free Wallpapers Movie of a motion picture projector to shine light through Free Wallpapers Movie the processed and Free Wallpapers Movie printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These Free Wallpapers Movie reels, so exhibited, came to be known Free Wallpapers Movie as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic Free Wallpapers Movie techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early Free Wallpapers Movie sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art Free Wallpapers Movie through the late 19th century, but these innovative Free Wallpapers Movie silent Free Wallpapers Movie films had gained Free Wallpapers Movie a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing Free Wallpapers Movie a narrative structure Free Wallpapers Movie by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized Free Wallpapers Movie as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, Free Wallpapers Movie theater owners would hire a pianist or Free Wallpapers Movie organist or a full orchestra to Free Wallpapers Movie play Free Wallpapers Movie music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most Even Stevens The Movie films came with a prepared list of Free Wallpapers Movie sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being Free Wallpapers Movie composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to Free Wallpapers Movie the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise Free Wallpapers Movie of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, Free Wallpapers Movie continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach Free Wallpapers Movie to each Free Wallpapers Movie film a soundtrack of speech, music Free Wallpapers Movie and sound effects synchronized with the action Free Wallpapers Movie on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step Free Wallpapers Movie in the development of Free Wallpapers Movie cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the Free Wallpapers Movie addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it Free Wallpapers Movie more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as Free Wallpapers Movie opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as Free Wallpapers Movie color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition Free Wallpapers Movie with television, Free Wallpapers Movie which remained Free Wallpapers Movie a black-and-white Free Wallpapers Movie medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the Free Wallpapers Movie driving force in change throughout the 1990s and Free Wallpapers Movie into the Young Frankenstein Movie Pictures 21st century.
Theory
Main Free Wallpapers Movie article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and Free Wallpapers Movie systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth Free Wallpapers Movie of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized Free Wallpapers Movie how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Free Wallpapers Movie Bazin Free Wallpapers Movie reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability Free Wallpapers Movie to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to Free Wallpapers Movie realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Free Wallpapers Movie Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Free Wallpapers Movie Film Free Wallpapers Movie criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film Free Wallpapers Movie scholars and journalistic film Free Wallpapers Movie criticism that appears Free Wallpapers Movie regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast Grease Movie Clothing media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend Free Wallpapers Movie not to Free Wallpapers Movie be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment Free Wallpapers Movie of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the Free Wallpapers Movie majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most Free Wallpapers Movie dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Free Wallpapers Movie Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
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The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against Free Wallpapers Movie it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which Free Wallpapers Movie were harshly reviewed, as Free Wallpapers Movie well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark Free Wallpapers Movie interest in little-known films. Free Wallpapers Movie Conversely, there Free Wallpapers Movie have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they Free Wallpapers Movie refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread Free Wallpapers Movie panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may Free Wallpapers Movie not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is Free Wallpapers Movie argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true Free Wallpapers Movie film Free Wallpapers Movie critics are those Free Wallpapers Movie who take a more academic approach Free Wallpapers Movie to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. Free Wallpapers Movie These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques Free Wallpapers Movie work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than Free Wallpapers Movie having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their Free Wallpapers Movie articles Free Wallpapers Movie are published in scholarly Free Wallpapers Movie journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. Free Wallpapers Movie They also tend to be affiliated with colleges Free Wallpapers Movie or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of Free Wallpapers Movie profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, Free Wallpapers Movie the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to Free Wallpapers Movie royalty and publicly to the Free Wallpapers Movie masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, Free Wallpapers Movie quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to Free Wallpapers Movie buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first Free Wallpapers Movie commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate Free Wallpapers Movie industry American Movie Channle that overshadowed Free Wallpapers Movie the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically Free Wallpapers Movie to produce and distribute films, while Free Wallpapers Movie motion picture Free Wallpapers Movie actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film industry Free Wallpapers Movie is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers Free Wallpapers Movie exist in many parts Free Wallpapers Movie of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Free Wallpapers Movie Hindi cinema which produces the Free Wallpapers Movie largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year Free Wallpapers Movie produced by the Valley pornographic film Free Wallpapers Movie industry should qualify for this title Free Wallpapers Movie is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the Free Wallpapers Movie expense Free Wallpapers Movie involved in making movies has led cinema Free Wallpapers Movie production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social Free Wallpapers Movie significance. The Free Wallpapers Movie Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational Free Wallpapers Movie and instructional Free Wallpapers Movie films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A Free Wallpapers Movie preview Free Wallpapers Movie performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly Free Wallpapers Movie negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that Free Wallpapers Movie will be exhibited in the future at a Free Wallpapers Movie cinema, on whose screen they are shown. Free Wallpapers Movie The term "trailer" comes from Free Wallpapers Movie their having originally been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, Free Wallpapers Movie because patrons tended to leave Free Wallpapers Movie the theater after Free Wallpapers Movie the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now Free Wallpapers Movie shown before Free Wallpapers Movie the film (or the A movie in Free Wallpapers Movie a double feature Free Wallpapers Movie program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of Free Wallpapers Movie crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of Free Wallpapers Movie 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may Free Wallpapers Movie be made Free Wallpapers Movie with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes Free Wallpapers Movie place Free Wallpapers Movie all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of Free Wallpapers Movie economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction Free Wallpapers Movie and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film Free Wallpapers Movie crew
A film crew is a group of Free Wallpapers Movie people hired by a film company, Free Wallpapers Movie employed during the "production" Free Wallpapers Movie or "photography" Free Wallpapers Movie phase, for the Free Wallpapers Movie purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, Free Wallpapers Movie company representatives, their assistants, Free Wallpapers Movie and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes Free Wallpapers Movie through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for Free Wallpapers Movie interaction and Free Wallpapers Movie cooperation between the Free Wallpapers Movie departments. Other Free Wallpapers Movie than acting, the crew handles everything in Free Wallpapers Movie the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Free Wallpapers Movie Caterers Free Wallpapers Movie (known in the film Free Wallpapers Movie industry as "craft Free Wallpapers Movie services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an Free Wallpapers Movie emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate Free Wallpapers Movie was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by Free Wallpapers Movie safer materials. Stock widths and the film format Free Wallpapers Movie for Free Wallpapers Movie images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial Free Wallpapers Movie films are still shot on (and Free Wallpapers Movie distributed to theaters) Free Wallpapers Movie as 35 mm prints.
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Originally moving Free Wallpapers Movie picture Free Wallpapers Movie film was shot and projected at Free Wallpapers Movie various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between Free Wallpapers Movie 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels Free Wallpapers Movie included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was Free Wallpapers Movie introduced in the late Free Wallpapers Movie 1920s, Free Wallpapers Movie a constant speed was Free Wallpapers Movie required for Free Wallpapers Movie the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus Free Wallpapers Movie cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the Free Wallpapers Movie mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record Free Wallpapers Movie at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable Free Wallpapers Movie without Free Wallpapers Movie requiring large Free Wallpapers Movie "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention Free Wallpapers Movie of more sophisticated filmstocks Free Wallpapers Movie and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at Free Wallpapers Movie exactly Free Wallpapers Movie the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be Free Wallpapers Movie recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts Free Wallpapers Movie of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can Free Wallpapers Movie be used to present a progressive sequence of still Free Wallpapers Movie images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in Free Wallpapers Movie terms of preservation and storage, Free Wallpapers Movie and the Free Wallpapers Movie motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters � Free Wallpapers Movie three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse Free Wallpapers Movie of the Free Wallpapers Movie Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of Free Wallpapers Movie 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of Free Wallpapers Movie concern to both film historians Free Wallpapers Movie and archivists, and to companies interested in Free Wallpapers Movie preserving their existing products in order to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white Free Wallpapers Movie films on safety bases and color films Free Wallpapers Movie preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras Free Wallpapers Movie and digital projectors Free Wallpapers Movie are gaining ground as well. These Free Wallpapers Movie approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, Free Wallpapers Movie and Free Wallpapers Movie as of Free Wallpapers Movie 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking Free Wallpapers Movie often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film Free Wallpapers Movie (or indie film) is a Free Wallpapers Movie film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of Free Wallpapers Movie the indie film scene Free Wallpapers Movie in the late Free Wallpapers Movie 20th and early 21st century.
On the Free Wallpapers Movie business side, Free Wallpapers Movie the costs of big-budget Free Wallpapers Movie studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend Free Wallpapers Movie in Hollywood towards Free Wallpapers Movie co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] Free Wallpapers Movie A hopeful Free Wallpapers Movie director is almost never given the opportunity Free Wallpapers Movie to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant Free Wallpapers Movie industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely Free Wallpapers Movie produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star Free Wallpapers Movie in a traditional studio film. The cost of Free Wallpapers Movie 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in Free Wallpapers Movie 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early Free Wallpapers Movie 1990s, Free Wallpapers Movie have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and Free Wallpapers Movie post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies Free Wallpapers Movie such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level Free Wallpapers Movie software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and Free Wallpapers Movie iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means Free Wallpapers Movie of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final Free Wallpapers Movie cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production Free Wallpapers Movie may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain Free Wallpapers Movie difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely Free Wallpapers Movie on film festivals to Free Wallpapers Movie get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival Free Wallpapers Movie of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to Free Wallpapers Movie be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced Free Wallpapers Movie through Free Wallpapers Movie open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place Free Wallpapers Movie outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main Free Wallpapers Movie article: Fan film
A fan film is a film Free Wallpapers Movie or video inspired by a film, television Free Wallpapers Movie program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than Free Wallpapers Movie by Free Wallpapers Movie the source's copyright holders Free Wallpapers Movie or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration Free Wallpapers Movie reels. Fan Free Wallpapers Movie films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, Free Wallpapers Movie whether generated as a Free Wallpapers Movie computer graphic, Free Wallpapers Movie or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes Free Wallpapers Movie to a Free Wallpapers Movie model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result Free Wallpapers Movie with a Free Wallpapers Movie special Free Wallpapers Movie animation camera. Free Wallpapers Movie When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due Free Wallpapers Movie to the persistence of vision). Generating such a Free Wallpapers Movie film is very labour intensive and tedious, Free Wallpapers Movie though the development of computer animation has greatly sped Free Wallpapers Movie up the process.
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File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is Free Wallpapers Movie very time-consuming and often Free Wallpapers Movie very expensive to Free Wallpapers Movie produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes Free Wallpapers Movie from professional animation studios. However, Free Wallpapers Movie the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced Free Wallpapers Movie by independent studios (and Free Wallpapers Movie sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using Free Wallpapers Movie "short cuts" Free Wallpapers Movie in the animation process. This method was pioneered Free Wallpapers Movie by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most New Gi Joe Movie animation studios are now using Free Wallpapers Movie digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Free Wallpapers Movie Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman Free Wallpapers Movie McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and Free Wallpapers Movie drawn directly onto pieces of Free Wallpapers Movie film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often Free Wallpapers Movie shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters Free Wallpapers Movie were built or converted from existing facilities within Free Wallpapers Movie a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission Free Wallpapers Movie typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the Free Wallpapers Movie featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a Free Wallpapers Movie lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for Free Wallpapers Movie a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the Free Wallpapers Movie bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for Free Wallpapers Movie upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to Free Wallpapers Movie larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Free Wallpapers Movie Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and Free Wallpapers Movie the older formats of Free Wallpapers Movie laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision Free Wallpapers Movie � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some Free Wallpapers Movie films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number Free Wallpapers Movie higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater Free Wallpapers Movie longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies Free Wallpapers Movie are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There Free Wallpapers Movie are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few Free Wallpapers Movie theaters and actually Free Wallpapers Movie grow their theater count Free Wallpapers Movie through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, Free Wallpapers Movie about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer Free Wallpapers Movie in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry Free Wallpapers Movie analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing Free Wallpapers Movie technological Free Wallpapers Movie sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large Free Wallpapers Movie screens, motion picture Free Wallpapers Movie cinemas continued. In the Free Wallpapers Movie 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts Free Wallpapers Movie again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital Free Wallpapers Movie DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround Free Wallpapers Movie sound and Free Wallpapers Movie subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to Movie Censorship And Constitutional Rights select and view films Free Wallpapers Movie at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies Free Wallpapers Movie provided audio and visual that in the past Free Wallpapers Movie only local cinemas had been able Free Wallpapers Movie to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a Free Wallpapers Movie film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Free Wallpapers Movie Local cinemas will Free Wallpapers Movie be changing Free Wallpapers Movie in the 2000s and moving towards digital screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and Free Wallpapers Movie quicker distribution of films (via satellite or hard disks), a Free Wallpapers Movie development which may give local Free Wallpapers Movie theaters Free Wallpapers Movie a reprieve from their predicted demise.
The cinema now faces Free Wallpapers Movie a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new Free Wallpapers Movie DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide full HD 1080p video playback at near Free Wallpapers Movie cinema quality. Video formats are gradually catching Free Wallpapers Movie up with the resolutions and quality that film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of 1920?1080 a leap from the DVD Free Wallpapers Movie offering of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 offered by the first home video Free Wallpapers Movie standard VHS. The maximum resolutions that film currently offers are 2485?2970 or 1420?3390, UHD, a future digital video format, will offer Free Wallpapers Movie a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing all current film resolutions. The only viable competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which can play film content at an extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite Free Wallpapers Movie the Free Wallpapers Movie rise of all new technologies, the development of Free Wallpapers Movie the home video market and a surge of online piracy, 2007 was a record year in film that Free Wallpapers Movie showed the highest ever box-office grosses. Many expected film to suffer as a result of the |
