Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as Shadow Divers Movie an Shadow Divers Movie art form, and Shadow Divers Movie the motion picture Shadow Divers Movie industry. Films are Shadow Divers Movie produced by Shadow Divers Movie recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating Shadow Divers Movie images using animation techniques Shadow Divers Movie or special effects.
Films Shadow Divers Movie are cultural artifacts Shadow Divers Movie created by Shadow Divers Movie specific cultures, Highlands Ranch Movie Theaters which reflect those cultures, Shadow Divers Movie and, in turn, Shadow Divers Movie affect them. Shadow Divers Movie Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions Shadow Divers Movie by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. Shadow Divers Movie When these images are shown rapidly in succession, Shadow Divers Movie a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically Shadow Divers Movie been the primary medium for recording Shadow Divers Movie and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in Shadow Divers Movie general Shadow Divers Movie include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms Movie Maker For Mov for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images Shadow Divers Movie in motion were demonstrated with devices Shadow Divers Movie such as the Shadow Divers Movie zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) Shadow Divers Movie and Shadow Divers Movie would Shadow Divers Movie display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be Shadow Divers Movie moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the Shadow Divers Movie desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A Shadow Divers Movie frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Shadow Divers Movie Prince, 1888
With the Shadow Divers Movie development of celluloid film for Shadow Divers Movie still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early Shadow Divers Movie versions of the technology sometimes required a person to look into a Shadow Divers Movie viewing Shadow Divers Movie machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per Shadow Divers Movie second depending Shadow Divers Movie on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, Shadow Divers Movie the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on Shadow Divers Movie a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed Shadow Divers Movie and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known Shadow Divers Movie as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed Shadow Divers Movie an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), Shadow Divers Movie commercial motion pictures were purely Shadow Divers Movie visual art through the late 19th century, but these Shadow Divers Movie innovative silent Shadow Divers Movie films Shadow Divers Movie had Shadow Divers Movie gained a hold on Shadow Divers Movie the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story Shadow Divers Movie on film. Shadow Divers Movie Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater Shadow Divers Movie owners would hire a pianist or Shadow Divers Movie organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a Shadow Divers Movie prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major Shadow Divers Movie productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Shadow Divers Movie Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by Shadow Divers Movie the breakout of World War I Shadow Divers Movie while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. Sara Movie Brenda W. Griffith and the Shadow Divers Movie contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Shadow Divers Movie Keaton and Shadow Divers Movie others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology Shadow Divers Movie allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music Shadow Divers Movie and sound effects synchronized with the action on Shadow Divers Movie the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", Saha Movie or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was Shadow Divers Movie the introduction of Shadow Divers Movie so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent Shadow Divers Movie film and theater musicians, color was adopted Shadow Divers Movie more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective Shadow Divers Movie to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as Shadow Divers Movie color processes improved and became as affordable as Shadow Divers Movie black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after Shadow Divers Movie the end of Shadow Divers Movie World War II, as the Shadow Divers Movie industry in America came to Shadow Divers Movie view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition Shadow Divers Movie with television, Shadow Divers Movie which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the Hardcore Uncensored Hentai Movie Reviews decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the Shadow Divers Movie production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school Shadow Divers Movie educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the Kevin Spacey Movie Quotes medium experienced in the Shadow Divers Movie latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology Shadow Divers Movie has been the driving Electra Movie force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st Shadow Divers Movie century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop Shadow Divers Movie concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led Shadow Divers Movie by Rudolf Arnheim, Shadow Divers Movie Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized Shadow Divers Movie how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted Shadow Divers Movie against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. Shadow Divers Movie More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to Shadow Divers Movie psychoanalytical Shadow Divers Movie film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist Shadow Divers Movie film theory and others.
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Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, Shadow Divers Movie and broadcast media mainly review new Shadow Divers Movie releases. Normally they only see any given film once and Shadow Divers Movie have only a day Shadow Divers Movie or two to formulate opinions. Shadow Divers Movie Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially Shadow Divers Movie those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, Shadow Divers Movie and comedy films tend not to be greatly Shadow Divers Movie affected by a critic's overall judgment of a Shadow Divers Movie film. Reviews For Movie Hard Candy The plot summary Shadow Divers Movie and description of Shadow Divers Movie a Shadow Divers Movie film that makes up the majority Shadow Divers Movie of any film review Shadow Divers Movie can still have an important impact on Shadow Divers Movie whether people decide to see Shadow Divers Movie a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom Shadow Divers Movie a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers Shadow Divers Movie cannot make an impact against it. However, the Shadow Divers Movie cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as Shadow Divers Movie the unexpected Shadow Divers Movie success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films Shadow Divers Movie in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse Shadow Divers Movie to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid Shadow Divers Movie widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the Shadow Divers Movie tactic and Shadow Divers Movie Dvd Movie Format warn the Shadow Divers Movie public that the film may Shadow Divers Movie not Shadow Divers Movie be worth seeing and Shadow Divers Movie the Shadow Divers Movie films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics Shadow Divers Movie are those who take a Shadow Divers Movie more academic approach to films. This line of work is more Shadow Divers Movie often known as Shadow Divers Movie film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt Shadow Divers Movie to come to understand Shadow Divers Movie how film Shadow Divers Movie and filming techniques Shadow Divers Movie work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their Shadow Divers Movie articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in Shadow Divers Movie up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The Shadow Divers Movie making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as Shadow Divers Movie the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, Shadow Divers Movie was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring Shadow Divers Movie the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they Shadow Divers Movie would normally add new, local scenes Shadow Divers Movie to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in Shadow Divers Movie the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate Shadow Divers Movie industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Shadow Divers Movie Dedicated Shadow Divers Movie theaters and companies formed Shadow Divers Movie specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Shadow Divers Movie Charlie Chaplin had Shadow Divers Movie a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in Shadow Divers Movie many parts of the world, such as Shadow Divers Movie Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi Shadow Divers Movie cinema which Shadow Divers Movie produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed Shadow Divers Movie independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is Shadow Divers Movie a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a Shadow Divers Movie notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting Shadow Divers Movie social significance. The Academy Awards (also Shadow Divers Movie known Shadow Divers Movie as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based Shadow Divers Movie on their artistic Shadow Divers Movie merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers Shadow Divers Movie to a Shadow Divers Movie showing Shadow Divers Movie of a movie to Shadow Divers Movie a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to Shadow Divers Movie judge audience reaction, Shadow Divers Movie which Shadow Divers Movie if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film Shadow Divers Movie advertisements for films Shadow Divers Movie that Shadow Divers Movie will be exhibited in the Shadow Divers Movie future at a cinema, on Shadow Divers Movie whose screen they Shadow Divers Movie are shown. The term "trailer" comes from Shadow Divers Movie their having Shadow Divers Movie originally been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, Shadow Divers Movie because patrons tended Shadow Divers Movie to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name Shadow Divers Movie has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood Shadow Divers Movie adventure films Shadow Divers Movie need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, Shadow Divers Movie a low-budget, Shadow Divers Movie independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, Shadow Divers Movie collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a Shadow Divers Movie variety of economic contexts that range from Shadow Divers Movie state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is Shadow Divers Movie taken Shadow Divers Movie up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by a Shadow Divers Movie film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Shadow Divers Movie Crew Shadow Divers Movie are distinguished from cast, the Shadow Divers Movie actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in Shadow Divers Movie the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting Shadow Divers Movie of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production Shadow Divers Movie or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special Shadow Divers Movie effects. Shadow Divers Movie Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
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Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, Shadow Divers Movie or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive Shadow Divers Movie chemicals. Shadow Divers Movie Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used Shadow Divers Movie to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) Shadow Divers Movie as 35 mm prints.
Originally Shadow Divers Movie moving picture film was shot Shadow Divers Movie and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited Shadow Divers Movie as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were Shadow Divers Movie shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels Shadow Divers Movie included Shadow Divers Movie instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant Shadow Divers Movie speed was required for the Shadow Divers Movie sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements Shadow Divers Movie since the late Shadow Divers Movie 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record Shadow Divers Movie at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring Shadow Divers Movie large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention Aneta Smrhova Movie of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but Shadow Divers Movie for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed Shadow Divers Movie as the basis for photography. It can be used to Shadow Divers Movie present a progressive sequence of still images in Shadow Divers Movie the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most Shadow Divers Movie movies on cellulose nitrate base have been Shadow Divers Movie copied Shadow Divers Movie onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films Shadow Divers Movie through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each Shadow Divers Movie exposed through red, Shadow Divers Movie green, or blue filters (essentially Shadow Divers Movie a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been Shadow Divers Movie used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation Shadow Divers Movie of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make them available to future Shadow Divers Movie generations (and thereby Shadow Divers Movie increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films Shadow Divers Movie on safety bases and color films preserved Shadow Divers Movie on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades Shadow Divers Movie have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground Shadow Divers Movie as well. These approaches are extremely Shadow Divers Movie beneficial to Shadow Divers Movie moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for Shadow Divers Movie the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of Shadow Divers Movie 2005 most major Shadow Divers Movie motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Shadow Divers Movie Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside Shadow Divers Movie of Hollywood, or other major Shadow Divers Movie studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or Shadow Divers Movie distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all Shadow Divers Movie contributed to the growth of Shadow Divers Movie the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, Shadow Divers Movie the costs of Shadow Divers Movie big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is Shadow Divers Movie a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film Shadow Divers Movie unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the Shadow Divers Movie studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in Shadow Divers Movie lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a Shadow Divers Movie hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. Shadow Divers Movie The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 Shadow Divers Movie alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been Shadow Divers Movie significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, Shadow Divers Movie FireWire connections and non-linear Shadow Divers Movie editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Shadow Divers Movie Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of Shadow Divers Movie production Shadow Divers Movie have become more Shadow Divers Movie democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and Shadow Divers Movie edit the Shadow Divers Movie sound and music, and Shadow Divers Movie mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of Shadow Divers Movie production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Shadow Divers Movie Most independent filmmakers Shadow Divers Movie rely on film festivals to get their Shadow Divers Movie films Shadow Divers Movie noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content Shadow Divers Movie film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it Shadow Divers Movie is produced Shadow Divers Movie through open Shadow Divers Movie collaborations; its source material is available under a Shadow Divers Movie license which is Shadow Divers Movie permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like Shadow Divers Movie independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside Shadow Divers Movie of Hollywood, or other major studio Shadow Divers Movie systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan Shadow Divers Movie film is a film Shadow Divers Movie or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than Shadow Divers Movie by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, Shadow Divers Movie but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as Shadow Divers Movie demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously Shadow Divers Movie in length, from short faux-teaser trailers Shadow Divers Movie for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
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Animation is the technique in which each Shadow Divers Movie frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see Shadow Divers Movie claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a Shadow Divers Movie special animation Shadow Divers Movie camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film Shadow Divers Movie is viewed at Shadow Divers Movie a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such Shadow Divers Movie a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of Shadow Divers Movie computer animation has greatly sped Shadow Divers Movie up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shadow Divers Movie Shockwave and Flash allow animation to Shadow Divers Movie be viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at Shadow Divers Movie least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and Shadow Divers Movie sometimes by Shadow Divers Movie a single person). Shadow Divers Movie Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation Shadow Divers Movie industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing Shadow Divers Movie costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and Shadow Divers Movie adapted Shadow Divers Movie by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to Shadow Divers Movie television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in Shadow Divers Movie their Shadow Divers Movie productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Shadow Divers Movie Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Shadow Divers Movie Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then Shadow Divers Movie run Shadow Divers Movie through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a Shadow Divers Movie movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed Shadow Divers Movie exclusively Shadow Divers Movie for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in Shadow Divers Movie 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the Shadow Divers Movie United States, these theaters came Shadow Divers Movie to be known as nickelodeons, because Shadow Divers Movie admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is Shadow Divers Movie the Shadow Divers Movie featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material Shadow Divers Movie shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and Shadow Divers Movie paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development Shadow Divers Movie of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology Shadow Divers Movie has also enabled consumers Shadow Divers Movie to rent or Shadow Divers Movie buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older Shadow Divers Movie formats Shadow Divers Movie of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Shadow Divers Movie Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed Shadow Divers Movie through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters Shadow Divers Movie to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed Shadow Divers Movie movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 Shadow Divers Movie weeks. There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, Shadow Divers Movie often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good Shadow Divers Movie word-of-mouth and reviews. According to Shadow Divers Movie a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing Shadow Divers Movie technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the Shadow Divers Movie development Shadow Divers Movie of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s Shadow Divers Movie and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems with Shadow Divers Movie surround sound and subwoofers, and Shadow Divers Movie large LCD Shadow Divers Movie or plasma screens enabled people to select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual that in the past only local Shadow Divers Movie cinemas had been able to provide: Shadow Divers Movie a large, clear widescreen presentation Shadow Divers Movie of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas will be changing Shadow Divers Movie in the 2000s and moving towards digital Shadow Divers Movie screens, a new approach which will allow Shadow Divers Movie for easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite or hard disks), a development which may give local theaters a reprieve from their predicted demise.
The cinema now faces a new challenge from home Shadow Divers Movie video by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, Shadow Divers Movie which can provide full HD 1080p video playback at near cinema quality. Shadow Divers Movie Video formats are gradually catching Shadow Divers Movie up with the resolutions and quality that film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of Shadow Divers Movie 1920?1080 a leap from the DVD offering of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 Shadow Divers Movie offered Shadow Divers Movie by Shadow Divers Movie the first home video standard VHS. Shadow Divers Movie The maximum resolutions that film currently offers are 2485?2970 or 1420?3390, UHD, a future digital video format, will offer a Shadow Divers Movie massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing Shadow Divers Movie all current film resolutions. The only viable competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which can play film content at an extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite the rise of all new Shadow Divers Movie technologies, the development of the home video market and a surge of online piracy, 2007 was a record year in film Shadow Divers Movie that showed the highest ever box-office grosses. Many expected film to suffer as a result of the effects listed above but it has flourished, Shadow Divers Movie strengthening film Shadow Divers Movie studio expectations for the future. |
