Film is Review Movie Elizabeth a term Review Movie Elizabeth that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, Review Movie Elizabeth and Review Movie Elizabeth the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from Review Movie Elizabeth the world with Review Movie Elizabeth cameras, or Review Movie Elizabeth by Review Movie Elizabeth creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts Review Movie Elizabeth created by specific Review Movie Elizabeth cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of Review Movie Elizabeth popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of Review Movie Elizabeth cinema gives motion pictures a universal power Review Movie Elizabeth of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films Review Movie Elizabeth are made up of a series of individual images called Review Movie Elizabeth frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due Review Movie Elizabeth to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual Review Movie Elizabeth motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, Review Movie Elizabeth the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic Review Movie Elizabeth lanterns) Review Movie Elizabeth and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, Review Movie Elizabeth the images needed to be Review Movie Elizabeth carefully designed to achieve the Review Movie Elizabeth desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Review Movie Elizabeth Garden Scene, Review Movie Elizabeth the world's earliest film, by Louis Review Movie Elizabeth Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture Review Movie Elizabeth objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the Review Movie Elizabeth technology sometimes required a Review Movie Elizabeth person to look into Review Movie Elizabeth a viewing Review Movie Elizabeth machine to see the pictures which were separate paper Review Movie Elizabeth prints attached Review Movie Elizabeth to a drum turned by a Review Movie Elizabeth handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second Review Movie Elizabeth depending Review Movie Elizabeth on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of Review Movie Elizabeth these Review Movie Elizabeth machines were coin Review Movie Elizabeth operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion Review Movie Elizabeth picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured Review Movie Elizabeth and stored on a single reel, Review Movie Elizabeth and led quickly to Review Movie Elizabeth the development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for Review Movie Elizabeth an entire audience. These Review Movie Elizabeth reels, so exhibited, came to be known Review Movie Elizabeth as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were Review Movie Elizabeth static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), Review Movie Elizabeth commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the Review Movie Elizabeth late 19th century, but Review Movie Elizabeth these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the Review Movie Elizabeth public imagination. Around the turn Review Movie Elizabeth of the twentieth Review Movie Elizabeth century, films began developing a Review Movie Elizabeth narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques Review Movie Elizabeth such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than Review Movie Elizabeth leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra Review Movie Elizabeth to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Review Movie Elizabeth Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while Review Movie Elizabeth the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the Review Movie Elizabeth 1920s, European Review Movie Elizabeth filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, Review Movie Elizabeth and Fritz Lang, along Review Movie Elizabeth with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach Review Movie Elizabeth to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the Review Movie Elizabeth action on the screen. These sound films were initially Review Movie Elizabeth distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound Review Movie Elizabeth quickly eclipsed silent film and theater Review Movie Elizabeth musicians, Review Movie Elizabeth color was adopted more gradually as methods Review Movie Elizabeth evolved making it more practical and Review Movie Elizabeth cost effective Review Movie Elizabeth to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, Review Movie Elizabeth more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War II, Review Movie Elizabeth as the industry in Review Movie Elizabeth America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until Review Movie Elizabeth the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Review Movie Elizabeth Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were Review Movie Elizabeth all part Review Movie Elizabeth of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the Review Movie Elizabeth driving force in change Review Movie Elizabeth throughout the Review Movie Elizabeth 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Review Movie Elizabeth Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film Review Movie Elizabeth differed from reality, and Review Movie Elizabeth thus Review Movie Elizabeth could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin Review Movie Elizabeth reacted against Review Movie Elizabeth this theory by arguing that Review Movie Elizabeth film's Review Movie Elizabeth artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise Review Movie Elizabeth to realist theory. Review Movie Elizabeth More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given Review Movie Elizabeth rise to psychoanalytical Review Movie Elizabeth film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Review Movie Elizabeth Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by Review Movie Elizabeth film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers Review Movie Elizabeth and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally Review Movie Elizabeth they only see any given film once and have only Review Movie Elizabeth a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass Review Movie Elizabeth marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and Review Movie Elizabeth description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can Review Movie Elizabeth still have an important Review Movie Elizabeth impact Review Movie Elizabeth on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the Review Movie Elizabeth influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will Review Movie Elizabeth often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a Review Movie Elizabeth given Review Movie Elizabeth film's box office performance is Review Movie Elizabeth a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot Review Movie Elizabeth make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of Review Movie Elizabeth some Review Movie Elizabeth heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions Review Movie Elizabeth can have considerable influence. Others note that positive Review Movie Elizabeth film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films Review Movie Elizabeth in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to Review Movie Elizabeth the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be Review Movie Elizabeth worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist Review Movie Elizabeth film critics should only be known as film Review Movie Elizabeth reviewers, and true film critics are those who take Review Movie Elizabeth a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how Review Movie Elizabeth film and filming techniques Review Movie Elizabeth work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on Review Movie Elizabeth television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes Review Movie Elizabeth in up-market Review Movie Elizabeth magazines. They also tend to be Review Movie Elizabeth affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit Review Movie Elizabeth almost as soon as the process Review Movie Elizabeth was invented. Upon seeing Review Movie Elizabeth how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly Review Movie Elizabeth to Review Movie Elizabeth the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly Review Movie Elizabeth enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play Review Movie Elizabeth of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture Review Movie Elizabeth ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, Review Movie Elizabeth and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded Review Movie Elizabeth huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had Review Movie Elizabeth a contract Review Movie Elizabeth that called for an annual salary of one million Review Movie Elizabeth dollars.
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In the United States today, much of the film industry is Review Movie Elizabeth centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number Review Movie Elizabeth of films in Review Movie Elizabeth the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length Review Movie Elizabeth films a year produced by the Valley Review Movie Elizabeth pornographic film industry should Review Movie Elizabeth qualify for this title is the Review Movie Elizabeth source of some Review Movie Elizabeth debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent Review Movie Elizabeth advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and Review Movie Elizabeth risky nature of filmmaking; Review Movie Elizabeth many films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known Review Movie Elizabeth as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the Review Movie Elizabeth United States, Review Movie Elizabeth providing recognition each year to Review Movie Elizabeth films, ostensibly based on their artistic Review Movie Elizabeth merits.
There is Review Movie Elizabeth also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and Review Movie Elizabeth texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a Review Movie Elizabeth select Review Movie Elizabeth audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere Review Movie Elizabeth itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly Review Movie Elizabeth negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews Review Movie Elizabeth are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on Review Movie Elizabeth whose screen they Review Movie Elizabeth are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before Review Movie Elizabeth the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the Review Movie Elizabeth size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D Review Movie Elizabeth modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all Review Movie Elizabeth over the Review Movie Elizabeth world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored Review Movie Elizabeth documentary in Review Movie Elizabeth China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The Review Movie Elizabeth third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Review Movie Elizabeth Film crew
A film crew is a group Review Movie Elizabeth of people hired by a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film Reviews For Movie Hard Candy or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the Review Movie Elizabeth camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting Review Movie Elizabeth of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and Review Movie Elizabeth those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew Review Movie Elizabeth generally passes through the director Review Movie Elizabeth and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other Review Movie Elizabeth than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, Review Movie Elizabeth electrics (i.e., Review Movie Elizabeth lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part Review Movie Elizabeth of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an Dvd Movie Format emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its Review Movie Elizabeth flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths Review Movie Elizabeth and the film format for images Review Movie Elizabeth on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films Review Movie Elizabeth are Review Movie Elizabeth still Review Movie Elizabeth shot Review Movie Elizabeth on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various Review Movie Elizabeth speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) Review Movie Elizabeth [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and Review Movie Elizabeth thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be Review Movie Elizabeth usable without requiring large "blimps" to Review Movie Elizabeth encase the camera, the invention Review Movie Elizabeth of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, Review Movie Elizabeth and the development of Review Movie Elizabeth synchronized sound, allowing sound to Review Movie Elizabeth be recorded Review Movie Elizabeth at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack Review Movie Elizabeth can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many Review Movie Elizabeth parts of the Review Movie Elizabeth soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed Review Movie Elizabeth as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a Review Movie Elizabeth progressive sequence of still Review Movie Elizabeth images Review Movie Elizabeth in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the Review Movie Elizabeth motion picture Review Movie Elizabeth industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives Review Movie Elizabeth each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor Review Movie Elizabeth process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Review Movie Elizabeth Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter Review Movie Elizabeth of concern to both film historians and Review Movie Elizabeth archivists, and to companies interested Review Movie Elizabeth in preserving their existing products in order to make them available to future generations Review Movie Elizabeth (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color Review Movie Elizabeth films, due to Review Movie Elizabeth their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much Review Movie Elizabeth better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades Review Movie Elizabeth have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are Review Movie Elizabeth extremely Review Movie Elizabeth beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated Review Movie Elizabeth and edited without Review Movie Elizabeth waiting for Review Movie Elizabeth the film stock to be processed. Yet Review Movie Elizabeth the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Review Movie Elizabeth Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film Review Movie Elizabeth (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major Review Movie Elizabeth movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth Review Movie Elizabeth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On Review Movie Elizabeth the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads Review Movie Elizabeth to conservative choices in cast and Review Movie Elizabeth crew. There is a trend Review Movie Elizabeth in Hollywood Review Movie Elizabeth towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from Review Movie Elizabeth 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director Review Movie Elizabeth is almost never given the Review Movie Elizabeth opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the Review Movie Elizabeth studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead Review Movie Elizabeth roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film Review Movie Elizabeth equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in Review Movie Elizabeth a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the Review Movie Elizabeth arrival Review Movie Elizabeth of high-resolution digital Aneta Smrhova Movie video in the early 1990s, have lowered Review Movie Elizabeth the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware Review Movie Elizabeth and software for post-production can Review Movie Elizabeth be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
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Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers Review Movie Elizabeth can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and Review Movie Elizabeth music, and mix the Review Movie Elizabeth final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals Review Movie Elizabeth to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of Review Movie Elizabeth internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has Review Movie Elizabeth further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative Review Movie Elizabeth works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent Review Movie Elizabeth filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes Review Movie Elizabeth place outside Review Movie Elizabeth of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a film Review Movie Elizabeth or video Review Movie Elizabeth inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, Review Movie Elizabeth created by Review Movie Elizabeth fans rather than by the Review Movie Elizabeth source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more Review Movie Elizabeth notable films have Review Movie Elizabeth actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers Review Movie Elizabeth for non-existent motion pictures to Review Movie Elizabeth rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which Review Movie Elizabeth each frame of a film is Review Movie Elizabeth produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or Review Movie Elizabeth by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making Review Movie Elizabeth small changes to a model Review Movie Elizabeth unit (see claymation and Review Movie Elizabeth stop motion), and then Review Movie Elizabeth photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames Review Movie Elizabeth are Shadow Divers Movie strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the Review Movie Elizabeth persistence of vision). Generating Review Movie Elizabeth such Review Movie Elizabeth a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though Review Movie Elizabeth the development Review Movie Elizabeth of computer Review Movie Elizabeth animation Review Movie Elizabeth has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on Review Movie Elizabeth a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and Review Movie Elizabeth movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the Review Movie Elizabeth 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and Review Movie Elizabeth sometimes by a single person). Several independent Review Movie Elizabeth animation producers have gone on to Review Movie Elizabeth enter the professional animation industry.
Limited Review Movie Elizabeth animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs Review Movie Elizabeth of Review Movie Elizabeth animation by Review Movie Elizabeth using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA Review Movie Elizabeth and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from Review Movie Elizabeth movie theaters to Review Movie Elizabeth television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is Review Movie Elizabeth a specific style of animation that depends Review Movie Elizabeth on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly Review Movie Elizabeth onto Super Troopers Free Online Movie pieces of film, Review Movie Elizabeth and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature Review Movie Elizabeth film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed Review Movie Elizabeth exclusively Review Movie Elizabeth for cinema opened Review Movie Elizabeth in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Review Movie Elizabeth Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these Review Movie Elizabeth theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the Review Movie Elizabeth bulk of the material Review Movie Elizabeth shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming Review Movie Elizabeth movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be Review Movie Elizabeth shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be Review Movie Elizabeth broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film Review Movie Elizabeth is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films Review Movie Elizabeth on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be Review Movie Elizabeth available and have started to become revenue Review Movie Elizabeth sources for the film companies. Some films Review Movie Elizabeth are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie Review Movie Elizabeth theater pays an average of about 50-55% Review Movie Elizabeth of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as Review Movie Elizabeth film rental fees.[6] The actual Review Movie Elizabeth percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of Review Movie Elizabeth a film's showing continues, as an Review Movie Elizabeth incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are Review Movie Elizabeth a few movies every year that defy this rule, Review Movie Elizabeth often limited-release movies that start in Review Movie Elizabeth only a few theaters and actually Review Movie Elizabeth grow their Review Movie Elizabeth theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS Review Movie Elizabeth and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from Review Movie Elizabeth television (broadcast, cable, and Highest Boxoffice Movie pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture Review Movie Elizabeth films have been around for more than a century, film Review Movie Elizabeth is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon Review Movie Elizabeth of Review Movie Elizabeth fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, Review Movie Elizabeth industry analysts Review Movie Elizabeth predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition Review Movie Elizabeth from television's increasing Review Movie Elizabeth technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when Review Movie Elizabeth the widespread Review Movie Elizabeth availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders Review Movie Elizabeth enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local Review Movie Elizabeth cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual that Review Movie Elizabeth in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a Review Movie Elizabeth large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with Review Movie Elizabeth a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and moving towards digital screens, a new approach which Review Movie Elizabeth will allow for easier and quicker distribution of films Review Movie Elizabeth (via satellite or hard disks), a Review Movie Elizabeth development which may give local Review Movie Elizabeth theaters a reprieve from their predicted demise.
The cinema now faces a new Review Movie Elizabeth challenge from Review Movie Elizabeth home video by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide full HD 1080p video Review Movie Elizabeth playback at near cinema quality. Video formats are gradually catching up with the resolutions and quality that film offers, Review Movie Elizabeth 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of 1920?1080 a leap from the DVD offering of 720?480 Review Movie Elizabeth and the paltry 330?480 offered by the first home video Review Movie Elizabeth standard VHS. The maximum resolutions that film currently offers are 2485?2970 or 1420?3390, UHD, a future digital video format, will offer a massive resolution Review Movie Elizabeth of 7680?4320, surpassing all current film resolutions. The only viable competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which can play film content at Review Movie Elizabeth an extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite the rise of all new Review Movie Elizabeth technologies, the development of the home video market and a surge of online Review Movie Elizabeth piracy, 2007 was a record Review Movie Elizabeth year Review Movie Elizabeth in film that showed Review Movie Elizabeth the |
