Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by G I Jane Movie Posters Htm creating images G I Jane Movie Posters Htm using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, G I Jane Movie Posters Htm in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an G I Jane Movie Posters Htm important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating G I Jane Movie Posters Htm � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular G I Jane Movie Posters Htm worldwide G I Jane Movie Posters Htm attractions by using dubbing or subtitles G I Jane Movie Posters Htm that translate the dialogue.
Traditional G I Jane Movie Posters Htm films are made up of a series of individual images G I Jane Movie Posters Htm called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence G I Jane Movie Posters Htm of vision, whereby the G I Jane Movie Posters Htm eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the G I Jane Movie Posters Htm fact that photographic film (also called G I Jane Movie Posters Htm film G I Jane Movie Posters Htm stock) G I Jane Movie Posters Htm had historically G I Jane Movie Posters Htm been the primary medium for recording and displaying G I Jane Movie Posters Htm motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion G I Jane Movie Posters Htm picture, including picture, G I Jane Movie Posters Htm picture show, Michael Ontkean Valerie Bertinelli Movie photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the field in general include the big screen, the silver G I Jane Movie Posters Htm screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with G I Jane Movie Posters Htm devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were G I Jane Movie Posters Htm outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the G I Jane Movie Posters Htm images G I Jane Movie Posters Htm on the pictures to appear to be G I Jane Movie Posters Htm moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect G I Jane Movie Posters Htm � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, G I Jane Movie Posters Htm 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects G I Jane Movie Posters Htm in motion G I Jane Movie Posters Htm in real time. Early versions of the G I Jane Movie Posters Htm technology sometimes required a person to look G I Jane Movie Posters Htm into a viewing machine to see the pictures which G I Jane Movie Posters Htm were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The G I Jane Movie Posters Htm pictures were shown at G I Jane Movie Posters Htm a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on G I Jane Movie Posters Htm how G I Jane Movie Posters Htm rapidly the crank was turned. Some G I Jane Movie Posters Htm of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the G I Jane Movie Posters Htm motion picture camera allowed the G I Jane Movie Posters Htm individual component images to be captured G I Jane Movie Posters Htm and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for G I Jane Movie Posters Htm an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the G I Jane Movie Posters Htm public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later G I Jane Movie Posters Htm broken up into multiple shots of varying G I Jane Movie Posters Htm sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, G I Jane Movie Posters Htm theater owners would hire a pianist or G I Jane Movie Posters Htm organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores G I Jane Movie Posters Htm being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip G I Jane Movie Posters Htm to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The G I Jane Movie Posters Htm rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United G I Jane Movie Posters Htm States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to G I Jane Movie Posters Htm each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by G I Jane Movie Posters Htm calling G I Jane Movie Posters Htm them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major G I Jane Movie Posters Htm step in G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the development of cinema was the introduction of G I Jane Movie Posters Htm so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted G I Jane Movie Posters Htm more gradually as methods evolved making G I Jane Movie Posters Htm it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography G I Jane Movie Posters Htm as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end G I Jane Movie Posters Htm of G I Jane Movie Posters Htm World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the G I Jane Movie Posters Htm succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part G I Jane Movie Posters Htm of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th G I Jane Movie Posters Htm century. Movie About Future Generations Being Dumb Digital technology has G I Jane Movie Posters Htm been the G I Jane Movie Posters Htm driving force in change G I Jane Movie Posters Htm throughout the 1990s and into G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the 21st century.
Theory
Main G I Jane Movie Posters Htm article: Film theory
Film theory seeks G I Jane Movie Posters Htm to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the G I Jane Movie Posters Htm study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's G I Jane Movie Posters Htm The G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in G I Jane Movie Posters Htm its differences from reality, and this Downtown Minneapolis Movie Theatres gave rise to realist theory. More recent G I Jane Movie Posters Htm analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Solari Movie de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory Sony Movie Studio and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: G I Jane Movie Posters Htm academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in G I Jane Movie Posters Htm newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only G I Jane Movie Posters Htm see any given film once and have G I Jane Movie Posters Htm only a day or two to G I Jane Movie Posters Htm formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact G I Jane Movie Posters Htm on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend Irrestible Movie Ending not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The G I Jane Movie Posters Htm plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have G I Jane Movie Posters Htm an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the influence of reviews is extremely important. G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
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The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a G I Jane Movie Posters Htm matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some G I Jane Movie Posters Htm heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that G I Jane Movie Posters Htm extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which G I Jane Movie Posters Htm film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced G I Jane Movie Posters Htm viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film G I Jane Movie Posters Htm may not be worth G I Jane Movie Posters Htm seeing and G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the films often G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Martinsburg Wv Movie Guide do G I Jane Movie Posters Htm poorly as a result.
It is G I Jane Movie Posters Htm argued that journalist film critics G I Jane Movie Posters Htm should only be known as film reviewers, and true film G I Jane Movie Posters Htm critics are those who take a more G I Jane Movie Posters Htm academic approach to films. This line of work is more often G I Jane Movie Posters Htm known as film G I Jane Movie Posters Htm theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have G I Jane Movie Posters Htm on G I Jane Movie Posters Htm people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles Tokio Drift Movie are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with G I Jane Movie Posters Htm colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making G I Jane Movie Posters Htm and showing of Download Movie Free motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process G I Jane Movie Posters Htm was invented. Upon G I Jane Movie Posters Htm seeing how successful G I Jane Movie Posters Htm their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the first films G I Jane Movie Posters Htm privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In G I Jane Movie Posters Htm each country, they would G I Jane Movie Posters Htm normally G I Jane Movie Posters Htm add new, local scenes G I Jane Movie Posters Htm to their catalogue and, quickly enough, G I Jane Movie Posters Htm found local entrepreneurs G I Jane Movie Posters Htm in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and G I Jane Movie Posters Htm companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Charlie Chaplin had a contract G I Jane Movie Posters Htm that called for an annual G I Jane Movie Posters Htm salary of one million dollars.
In G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the United States today, much of G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten G I Jane Movie Posters Htm thousand-plus G I Jane Movie Posters Htm feature length films a year produced by the G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Valley pornographic film G I Jane Movie Posters Htm industry should qualify for G I Jane Movie Posters Htm this title G I Jane Movie Posters Htm is the source of some debate.[citation needed] G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances G I Jane Movie Posters Htm in affordable G I Jane Movie Posters Htm film G I Jane Movie Posters Htm making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due G I Jane Movie Posters Htm to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, G I Jane Movie Posters Htm a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to G I Jane Movie Posters Htm create works of lasting social G I Jane Movie Posters Htm significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Oscars") are the G I Jane Movie Posters Htm most prominent film G I Jane Movie Posters Htm awards in the United States, providing G I Jane Movie Posters Htm recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic G I Jane Movie Posters Htm merits.
There is also a large industry for educational G I Jane Movie Posters Htm and G I Jane Movie Posters Htm instructional films made G I Jane Movie Posters Htm in lieu G I Jane Movie Posters Htm of G I Jane Movie Posters Htm or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select G I Jane Movie Posters Htm audience, usually for G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the purposes of G I Jane Movie Posters Htm corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Violated Virgin Movie Galleries Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting G I Jane Movie Posters Htm or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a G I Jane Movie Posters Htm cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end G I Jane Movie Posters Htm of a film Saw Movie Times programme. That practice did not G I Jane Movie Posters Htm last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the films G I Jane Movie Posters Htm ended, but the name has G I Jane Movie Posters Htm stuck. G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Trailers are now shown before the G I Jane Movie Posters Htm film (or the A G I Jane Movie Posters Htm movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film G I Jane Movie Posters Htm determines the size and type of G I Jane Movie Posters Htm crew required during G I Jane Movie Posters Htm filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a G I Jane Movie Posters Htm low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, G I Jane Movie Posters Htm an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking G I Jane Movie Posters Htm takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles G I Jane Movie Posters Htm of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that G I Jane Movie Posters Htm range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. G I Jane Movie Posters Htm The third G I Jane Movie Posters Htm year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of G I Jane Movie Posters Htm people hired by a film company, employed during G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are G I Jane Movie Posters Htm distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The G I Jane Movie Posters Htm crew interacts with but is also G I Jane Movie Posters Htm distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company G I Jane Movie Posters Htm representatives, their assistants, and those G I Jane Movie Posters Htm whose G I Jane Movie Posters Htm primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff G I Jane Movie Posters Htm of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments G I Jane Movie Posters Htm with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction G I Jane Movie Posters Htm and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production G I Jane Movie Posters Htm special effects. G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
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Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Cellulose nitrate was the first type of G I Jane Movie Posters Htm film base used to G I Jane Movie Posters Htm record G I Jane Movie Posters Htm motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to G I Jane Movie Posters Htm theaters) as 35 G I Jane Movie Posters Htm mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and G I Jane Movie Posters Htm projected at various speeds using G I Jane Movie Posters Htm hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames G I Jane Movie Posters Htm per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot G I Jane Movie Posters Htm between 16 frame/s and 23 G I Jane Movie Posters Htm frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how G I Jane Movie Posters Htm fast each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � G I Jane Movie Posters Htm allowing them to record G I Jane Movie Posters Htm at a G I Jane Movie Posters Htm consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set G I Jane Movie Posters Htm to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention Islands Movie of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately G I Jane Movie Posters Htm from shooting the film, but for live-action G I Jane Movie Posters Htm pictures many parts of the soundtrack G I Jane Movie Posters Htm are usually recorded simultaneously.
As G I Jane Movie Posters Htm a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used G I Jane Movie Posters Htm to present G I Jane Movie Posters Htm a progressive sequence G I Jane Movie Posters Htm of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic G I Jane Movie Posters Htm films have problems in terms of G I Jane Movie Posters Htm preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety G I Jane Movie Posters Htm films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters G I Jane Movie Posters Htm � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, G I Jane Movie Posters Htm green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have G I Jane Movie Posters Htm also been G I Jane Movie Posters Htm used to G I Jane Movie Posters Htm restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term G I Jane Movie Posters Htm preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is G I Jane Movie Posters Htm a G I Jane Movie Posters Htm matter of concern to both film historians G I Jane Movie Posters Htm and archivists, and to companies G I Jane Movie Posters Htm interested in preserving their existing products in G I Jane Movie Posters Htm order to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for G I Jane Movie Posters Htm nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and G I Jane Movie Posters Htm white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition G I Jane Movie Posters Htm prints G I Jane Movie Posters Htm tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used G I Jane Movie Posters Htm in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. G I Jane Movie Posters Htm These G I Jane Movie Posters Htm approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially G I Jane Movie Posters Htm because footage can be evaluated and edited without G I Jane Movie Posters Htm waiting for the film stock G I Jane Movie Posters Htm to be processed. Yet G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An G I Jane Movie Posters Htm independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie G I Jane Movie Posters Htm studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. G I Jane Movie Posters Htm There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost G I Jane Movie Posters Htm never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant G I Jane Movie Posters Htm industry experience in film G I Jane Movie Posters Htm or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up G I Jane Movie Posters Htm 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the G I Jane Movie Posters Htm advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more G I Jane Movie Posters Htm importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have G I Jane Movie Posters Htm been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, G I Jane Movie Posters Htm FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie G I Jane Movie Posters Htm make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot G I Jane Movie Posters Htm and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means G I Jane Movie Posters Htm of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films G I Jane Movie Posters Htm noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making G I Jane Movie Posters Htm landscape in G I Jane Movie Posters Htm ways that are G I Jane Movie Posters Htm still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it G I Jane Movie Posters Htm is produced through open G I Jane Movie Posters Htm collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties G I Jane Movie Posters Htm to G I Jane Movie Posters Htm create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like G I Jane Movie Posters Htm independent G I Jane Movie Posters Htm filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan G I Jane Movie Posters Htm film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created G I Jane Movie Posters Htm by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally G I Jane Movie Posters Htm been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have G I Jane Movie Posters Htm actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously G I Jane Movie Posters Htm in length, G I Jane Movie Posters Htm from short faux-teaser trailers G I Jane Movie Posters Htm for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
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Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, G I Jane Movie Posters Htm or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes G I Jane Movie Posters Htm to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 G I Jane Movie Posters Htm or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped G I Jane Movie Posters Htm up the process.
File G I Jane Movie Posters Htm formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on G I Jane Movie Posters Htm a computer or over G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. G I Jane Movie Posters Htm However, the field of independent animation has existed at least G I Jane Movie Posters Htm since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on G I Jane Movie Posters Htm to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way G I Jane Movie Posters Htm of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation G I Jane Movie Posters Htm process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as G I Jane Movie Posters Htm cartoons G I Jane Movie Posters Htm moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Norman McLaren, Len G I Jane Movie Posters Htm Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built G I Jane Movie Posters Htm or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be G I Jane Movie Posters Htm known as G I Jane Movie Posters Htm nickelodeons, because G I Jane Movie Posters Htm admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an G I Jane Movie Posters Htm independent theater for a lump G I Jane Movie Posters Htm sum, G I Jane Movie Posters Htm and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews G I Jane Movie Posters Htm for upcoming G I Jane Movie Posters Htm movies G I Jane Movie Posters Htm and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development G I Jane Movie Posters Htm of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown G I Jane Movie Posters Htm in theaters. Recording technology G I Jane Movie Posters Htm has also enabled G I Jane Movie Posters Htm consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue G I Jane Movie Posters Htm sources for the film companies. Some films G I Jane Movie Posters Htm are now made specifically for G I Jane Movie Posters Htm these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or G I Jane Movie Posters Htm direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are G I Jane Movie Posters Htm rejected by their own studios upon completion G I Jane Movie Posters Htm are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about G I Jane Movie Posters Htm 50-55% G I Jane Movie Posters Htm of its ticket sales to G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the G I Jane Movie Posters Htm movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing G I Jane Movie Posters Htm continues, G I Jane Movie Posters Htm as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies every year G I Jane Movie Posters Htm that G I Jane Movie Posters Htm defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and G I Jane Movie Posters Htm reviews. According to a 2000 study G I Jane Movie Posters Htm by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came G I Jane Movie Posters Htm from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than G I Jane Movie Posters Htm a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the G I Jane Movie Posters Htm pantheon G I Jane Movie Posters Htm of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite G I Jane Movie Posters Htm competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture G I Jane Movie Posters Htm cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive G I Jane Movie Posters Htm videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s G I Jane Movie Posters Htm the development G I Jane Movie Posters Htm of digital DVD players, home G I Jane Movie Posters Htm theater G I Jane Movie Posters Htm amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided |
