Film is a term that encompasses individual Sterling Il Movie Theaters motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion Sterling Il Movie Theaters picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, Sterling Il Movie Theaters or by creating images Sterling Il Movie Theaters using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts Sterling Il Movie Theaters created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film Sterling Il Movie Theaters is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has Sterling Il Movie Theaters the illusion that motion is occurring. Sterling Il Movie Theaters The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye Sterling Il Movie Theaters retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the Sterling Il Movie Theaters fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording Sterling Il Movie Theaters and displaying Sterling Il Movie Theaters motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, Sterling Il Movie Theaters and the movies.In the Sterling Il Movie Theaters 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated Sterling Il Movie Theaters with devices such as Sterling Il Movie Theaters the zoetrope and Sterling Il Movie Theaters the Sterling Il Movie Theaters praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the Sterling Il Movie Theaters images on the pictures to appear to Sterling Il Movie Theaters be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images Sterling Il Movie Theaters needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the Sterling Il Movie Theaters basis for the Sterling Il Movie Theaters development of Sterling Il Movie Theaters film animation.
A frame from Sterling Il Movie Theaters Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to Sterling Il Movie Theaters directly capture objects Sterling Il Movie Theaters in motion in real time. Early versions of Sterling Il Movie Theaters the technology sometimes required a Sterling Il Movie Theaters person to Sterling Il Movie Theaters look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 Sterling Il Movie Theaters to 10 pictures per second depending on how Sterling Il Movie Theaters rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine light through the processed and Sterling Il Movie Theaters printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a Sterling Il Movie Theaters screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely Sterling Il Movie Theaters visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the Sterling Il Movie Theaters turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The Sterling Il Movie Theaters scenes were Sterling Il Movie Theaters later broken up into multiple Sterling Il Movie Theaters shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as Sterling Il Movie Theaters camera movement were realized as effective ways to Sterling Il Movie Theaters portray a story on film. Rather than leave the Sterling Il Movie Theaters audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist Sterling Il Movie Theaters or organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the Sterling Il Movie Theaters film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for Sterling Il Movie Theaters this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot Sterling Il Movie Theaters from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip Sterling Il Movie Theaters to the Moon) (1902), an Sterling Il Movie Theaters early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War Sterling Il Movie Theaters I while the film industry Sterling Il Movie Theaters in United States flourished with the rise Sterling Il Movie Theaters of Hollywood. Sterling Il Movie Theaters However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Sterling Il Movie Theaters Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the Sterling Il Movie Theaters contributions Sterling Il Movie Theaters of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, Sterling Il Movie Theaters music and sound effects synchronized with the action on Sterling Il Movie Theaters the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major Sterling Il Movie Theaters step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of Sterling Il Movie Theaters sound Sterling Il Movie Theaters quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted Sterling Il Movie Theaters more gradually as Sterling Il Movie Theaters methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War Sterling Il Movie Theaters II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the Sterling Il Movie Theaters 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in Sterling Il Movie Theaters the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and Sterling Il Movie Theaters the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Sterling Il Movie Theaters Digital technology has been Sterling Il Movie Theaters the driving force in Sterling Il Movie Theaters change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and Sterling Il Movie Theaters systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist Sterling Il Movie Theaters film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from Sterling Il Movie Theaters reality, and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this Sterling Il Movie Theaters theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave Sterling Il Movie Theaters rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis Sterling Il Movie Theaters and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the Sterling Il Movie Theaters analysis and evaluation Sterling Il Movie Theaters of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars Sterling Il Movie Theaters and journalistic film Sterling Il Movie Theaters criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly Sterling Il Movie Theaters review new Sterling Il Movie Theaters releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of Sterling Il Movie Theaters certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy Sterling Il Movie Theaters films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of a Sterling Il Movie Theaters film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an Sterling Il Movie Theaters important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the Sterling Il Movie Theaters influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer Sterling Il Movie Theaters on a given film's box office performance is a matter Sterling Il Movie Theaters of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent Sterling Il Movie Theaters movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to Sterling Il Movie Theaters the tactic and warn the public that the film may Sterling Il Movie Theaters not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It Sterling Il Movie Theaters is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics Sterling Il Movie Theaters are those who take a more academic approach to Sterling Il Movie Theaters films. This line of Sterling Il Movie Theaters work is Sterling Il Movie Theaters more often known as Sterling Il Movie Theaters film theory or film studies. These film critics Sterling Il Movie Theaters attempt to come to understand Sterling Il Movie Theaters how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They Sterling Il Movie Theaters also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and Sterling Il Movie Theaters showing of motion pictures became a Sterling Il Movie Theaters source Sterling Il Movie Theaters of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly Sterling Il Movie Theaters set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, Sterling Il Movie Theaters found local entrepreneurs in the Sterling Il Movie Theaters various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. Sterling Il Movie Theaters The Oberammergau Passion Play of Sterling Il Movie Theaters 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville Sterling Il Movie Theaters world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute Sterling Il Movie Theaters films, Sterling Il Movie Theaters while motion picture actors Sterling Il Movie Theaters became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already Sterling Il Movie Theaters by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of Sterling Il Movie Theaters one million dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Sterling Il Movie Theaters Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of Sterling Il Movie Theaters the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi Sterling Il Movie Theaters cinema which produces the largest number of Sterling Il Movie Theaters films in the world.[1] Sterling Il Movie Theaters Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length Sterling Il Movie Theaters films a year produced by Sterling Il Movie Theaters the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the Sterling Il Movie Theaters source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved Sterling Il Movie Theaters in Sterling Il Movie Theaters making movies has led cinema Sterling Il Movie Theaters production to concentrate under the auspices of movie Sterling Il Movie Theaters studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film Sterling Il Movie Theaters productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a notorious Sterling Il Movie Theaters example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the Sterling Il Movie Theaters most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year Sterling Il Movie Theaters to films, ostensibly based on their Sterling Il Movie Theaters artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in Sterling Il Movie Theaters lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview Sterling Il Movie Theaters performance refers Sterling Il Movie Theaters to a showing of a movie Sterling Il Movie Theaters to a Sterling Il Movie Theaters select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which Sterling Il Movie Theaters if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Sterling Il Movie Theaters Trailer (film)
Trailers Sterling Il Movie Theaters or previews are film advertisements Sterling Il Movie Theaters for films that will be exhibited Sterling Il Movie Theaters in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. Sterling Il Movie Theaters The term "trailer" comes from Sterling Il Movie Theaters their having originally Sterling Il Movie Theaters been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended Sterling Il Movie Theaters to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are Sterling Il Movie Theaters now shown before the film Sterling Il Movie Theaters (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The Sterling Il Movie Theaters nature of the film determines the Sterling Il Movie Theaters size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and Sterling Il Movie Theaters compositors. However, Sterling Il Movie Theaters a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very Sterling Il Movie Theaters little. Sterling Il Movie Theaters Also, an Sterling Il Movie Theaters open Sterling Il Movie Theaters source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a Sterling Il Movie Theaters variety of Sterling Il Movie Theaters economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first Sterling Il Movie Theaters year is taken Sterling Il Movie Theaters up Sterling Il Movie Theaters with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people Sterling Il Movie Theaters hired by a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the Sterling Il Movie Theaters actors Sterling Il Movie Theaters who appear Sterling Il Movie Theaters in front Sterling Il Movie Theaters of the camera or Sterling Il Movie Theaters provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with Sterling Il Movie Theaters but Sterling Il Movie Theaters is also distinct from the Sterling Il Movie Theaters production Sterling Il Movie Theaters staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary Sterling Il Movie Theaters responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the Sterling Il Movie Theaters departments. Sterling Il Movie Theaters Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and Sterling Il Movie Theaters costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., Sterling Il Movie Theaters lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing Sterling Il Movie Theaters light-sensitive Sterling Il Movie Theaters chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due Sterling Il Movie Theaters to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images Sterling Il Movie Theaters on Sterling Il Movie Theaters the reel have Sterling Il Movie Theaters had Sterling Il Movie Theaters a Sterling Il Movie Theaters rich history, though Sterling Il Movie Theaters most large commercial films are still shot on Sterling Il Movie Theaters (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
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Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various Sterling Il Movie Theaters speeds using hand-cranked cameras Sterling Il Movie Theaters and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 Sterling Il Movie Theaters frame/s on up (often reels included Sterling Il Movie Theaters instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) Sterling Il Movie Theaters [1]. When Sterling Il Movie Theaters sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the Sterling Il Movie Theaters slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which Sterling Il Movie Theaters allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras Sterling Il Movie Theaters � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to Sterling Il Movie Theaters be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention Sterling Il Movie Theaters of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, Sterling Il Movie Theaters and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound Sterling Il Movie Theaters to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but Sterling Il Movie Theaters for live-action pictures many parts of Sterling Il Movie Theaters the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still Sterling Il Movie Theaters images in the form of a slideshow. Sterling Il Movie Theaters Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and Sterling Il Movie Theaters the motion picture Sterling Il Movie Theaters industry is Sterling Il Movie Theaters exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have Sterling Il Movie Theaters been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters Sterling Il Movie Theaters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods Sterling Il Movie Theaters have also Sterling Il Movie Theaters been Sterling Il Movie Theaters used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying Sterling Il Movie Theaters film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and Sterling Il Movie Theaters archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color Sterling Il Movie Theaters films, Sterling Il Movie Theaters due to their high decay rates; black and white films on Sterling Il Movie Theaters safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints Sterling Il Movie Theaters tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in Sterling Il Movie Theaters recent decades have been recorded using analog Sterling Il Movie Theaters video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet Sterling Il Movie Theaters the migration Sterling Il Movie Theaters is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still Sterling Il Movie Theaters recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Sterling Il Movie Theaters Hollywood, or other Sterling Il Movie Theaters major studio systems. An independent film Sterling Il Movie Theaters (or indie film) is Sterling Il Movie Theaters a film initially produced without financing or distribution from Sterling Il Movie Theaters a major movie studio. Creative, business, Sterling Il Movie Theaters and technological reasons Sterling Il Movie Theaters have all contributed to the Sterling Il Movie Theaters growth of the indie film scene in Sterling Il Movie Theaters the late 20th and early Sterling Il Movie Theaters 21st century.
On the business Sterling Il Movie Theaters side, the costs of Sterling Il Movie Theaters big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint Sterling Il Movie Theaters ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A Sterling Il Movie Theaters hopeful director is Sterling Il Movie Theaters almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film Sterling Il Movie Theaters unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock Sterling Il Movie Theaters was also a hurdle to being Sterling Il Movie Theaters able to produce, direct, or Sterling Il Movie Theaters star in a traditional studio film. Sterling Il Movie Theaters The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, Sterling Il Movie Theaters according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders Sterling Il Movie Theaters in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie Sterling Il Movie Theaters production significantly. Both production and post-production costs Sterling Il Movie Theaters have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed Sterling Il Movie Theaters in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas Sterling Il Movie Theaters and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software Sterling Il Movie Theaters such as Apple's Final Cut Sterling Il Movie Theaters Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film Sterling Il Movie Theaters festivals to get their films noticed and sold for Sterling Il Movie Theaters distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has Sterling Il Movie Theaters further changed the film making landscape in ways Sterling Il Movie Theaters that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material Sterling Il Movie Theaters is available under a license which is permissive enough to Sterling Il Movie Theaters allow other parties to create fan Sterling Il Movie Theaters fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film Sterling Il Movie Theaters is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic Sterling Il Movie Theaters book or a Sterling Il Movie Theaters similar Sterling Il Movie Theaters source, created by fans Sterling Il Movie Theaters rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan Windows Movie Maker Animated Movie filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan Sterling Il Movie Theaters films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer Sterling Il Movie Theaters full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique Sterling Il Movie Theaters in which each frame of Sterling Il Movie Theaters a Sterling Il Movie Theaters film is produced individually, whether generated as Sterling Il Movie Theaters a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and Sterling Il Movie Theaters then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When Sterling Il Movie Theaters the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or Sterling Il Movie Theaters more frames per second, there is Sterling Il Movie Theaters an illusion of continuous Sterling Il Movie Theaters movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating Sterling Il Movie Theaters such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the Sterling Il Movie Theaters process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Sterling Il Movie Theaters Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over Sterling Il Movie Theaters the Internet.
Because Sterling Il Movie Theaters animation is very time-consuming and Sterling Il Movie Theaters often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. Sterling Il Movie Theaters However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with Sterling Il Movie Theaters animation being produced by independent studios (and Sterling Il Movie Theaters sometimes by a single person). Sterling Il Movie Theaters Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way Sterling Il Movie Theaters of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short Sterling Il Movie Theaters cuts" in Sterling Il Movie Theaters the Sterling Il Movie Theaters animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their Sterling Il Movie Theaters productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Walkabout Movie Brakhage, is Sterling Il Movie Theaters painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often Sterling Il Movie Theaters shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater Sterling Il Movie Theaters designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters Sterling Il Movie Theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In Sterling Il Movie Theaters the United States, these theaters Sterling Il Movie Theaters came to be Sterling Il Movie Theaters known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before Sterling Il Movie Theaters the Sterling Il Movie Theaters 1970s, there were Sterling Il Movie Theaters "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" Sterling Il Movie Theaters of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film Sterling Il Movie Theaters consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass Sterling Il Movie Theaters marketed Sterling Il Movie Theaters feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording Sterling Il Movie Theaters technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS Sterling Il Movie Theaters or DVD (and Sterling Il Movie Theaters the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and Sterling Il Movie Theaters SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available Sterling Il Movie Theaters and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV Sterling Il Movie Theaters movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values Sterling Il Movie Theaters on these films are often considered Sterling Il Movie Theaters to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of Sterling Il Movie Theaters about Sterling Il Movie Theaters 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases Sterling Il Movie Theaters as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are Sterling Il Movie Theaters shown in first-run theaters for Sterling Il Movie Theaters less than 8 weeks. There are a few movies Sterling Il Movie Theaters every Sterling Il Movie Theaters year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that Sterling Il Movie Theaters start in Sterling Il Movie Theaters only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by Sterling Il Movie Theaters ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box Sterling Il Movie Theaters office ticket sales; 46% came from Sterling Il Movie Theaters VHS and DVD sales to Sterling Il Movie Theaters consumers; and 28% came from Sterling Il Movie Theaters television (broadcast, cable, and Sterling Il Movie Theaters pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture Sterling Il Movie Theaters films have been around Sterling Il Movie Theaters for more than Sterling Il Movie Theaters a century, film is still Sterling Il Movie Theaters a relative newcomer in the Sterling Il Movie Theaters pantheon of fine arts. Sterling Il Movie Theaters In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas Sterling Il Movie Theaters continued. Sterling Il Movie Theaters In the 1980s, when Sterling Il Movie Theaters the widespread availability of inexpensive Sterling Il Movie Theaters videocassette Sterling Il Movie Theaters recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again Sterling Il Movie Theaters wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and Sterling Il Movie Theaters 2000s the development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems Sterling Il Movie Theaters with Sterling Il Movie Theaters surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual Sterling Il Movie Theaters reproduction. These Sterling Il Movie Theaters new technologies provided audio and visual Sterling Il Movie Theaters that in the past only local cinemas Sterling Il Movie Theaters had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen Sterling Il Movie Theaters presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise Sterling Il Movie Theaters of the local cinema. Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and moving towards Sterling Il Movie Theaters digital screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite or hard disks), Sterling Il Movie Theaters a development Sterling Il Movie Theaters which may give local theaters a reprieve Sterling Il Movie Theaters from their predicted demise.
The cinema now faces a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide full HD 1080p video playback at near cinema quality. Video formats are |
