Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting from the world with cameras, or by creating images using San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting animation techniques or San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting worldwide attractions San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series of San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting between frames due to an effect known as San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting of the name "film" comes San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting from the fact that photographic San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting picture show, photo-play, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting the cinema, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting machines were outgrowths San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting to be moving, a phenomenon called San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting Scene, the world's San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting Early versions of the technology sometimes required a San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting the 1880s, the San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting development of the San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting projector to shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting pictures". Early motion pictures were static San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting shots that showed an event or action with no San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting multiple shots of varying sizes and San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting to portray a story on film. Rather San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting than leave the audience in San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By the early San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting World War San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting I while the film industry San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting in United States flourished San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting Eisenstein, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting so-called "natural" San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting color. San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting While the addition San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting public was relatively indifferent to color photography as San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting New San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting Wave San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting and the San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting the latter half of the 20th San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting century. Digital technology has been the Sid And Nancy Movie driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Pirates X Movie Clips Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting film as San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting art. It was started San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting Movie Loops For Your Videos by Ricciotto San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting Canudo's The San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting essence lay in its San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given film once and San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting this, critics have an important impact on San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting reviews is extremely important. San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting Poor reviews San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting film's box office performance is a matter San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting well San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting financed that reviewers cannot make San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting some San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting an advanced San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting viewing to San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known Movie Poster The Savage as film reviewers, and true San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting film critics are those who take a more academic approach to San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting have on San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, their articles are San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting In each country, they would normally add new, local San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting Other pictures soon San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting companies formed San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting specifically to produce and distribute San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting films, while San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting motion picture actors became major San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting celebrities and commanded huge fees for their San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
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In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting the expense involved in San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting making movies has led cinema production to concentrate San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting under the auspices of movie studios, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting recent advances San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting in San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting affordable film making equipment have San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting filmmaking; many films have San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting large cost San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting prominent film awards in the San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting United States, providing recognition each year San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select audience, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting sometimes used to judge audience reaction, Thebigguy Movie Cam Releases which if unexpectedly negative, may San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film programme. San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting films ended, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting but the name has stuck. Trailers San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting are now shown before the film (or the A movie San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting all over the world using different San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by a film San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting the film. San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting The crew interacts with but is also distinct from San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting handles San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting used to record motion San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting pictures, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on the reel have had a rich San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting 1000 San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting most films San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s Western Town Movie Set Designer on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting since the late 19th San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting large "blimps" to San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting encase the camera, the invention of San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting photography. It can be used to present a progressive San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting presentations, and often has San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting order to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films Willow Movie Sword preserved on Technicolor San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting distribution San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting in the late 20th and San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost Transatlantic Movie never San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting advent of digital alternatives, the San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting cost of professional film equipment San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting and stock was also a hurdle San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting to San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting technology San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting computer. Technologies San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting such as DVDs, FireWire connections San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
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Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting a home San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting computer. However, while the means San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting of production may be democratized, financing, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting distribution, and marketing San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting remain difficult to accomplish outside the San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting arrival of internet-based San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting article: Open content film
An San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting open content film San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting is San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting much San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting like an independent film, but it is San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting produced through open San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting collaborations; its source material is available under San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting a film or San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting video inspired by a film, television San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting program, comic book or a San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting similar source, created by San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting more notable films San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting class projects San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting or San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting at a speed of San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting adapted by other studios San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting in their San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting productions, there is a San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting specific style of San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting like San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting Norman McLaren, Movie The Rock Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting painted and drawn directly onto pieces of San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting film, and San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting initially produced, a feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater Quiz About The Movie Shrek designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting the United States, these theaters came to be known as San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting film San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting is the featured San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting presentation (or San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting and San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting be broadcast to larger audiences, usually San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting after the film San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting is no longer being shown San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting laserdisc, San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting downloads may be available and San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting have San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting or direct-to-video movies. The San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting production values on San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting these films are San Francisco Ca Movie Star Sighting often considered to be |
