Film is Sony Movie Studio a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field Sony Movie Studio of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from New Gi Joe Movie the world Sony Movie Studio with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films Sony Movie Studio are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating Sony Movie Studio � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives Sony Movie Studio motion pictures a universal power of communication. Sony Movie Studio Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly Sony Movie Studio in succession, a viewer Sony Movie Studio has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering Sony Movie Studio between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a Sony Movie Studio
The origin of the Sony Movie Studio name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the Sony Movie Studio primary medium for recording and displaying motion Sony Movie Studio pictures. Many other Sony Movie Studio terms exist for an Sony Movie Studio individual motion picture, including picture, picture Sony Movie Studio show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in Sony Movie Studio general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images Sony Movie Studio in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths of simple Sony Movie Studio optical devices Sony Movie Studio (such as magic lanterns) Sony Movie Studio and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient Sony Movie Studio speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called Sony Movie Studio persistence of Sony Movie Studio vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect Sony Movie Studio � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of Sony Movie Studio film animation.
A Sony Movie Studio frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, Sony Movie Studio the world's Sony Movie Studio earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the Sony Movie Studio development of celluloid film for Sony Movie Studio still photography, Sony Movie Studio it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a person to Sony Movie Studio look into a viewing Sony Movie Studio machine to see Sony Movie Studio the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second Sony Movie Studio depending on how rapidly the Sony Movie Studio crank was turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the Sony Movie Studio development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual Sony Movie Studio component images to be captured and stored on Sony Movie Studio a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to shine light Sony Movie Studio through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as Sony Movie Studio "motion pictures". Early Sony Movie Studio motion pictures were static shots that showed an Sony Movie Studio event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative Sony Movie Studio silent films had gained a hold on the public Sony Movie Studio imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing Sony Movie Studio a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other Sony Movie Studio techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or Sony Movie Studio a full orchestra to play music fitting the Sony Movie Studio mood of the film at any given moment. By the early Sony Movie Studio 1920s, most films came with a Sony Movie Studio prepared list of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film Sony Movie Studio scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune Sony Movie Studio (A Trip to the Moon) Sony Movie Studio (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema Sony Movie Studio was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the Sony Movie Studio film industry in United States Sony Movie Studio flourished with Sony Movie Studio the Sony Movie Studio rise of Hollywood. Sony Movie Studio However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such Sony Movie Studio as Sony Movie Studio Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Sony Movie Studio Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the Sony Movie Studio medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers Sony Movie Studio to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of Sony Movie Studio so-called "natural" color. Sony Movie Studio While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. Sony Movie Studio The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World Sony Movie Studio War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences Sony Movie Studio in its competition with television, which remained a Sony Movie Studio black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio Sony Movie Studio system in the 1960s, the Sony Movie Studio succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film Sony Movie Studio school Sony Movie Studio educated independent filmmakers were all part Sony Movie Studio of the changes Sony Movie Studio the medium experienced in Sony Movie Studio the latter half of the 20th century. Digital Sony Movie Studio technology Sony Movie Studio has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of Sony Movie Studio film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, Sony Movie Studio and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that Sony Movie Studio film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not Sony Movie Studio in its differences from reality, Sony Movie Studio and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent Sony Movie Studio analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism Sony Movie Studio is the analysis and evaluation Sony Movie Studio of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other Sony Movie Studio media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, and Sony Movie Studio broadcast media mainly review new Sony Movie Studio releases. Normally they Sony Movie Studio only see any given film once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, Sony Movie Studio horror, and Sony Movie Studio comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's Sony Movie Studio overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important Sony Movie Studio impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a Sony Movie Studio reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed Sony Movie Studio that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some Movie Censorship And Constitutional Rights heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several Sony Movie Studio films in which film companies have so Sony Movie Studio little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an Sony Movie Studio advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning Sony Movie Studio of the film. However, this usually Sony Movie Studio backfires as Sony Movie Studio reviewers are wise to Sony Movie Studio the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those Sony Movie Studio who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how Sony Movie Studio film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers Free Wallpapers Movie or appear on television, their articles are published Sony Movie Studio in scholarly journals, Sony Movie Studio or sometimes in up-market magazines. Sony Movie Studio They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process was invented. Sony Movie Studio Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their Sony Movie Studio native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the Sony Movie Studio various countries of Sony Movie Studio Europe to buy their Sony Movie Studio equipment Sony Movie Studio and photograph, export, import and Sony Movie Studio screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] Sony Movie Studio was the Sony Movie Studio first commercial motion Sony Movie Studio picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to Sony Movie Studio produce and distribute films, while motion Sony Movie Studio picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of Sony Movie Studio one million dollars.
In the United States today, much Sony Movie Studio of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional Sony Movie Studio centers exist in many parts of the Sony Movie Studio world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, Sony Movie Studio the Indian film industry's Hindi Sony Movie Studio cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a Sony Movie Studio year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should Sony Movie Studio qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the Sony Movie Studio expense involved in making movies Sony Movie Studio has led cinema Sony Movie Studio production to concentrate Sony Movie Studio under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film Sony Movie Studio making equipment have allowed independent film productions Sony Movie Studio to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, Sony Movie Studio due to the costly and risky Sony Movie Studio nature of filmmaking; many Sony Movie Studio films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United Sony Movie Studio States, providing recognition each year to films, Sony Movie Studio ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational Sony Movie Studio and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures Sony Movie Studio and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a Sony Movie Studio movie to a select audience, Sony Movie Studio usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public Sony Movie Studio film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes Sony Movie Studio used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or Sony Movie Studio even refilming certain sections. (cf Sony Movie Studio Audience Sony Movie Studio response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers Sony Movie Studio or previews are film advertisements for films that will be Sony Movie Studio exhibited Sony Movie Studio in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during Sony Movie Studio filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery Sony Movie Studio (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, Sony Movie Studio independent film Powder The Movie may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking Sony Movie Studio takes Sony Movie Studio place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises Sony Movie Studio preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by a film Sony Movie Studio company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion Sony Movie Studio picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in Sony Movie Studio the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, Sony Movie Studio their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls Sony Movie Studio in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally Sony Movie Studio divided Sony Movie Studio into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry Sony Movie Studio as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of Matrix Revolutions Movie transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Sony Movie Studio Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was Sony Movie Studio eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on Sony Movie Studio the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films Sony Movie Studio are still shot on (and distributed Sony Movie Studio to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
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Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds Sony Movie Studio using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 Sony Movie Studio frames per minute (16? frame/s) Sony Movie Studio is generally cited as a standard silent Sony Movie Studio speed, research indicates most films were Sony Movie Studio shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene Constitutional Legality Of Movie Censorship should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in Sony Movie Studio the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to Sony Movie Studio be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to Sony Movie Studio be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from Sony Movie Studio shooting the film, but Sony Movie Studio for live-action pictures many parts Sony Movie Studio of the soundtrack are Sony Movie Studio usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film Sony Movie Studio is not Sony Movie Studio limited to motion pictures, Sony Movie Studio since the Movie Trailers Iron Man technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and Sony Movie Studio storage, Sony Movie Studio and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety Sony Movie Studio films. Some studios save color films Sony Movie Studio through the use Sony Movie Studio of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed Sony Movie Studio through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them Sony Movie Studio (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation Sony Movie Studio of decaying film stock is Sony Movie Studio a matter Sony Movie Studio of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing Sony Movie Studio products in order to make them available to future generations (and thereby Sony Movie Studio increase revenue). Preservation Sony Movie Studio is Sony Movie Studio generally a higher-concern for nitrate and Sony Movie Studio single-strip color films, due to Sony Movie Studio their high decay rates; black Sony Movie Studio and white Sony Movie Studio films on safety bases and Sony Movie Studio color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much Sony Movie Studio better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage Sony Movie Studio can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most Sony Movie Studio major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie Sony Movie Studio studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the Sony Movie Studio growth of the indie film Sony Movie Studio scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films Sony Movie Studio put out by Warner Bros. in Sony Movie Studio 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A Sony Movie Studio hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget Sony Movie Studio studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with Sony Movie Studio unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of Sony Movie Studio digital alternatives, the cost of Sony Movie Studio professional film Sony Movie Studio equipment and stock was Sony Movie Studio also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star Sony Movie Studio in Sony Movie Studio a traditional studio film. The cost of The Ascent Movie Hallmark Channel 35 mm film is outpacing Sony Movie Studio inflation: in 2002 Sony Movie Studio alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs Sony Movie Studio have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Sony Movie Studio Apple's Final Cut Express and Sony Movie Studio iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the Sony Movie Studio introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a Sony Movie Studio movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a Sony Movie Studio home computer. However, while the means of production Sony Movie Studio may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent Sony Movie Studio filmmakers rely Sony Movie Studio on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold Sony Movie Studio for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has Sony Movie Studio further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough Sony Movie Studio to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes Sony Movie Studio place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan Sony Movie Studio film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a film or Sony Movie Studio video inspired by a film, Sony Movie Studio television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by Sony Movie Studio the Sony Movie Studio source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some Sony Movie Studio of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as Sony Movie Studio film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion Sony Movie Studio pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which Sony Movie Studio each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated Sony Movie Studio as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or by repeatedly Sony Movie Studio making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop Sony Movie Studio motion), and then photographing the Sony Movie Studio result with Sony Movie Studio a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a Sony Movie Studio speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion Sony Movie Studio of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such Sony Movie Studio a film is very labour Sony Movie Studio intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Sony Movie Studio Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer Sony Movie Studio or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the Sony Movie Studio majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, Sony Movie Studio the Sony Movie Studio field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by Sony Movie Studio independent studios (and sometimes by a single Sony Movie Studio person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation Sony Movie Studio is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs Michael Ontkean Valerie Bertinelli Movie of animation by using Sony Movie Studio "short cuts" Sony Movie Studio in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now Sony Movie Studio using Sony Movie Studio digital Sony Movie Studio technologies Sony Movie Studio in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends Sony Movie Studio on film. Cameraless animation, made Sony Movie Studio famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a Sony Movie Studio feature film is often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built Sony Movie Studio or converted from existing Sony Movie Studio facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known Sony Movie Studio as nickelodeons, because admission Sony Movie Studio typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, Sony Movie Studio one film Sony Movie Studio is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater Sony Movie Studio for a lump Sony Movie Studio sum, and a Sony Movie Studio "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the Sony Movie Studio bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid Sony Movie Studio advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed Sony Movie Studio feature films were Sony Movie Studio made to be shown in Sony Movie Studio movie theaters. The development of television has Sony Movie Studio allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, Sony Movie Studio usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD Sony Movie Studio and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Sony Movie Studio Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now Sony Movie Studio made specifically for these other Sony Movie Studio venues, Sony Movie Studio being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. Sony Movie Studio The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality Sony Movie Studio compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon Sony Movie Studio completion are distributed Sony Movie Studio through these markets.
The movie Sony Movie Studio theater pays Sony Movie Studio an average Sony Movie Studio of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film Sony Movie Studio rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as Sony Movie Studio the duration Sony Movie Studio of Sony Movie Studio a film's showing continues, as an incentive to Sony Movie Studio theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly Sony Movie Studio marketed Sony Movie Studio movies Sony Movie Studio ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters Movie About Future Generations Being Dumb for less than 8 weeks. There are a Sony Movie Studio few Downtown Minneapolis Movie Theatres movies every year that defy this rule, often Sony Movie Studio limited-release movies that Sony Movie Studio start in only a few theaters and actually Sony Movie Studio grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% Sony Movie Studio came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; Solari Movie and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been Sony Movie Studio around Sony Movie Studio for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry Sony Movie Studio analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as Sony Movie Studio the development of color television and Sony Movie Studio large Sony Movie Studio screens, motion Sony Movie Studio picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again Sony Movie Studio wrongly predicted the Sony Movie Studio death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s Sony Movie Studio and 2000s the development of digital Sony Movie Studio DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and Sony Movie Studio subwoofers, Sony Movie Studio and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to select Sony Movie Studio and view films at home with greatly improved Sony Movie Studio audio and visual Sony Movie Studio reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual that in the past Sony Movie Studio only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with Sony Movie Studio a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas will be changing Sony Movie Studio in the 2000s and moving towards digital screens, a new Sony Movie Studio approach which will allow Sony Movie Studio for easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite or hard disks), a development which may Sony Movie Studio give local theaters a reprieve from Sony Movie Studio their predicted demise.
The cinema now faces a new challenge from home video by the likes of Sony Movie Studio a new DVD format Blu-ray, Sony Movie Studio which can provide full HD 1080p video Sony Movie Studio playback at near cinema quality. Video formats are gradually catching up with the resolutions and Sony Movie Studio quality that film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers Sony Movie Studio a pixel resolution Sony Movie Studio of 1920?1080 a leap from Sony Movie Studio the DVD offering of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 offered Sony Movie Studio by the first home video standard Sony Movie Studio VHS. Sony Movie Studio The maximum resolutions that film currently offers are 2485?2970 or Sony Movie Studio 1420?3390, UHD, a future digital video format, will offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, Sony Movie Studio surpassing all current film resolutions. Sony Movie Studio The only viable competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which Sony Movie Studio can play film content at an extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite the Sony Movie Studio rise of all new technologies, the development Sony Movie Studio of the home Sony Movie Studio video market and a surge of online piracy, 2007 was a record year in film that showed Sony Movie Studio the highest ever box-office grosses. Many expected film to suffer as a result of the effects listed above but it Sony Movie Studio has flourished, Sony Movie Studio strengthening film studio expectations for the Sony Movie Studio future. |
