Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and Matrix Revolutions Movie the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in Matrix Revolutions Movie turn, affect them. Film is considered to Matrix Revolutions Movie be an Matrix Revolutions Movie important art form, a source of Matrix Revolutions Movie popular entertainment and a powerful Matrix Revolutions Movie method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have Matrix Revolutions Movie become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films Matrix Revolutions Movie are made up of Matrix Revolutions Movie a series of individual images called Matrix Revolutions Movie frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect Matrix Revolutions Movie known as persistence of vision, Matrix Revolutions Movie whereby the Matrix Revolutions Movie eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many Matrix Revolutions Movie other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture Matrix Revolutions Movie show, photo-play, flick, and Matrix Revolutions Movie most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, Matrix Revolutions Movie the cinema, Matrix Revolutions Movie and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope Matrix Revolutions Movie and the praxinoscope. These machines Matrix Revolutions Movie were outgrowths of Matrix Revolutions Movie simple optical Matrix Revolutions Movie devices (such as magic lanterns) and would Matrix Revolutions Movie display sequences of still Matrix Revolutions Movie pictures at sufficient Matrix Revolutions Movie speed Matrix Revolutions Movie for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the Matrix Revolutions Movie images needed to be carefully designed to Matrix Revolutions Movie achieve the Matrix Revolutions Movie desired effect � Matrix Revolutions Movie and the Matrix Revolutions Movie underlying principle became the basis for the Matrix Revolutions Movie development of film animation.
A frame Matrix Revolutions Movie from Matrix Revolutions Movie Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for Matrix Revolutions Movie still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in Matrix Revolutions Movie motion in real Matrix Revolutions Movie time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing machine Matrix Revolutions Movie to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached Matrix Revolutions Movie to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures Matrix Revolutions Movie per second depending on how rapidly the crank was Matrix Revolutions Movie turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By Matrix Revolutions Movie the 1880s, the development of the motion Matrix Revolutions Movie picture camera allowed Matrix Revolutions Movie the individual component Matrix Revolutions Movie images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector to Matrix Revolutions Movie shine light through Matrix Revolutions Movie the processed and Matrix Revolutions Movie printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be Matrix Revolutions Movie known as "motion Matrix Revolutions Movie pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing Matrix Revolutions Movie or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through Matrix Revolutions Movie the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained Matrix Revolutions Movie a hold on Matrix Revolutions Movie the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth Matrix Revolutions Movie century, films began developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist Matrix Revolutions Movie or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of Matrix Revolutions Movie the film at any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list Matrix Revolutions Movie of sheet music Matrix Revolutions Movie for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Matrix Revolutions Movie Georges Melies Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while Matrix Revolutions Movie the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in Matrix Revolutions Movie the Matrix Revolutions Movie 1920s, European filmmakers such as Matrix Revolutions Movie Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, Matrix Revolutions Movie new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music Matrix Revolutions Movie and Matrix Revolutions Movie sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking Matrix Revolutions Movie pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of Matrix Revolutions Movie cinema was the introduction of Matrix Revolutions Movie so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed Young Frankenstein Movie Pictures silent film and theater Matrix Revolutions Movie musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical Matrix Revolutions Movie and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies Matrix Revolutions Movie were filmed in color Matrix Revolutions Movie after the end Matrix Revolutions Movie of World Matrix Revolutions Movie War II, as the industry in Matrix Revolutions Movie America came Matrix Revolutions Movie to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition Matrix Revolutions Movie with television, Matrix Revolutions Movie which Matrix Revolutions Movie remained a black-and-white Matrix Revolutions Movie medium until Matrix Revolutions Movie the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in Matrix Revolutions Movie the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in Matrix Revolutions Movie the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Matrix Revolutions Movie Film Matrix Revolutions Movie theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Matrix Revolutions Movie Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from Matrix Revolutions Movie reality, and thus could be Matrix Revolutions Movie considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in Matrix Revolutions Movie its Matrix Revolutions Movie ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in Matrix Revolutions Movie its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given Matrix Revolutions Movie rise to psychoanalytical Matrix Revolutions Movie film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film Matrix Revolutions Movie theory and others.
Criticism
Main Matrix Revolutions Movie article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film Matrix Revolutions Movie critics working for newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Matrix Revolutions Movie Normally they only see any given film once and Matrix Revolutions Movie have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact Matrix Revolutions Movie on films, especially those of Matrix Revolutions Movie certain Matrix Revolutions Movie genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to Matrix Revolutions Movie be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and Matrix Revolutions Movie description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people Matrix Revolutions Movie decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews Matrix Revolutions Movie is extremely important. Poor reviews will Matrix Revolutions Movie often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on Matrix Revolutions Movie a given film's box Matrix Revolutions Movie office performance is a Matrix Revolutions Movie matter of debate. Matrix Revolutions Movie Some claim that movie marketing is now so Matrix Revolutions Movie intense and well financed that Matrix Revolutions Movie reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some Matrix Revolutions Movie heavily-promoted Matrix Revolutions Movie movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies Matrix Revolutions Movie indicates that Matrix Revolutions Movie extreme critical reactions can have considerable Matrix Revolutions Movie influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to Matrix Revolutions Movie spark interest in little-known Matrix Revolutions Movie films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse Matrix Revolutions Movie to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public Matrix Revolutions Movie that the film Matrix Revolutions Movie may not Matrix Revolutions Movie be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This Matrix Revolutions Movie line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come Matrix Revolutions Movie to understand how film and filming techniques work, and Matrix Revolutions Movie what effect they Matrix Revolutions Movie have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear on television, Matrix Revolutions Movie their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated Matrix Revolutions Movie with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit Matrix Revolutions Movie almost as soon as Matrix Revolutions Movie the Matrix Revolutions Movie process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films Matrix Revolutions Movie privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial Matrix Revolutions Movie motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures Matrix Revolutions Movie became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated Matrix Revolutions Movie theaters and Matrix Revolutions Movie companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the United Matrix Revolutions Movie States today, much of Matrix Revolutions Movie the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers Matrix Revolutions Movie exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest Matrix Revolutions Movie number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry Matrix Revolutions Movie should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though Matrix Revolutions Movie the expense involved in making movies has Matrix Revolutions Movie led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, Matrix Revolutions Movie recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to Matrix Revolutions Movie flourish.
Profit is a key force Matrix Revolutions Movie in the industry, due to Matrix Revolutions Movie the costly Matrix Revolutions Movie and risky nature of filmmaking; many Matrix Revolutions Movie films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most Matrix Revolutions Movie prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition Matrix Revolutions Movie each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for Matrix Revolutions Movie educational and Matrix Revolutions Movie instructional films made in lieu of Matrix Revolutions Movie or in addition to lectures and Matrix Revolutions Movie texts.
Preview
A preview performance Matrix Revolutions Movie refers to a showing of Matrix Revolutions Movie a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before Matrix Revolutions Movie the Matrix Revolutions Movie public film Matrix Revolutions Movie premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if Matrix Revolutions Movie unexpectedly Matrix Revolutions Movie negative, may result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main Matrix Revolutions Movie article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are Matrix Revolutions Movie film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future Matrix Revolutions Movie at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of Matrix Revolutions Movie a film Matrix Revolutions Movie programme. That practice Matrix Revolutions Movie did not last Matrix Revolutions Movie long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the Matrix Revolutions Movie film (or the A movie in a double Matrix Revolutions Movie feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton Matrix Revolutions Movie crew, often paid very little. Also, an Matrix Revolutions Movie open source film may Matrix Revolutions Movie be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a Matrix Revolutions Movie variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored Matrix Revolutions Movie documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the Matrix Revolutions Movie American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year Matrix Revolutions Movie is taken up with development. The Matrix Revolutions Movie second year comprises preproduction and production. The third Matrix Revolutions Movie year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by a film Matrix Revolutions Movie company, employed during the Matrix Revolutions Movie "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or Matrix Revolutions Movie motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, Matrix Revolutions Movie managers, company representatives, their assistants, Matrix Revolutions Movie and Matrix Revolutions Movie those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such Matrix Revolutions Movie as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the Matrix Revolutions Movie director Matrix Revolutions Movie and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into Matrix Revolutions Movie departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation between the Matrix Revolutions Movie departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything in Matrix Revolutions Movie the Matrix Revolutions Movie photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the Grease Movie Clothing film industry as American Movie Channle "craft services") are usually not considered Matrix Revolutions Movie part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the Matrix Revolutions Movie first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but Matrix Revolutions Movie due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for Matrix Revolutions Movie images on Matrix Revolutions Movie the Matrix Revolutions Movie reel have had a Matrix Revolutions Movie rich history, Matrix Revolutions Movie though most large commercial films are still shot Matrix Revolutions Movie on (and distributed Matrix Revolutions Movie to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per Matrix Revolutions Movie minute (16? frame/s) Matrix Revolutions Movie is generally cited as a Matrix Revolutions Movie standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 Matrix Revolutions Movie frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 Matrix Revolutions Movie frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) Matrix Revolutions Movie [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. Matrix Revolutions Movie 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed Matrix Revolutions Movie which Matrix Revolutions Movie allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at a Matrix Revolutions Movie consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of Matrix Revolutions Movie more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to Matrix Revolutions Movie be Matrix Revolutions Movie recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding Matrix Revolutions Movie action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion Matrix Revolutions Movie pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can Matrix Revolutions Movie be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in Matrix Revolutions Movie the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been Matrix Revolutions Movie copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a Matrix Revolutions Movie reverse of Matrix Revolutions Movie the Technicolor Matrix Revolutions Movie process). Digital methods have Matrix Revolutions Movie also been used to restore films, although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of Matrix Revolutions Movie 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying Matrix Revolutions Movie film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and Matrix Revolutions Movie to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to Matrix Revolutions Movie make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to Matrix Revolutions Movie moviemakers, Matrix Revolutions Movie especially because footage can be evaluated and edited Matrix Revolutions Movie without waiting for the film Matrix Revolutions Movie stock Matrix Revolutions Movie to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most Matrix Revolutions Movie major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere New Gi Joe Movie Brothers
Independent Matrix Revolutions Movie filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An Matrix Revolutions Movie independent film (or Matrix Revolutions Movie indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or Matrix Revolutions Movie distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to Matrix Revolutions Movie the Matrix Revolutions Movie growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and Matrix Revolutions Movie crew. There Matrix Revolutions Movie is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds Matrix Revolutions Movie of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 Matrix Revolutions Movie were Matrix Revolutions Movie joint ventures, up from Matrix Revolutions Movie 10% in 1987).[2] A Matrix Revolutions Movie hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a Matrix Revolutions Movie big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant Matrix Revolutions Movie industry experience in film or Matrix Revolutions Movie television. Also, the Matrix Revolutions Movie studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional film equipment and stock was also Matrix Revolutions Movie a Matrix Revolutions Movie hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and Matrix Revolutions Movie more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the Matrix Revolutions Movie early Matrix Revolutions Movie 1990s, Matrix Revolutions Movie have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware Matrix Revolutions Movie and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Matrix Revolutions Movie Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold Matrix Revolutions Movie for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main Matrix Revolutions Movie article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is Matrix Revolutions Movie available Matrix Revolutions Movie under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open Matrix Revolutions Movie source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Matrix Revolutions Movie Fan film
A fan film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather Matrix Revolutions Movie than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but Matrix Revolutions Movie some of the more notable Matrix Revolutions Movie films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously Matrix Revolutions Movie in Matrix Revolutions Movie length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion pictures
Animation is Matrix Revolutions Movie the technique in which each frame of a Matrix Revolutions Movie film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, Matrix Revolutions Movie or by photographing a drawn Matrix Revolutions Movie image, Matrix Revolutions Movie or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When Matrix Revolutions Movie the frames are Matrix Revolutions Movie strung together and the resulting film is Matrix Revolutions Movie viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence Matrix Revolutions Movie of vision). Generating such a film Matrix Revolutions Movie is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development Matrix Revolutions Movie of computer Matrix Revolutions Movie animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash Matrix Revolutions Movie allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because Matrix Revolutions Movie animation is very Matrix Revolutions Movie time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, with animation being produced by Matrix Revolutions Movie independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Matrix Revolutions Movie Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way Matrix Revolutions Movie of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method Matrix Revolutions Movie was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, Matrix Revolutions Movie and adapted Matrix Revolutions Movie by other studios as cartoons moved Matrix Revolutions Movie from movie theaters Matrix Revolutions Movie to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends Matrix Revolutions Movie on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is Matrix Revolutions Movie often shown to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for Matrix Revolutions Movie cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such Matrix Revolutions Movie theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, Matrix Revolutions Movie because Matrix Revolutions Movie admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured Matrix Revolutions Movie presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, Matrix Revolutions Movie a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" Matrix Revolutions Movie of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also Matrix Revolutions Movie known Matrix Revolutions Movie as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, Matrix Revolutions Movie all mass Matrix Revolutions Movie marketed feature films were made to be Matrix Revolutions Movie shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films Matrix Revolutions Movie to be broadcast to Matrix Revolutions Movie larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer Matrix Revolutions Movie being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to Movie Censorship And Constitutional Rights rent or Matrix Revolutions Movie buy copies Matrix Revolutions Movie of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, Free Wallpapers Movie VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for Matrix Revolutions Movie the film Matrix Revolutions Movie companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV Matrix Revolutions Movie movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on Matrix Revolutions Movie these films are Matrix Revolutions Movie often considered to Matrix Revolutions Movie be of Matrix Revolutions Movie inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the Matrix Revolutions Movie movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration Matrix Revolutions Movie of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies Matrix Revolutions Movie ensures that Matrix Revolutions Movie most movies Matrix Revolutions Movie are shown in first-run theaters Matrix Revolutions Movie for Matrix Revolutions Movie less than 8 weeks. There are Matrix Revolutions Movie a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in Matrix Revolutions Movie only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to Matrix Revolutions Movie consumers; and 28% Matrix Revolutions Movie came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While Matrix Revolutions Movie motion picture films have been around for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts Matrix Revolutions Movie predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from Matrix Revolutions Movie television's increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such Matrix Revolutions Movie as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, Matrix Revolutions Movie home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large Matrix Revolutions Movie LCD or plasma screens enabled Matrix Revolutions Movie people to select and view films at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and Matrix Revolutions Movie visual that in the past only Matrix Revolutions Movie local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, Matrix Revolutions Movie high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise Matrix Revolutions Movie of the local cinema. Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and moving towards Matrix Revolutions Movie digital screens, a new approach which will allow Matrix Revolutions Movie for easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite or hard disks), a development which may give local theaters Powder The Movie a reprieve from Matrix Revolutions Movie their predicted demise.
The cinema now faces a new challenge from home video by the likes Matrix Revolutions Movie of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide full Matrix Revolutions Movie HD 1080p video playback at near cinema quality. Video formats Matrix Revolutions Movie are gradually catching up with the resolutions and quality |
