Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art Medusa Movie form, and the motion Medusa Movie picture industry. Films Medusa Movie are produced by recording images Medusa Movie from the world with Medusa Movie cameras, or by creating images using animation Medusa Movie techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some Medusa Movie films have become popular worldwide Medusa Movie attractions by using dubbing Medusa Movie or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional Medusa Movie films are made up of Medusa Movie a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, Medusa Movie a viewer Medusa Movie has the illusion that motion is occurring. The Electra Movie viewer cannot see the Medusa Movie flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, Medusa Movie whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic Medusa Movie film Medusa Movie (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium Medusa Movie for recording and Medusa Movie displaying motion Medusa Movie pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including Medusa Movie picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the Medusa Movie cinema, and the movies.In the Medusa Movie 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated Medusa Movie with devices such as the zoetrope and the praxinoscope. These machines Medusa Movie were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures Medusa Movie at Medusa Movie sufficient Medusa Movie speed Medusa Movie for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the images needed to Medusa Movie be carefully designed to achieve the Medusa Movie desired effect � Medusa Movie and the underlying principle Medusa Movie became the basis for the development of Medusa Movie film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Medusa Movie Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, Medusa Movie it became possible to Medusa Movie directly Medusa Movie capture Medusa Movie objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The Medusa Movie pictures were shown at a variable Medusa Movie speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were Medusa Movie coin operated. By Medusa Movie the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and Medusa Movie stored Medusa Movie on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of Medusa Movie a motion picture projector to shine light Medusa Movie through the Medusa Movie processed and printed film Medusa Movie and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments (1894), commercial motion pictures Medusa Movie were purely Medusa Movie visual art through the late 19th Medusa Movie century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth Medusa Movie century, films began Medusa Movie developing a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience Medusa Movie in silence, theater owners would Medusa Movie hire a pianist or organist Medusa Movie or a Reviews For Movie Hard Candy full orchestra Dvd Movie Format to play music Medusa Movie fitting the mood of the Medusa Movie film at Medusa Movie any given moment. By the early 1920s, most films Medusa Movie came with a prepared list of sheet music for Medusa Movie this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage Medusa Movie dans la Lune (A Trip to Medusa Movie the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the Medusa Movie 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, Medusa Movie and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology Medusa Movie allowed filmmakers to attach Medusa Movie to each film a soundtrack of speech, Medusa Movie music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. Medusa Movie While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as Medusa Movie methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War II, Medusa Movie as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a Medusa Movie black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline Medusa Movie of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the Medusa Movie production and Medusa Movie style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter Medusa Movie half of the 20th century. Digital technology has Medusa Movie been Medusa Movie the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to Medusa Movie the study of Medusa Movie film Medusa Movie as art. It was Medusa Movie started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be Medusa Movie considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against Medusa Movie this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to Medusa Movie mechanically reproduce reality not in Medusa Movie its differences from reality, and this gave rise to Medusa Movie realist theory. Medusa Movie More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided Medusa Movie into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and Medusa Movie journalistic film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, Medusa Movie magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see any given Medusa Movie film once and have only a Medusa Movie day or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary and description of a film that makes Medusa Movie up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact Medusa Movie on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such Medusa Movie as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial Medusa Movie loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot Medusa Movie make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies Medusa Movie which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive Medusa Movie film reviews have Medusa Movie been Medusa Movie shown to spark Medusa Movie interest in little-known films. Conversely, Medusa Movie there have been several films in which film companies have so little Medusa Movie confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may Medusa Movie not be Medusa Movie worth seeing and the films often Medusa Movie do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as Medusa Movie film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line Medusa Movie of work is more often known as film theory or Medusa Movie film studies. These film critics attempt Medusa Movie to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, Medusa Movie and what effect they have on people. Rather than having their works published in newspapers or appear Medusa Movie on television, their articles are published Medusa Movie in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend Medusa Movie to be affiliated with colleges Medusa Movie or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit Medusa Movie almost as soon as the process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its product, was in their native France, Medusa Movie the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to Medusa Movie exhibit the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe Medusa Movie to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and Medusa Movie screen additional product commercially. Medusa Movie The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically Medusa Movie to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Medusa Movie Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for Medusa Movie an annual Medusa Movie salary Medusa Movie of one million dollars.
In the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian Medusa Movie film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films Medusa Movie in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film Medusa Movie industry should qualify for this Medusa Movie title is the source of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film Medusa Movie productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to Medusa Movie the Medusa Movie costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have Medusa Movie large cost overruns, a notorious example Aneta Smrhova Movie being Kevin Medusa Movie Costner's Medusa Movie Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Medusa Movie Academy Awards (also Medusa Movie known as "the Oscars") are the Medusa Movie most prominent film awards in the United Medusa Movie States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of Medusa Movie or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to Medusa Movie a select audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly Medusa Movie negative, may result in recutting or even refilming Medusa Movie certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be Medusa Movie exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from Medusa Movie their having originally been shown at the end of a film Medusa Movie programme. That practice did not last Medusa Movie long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after Medusa Movie the films ended, but the name has stuck. Medusa Movie Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the Medusa Movie film determines the Medusa Movie size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure Medusa Movie films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens Medusa Movie of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. Medusa Movie However, a low-budget, independent film may Medusa Movie be made Medusa Movie with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and Medusa Movie is produced in a variety Medusa Movie of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making Medusa Movie within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises preproduction and Medusa Movie production. The third year, post-production Medusa Movie and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people Medusa Movie hired by a film company, employed during the Medusa Movie "production" Medusa Movie or "photography" phase, for Medusa Movie the purpose of producing Medusa Movie a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors Medusa Movie who appear in front of the camera or Medusa Movie provide voices for characters in the film. Medusa Movie The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the Medusa Movie production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in Medusa Movie pre-production or post-production phases, such Medusa Movie as writers and editors. Communication between production Medusa Movie and Medusa Movie crew generally Medusa Movie passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for Medusa Movie interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything Medusa Movie in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of Medusa Movie the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base Medusa Movie coated with Medusa Movie an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type Medusa Movie of film base used to Medusa Movie record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 Medusa Movie mm Medusa Movie prints.
Originally Medusa Movie moving picture Medusa Movie film was shot Medusa Movie and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and Medusa Movie projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, Medusa Movie research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s Medusa Movie on up (often reels included instructions on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant Medusa Movie speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest (and Medusa Movie thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at Medusa Movie a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large Medusa Movie "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors Medusa Movie to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound Medusa Movie to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures Medusa Movie many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film Medusa Movie is not Medusa Movie limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis Medusa Movie for photography. It can be used to present a progressive Medusa Movie sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern Medusa Movie safety films. Some studios Medusa Movie save Medusa Movie color films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods have also Medusa Movie been used to restore films, although Medusa Movie their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make Medusa Movie them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color Medusa Movie films Medusa Movie preserved on Technicolor Medusa Movie imbibition prints Medusa Movie tend to keep up much better, assuming Medusa Movie proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using Medusa Movie analog Medusa Movie video technology Medusa Movie similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining ground Medusa Movie as Shadow Divers Movie well. These approaches Super Troopers Free Online Movie are Medusa Movie extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can Medusa Movie be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock Medusa Movie to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often Medusa Movie takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological Medusa Movie reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film Medusa Movie scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of Medusa Movie big-budget studio films also Medusa Movie leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is Medusa Movie almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown Medusa Movie actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the Medusa Movie advent of Medusa Movie digital alternatives, the cost of professional Medusa Movie film equipment and stock was also a hurdle Medusa Movie to Medusa Movie being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio Highest Boxoffice Movie film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, Medusa Movie film negative costs were up 23%, according to Medusa Movie Variety.[2].
But the advent Medusa Movie of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both Medusa Movie production and post-production Medusa Movie costs have been significantly lowered; today, the Medusa Movie hardware and software Medusa Movie for post-production can Medusa Movie be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, Medusa Movie FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, Medusa Movie the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and Medusa Movie edit the sound and music, and mix the Medusa Movie final cut on a home Medusa Movie computer. However, while the Medusa Movie means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed Medusa Movie and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as Medusa Movie YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in ways that are still to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an Medusa Movie independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a Medusa Movie license which Jesus Christ Superstar Movie Memorabilia is permissive enough to Medusa Movie allow other parties to create fan fiction or Medusa Movie derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major Medusa Movie studio Medusa Movie systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan Medusa Movie film is a film or video inspired by a film, television program, comic book or a similar source, created by Medusa Movie fans rather than by the source's copyright holders Medusa Movie or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more Medusa Movie notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or Medusa Movie as demonstration Review Movie Elizabeth reels. Medusa Movie Fan films vary tremendously in length, from Medusa Movie short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length motion Medusa Movie pictures
Animation is the technique in which each Medusa Movie frame of a Medusa Movie film is produced individually, whether Medusa Movie generated as a computer graphic, or by Medusa Movie photographing a Medusa Movie drawn image, or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and Blow Movie Posters Htm stop motion), and then Medusa Movie photographing the result Medusa Movie with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation has greatly sped Hokus Pokus Movie up Medusa Movie the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash Medusa Movie allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often Medusa Movie very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies Medusa Movie comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation Medusa Movie has existed at least since the 1950s, with Medusa Movie animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation Medusa Movie industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing Medusa Movie costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA Medusa Movie and popularized Medusa Movie by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in Medusa Movie their productions, there is a specific Medusa Movie style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers Medusa Movie like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through Medusa Movie a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, a feature film is often Medusa Movie shown Medusa Movie to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first Medusa Movie theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of Medusa Movie such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to be Medusa Movie known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one Medusa Movie film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there Medusa Movie were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an independent Medusa Movie theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature Medusa Movie film consists of previews for upcoming movies and Medusa Movie paid advertisements (also Medusa Movie known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were Medusa Movie made Medusa Movie to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now Medusa Movie made specifically for these Medusa Movie other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior Medusa Movie quality compared Medusa Movie to theatrical releases in similar genres, Medusa Movie and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios Medusa Movie upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales Medusa Movie to the movie studio, Medusa Movie as Medusa Movie film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to Medusa Movie theaters to keep Medusa Movie movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that Medusa Movie most movies are shown in first-run theaters Medusa Movie for Medusa Movie less than 8 weeks. There are a Medusa Movie few Medusa Movie movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that Medusa Movie start Medusa Movie in only a Medusa Movie few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Medusa Movie Hollywood Medusa Movie movie studios' worldwide Medusa Movie income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales Medusa Movie to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture Medusa Movie films Medusa Movie have been around for more than a century, film Medusa Movie is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. Medusa Movie In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from television's Medusa Movie increasing technological sophistication over the 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large Medusa Movie screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability Medusa Movie of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films Medusa Movie for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the Medusa Movie death of Medusa Movie the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, Medusa Movie and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to select and view films at home with Medusa Movie greatly improved Medusa Movie audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual that Medusa Movie in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas Medusa Movie will be changing in the 2000s Medusa Movie and moving towards digital screens, a new approach which will allow for Medusa Movie easier and quicker distribution of Medusa Movie films Medusa Movie (via satellite or hard disks), a development which may give local theaters Medusa Movie a Medusa Movie reprieve from their predicted demise.
The cinema now Medusa Movie faces a new challenge from home video by the likes of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide full HD 1080p Medusa Movie video playback at near cinema quality. Video formats are gradually catching up with the resolutions and quality that film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray offers a pixel resolution of 1920?1080 a leap Medusa Movie from the DVD offering of 720?480 and Medusa Movie the paltry 330?480 offered by the Medusa Movie first Medusa Movie home video standard VHS. The maximum resolutions that film currently offers are 2485?2970 or 1420?3390, UHD, a future digital video format, will offer Medusa Movie a massive resolution Medusa Movie of 7680?4320, Medusa Movie surpassing all current Medusa Movie film resolutions. The only viable competitor to these new innovations is IMAX which can play film content at an extreme 10000?7000 resolution.
Despite the rise of Medusa Movie all Medusa Movie new technologies, Medusa Movie the development of the home video market and a surge of online piracy, 2007 was a record year in film that showed the highest ever box-office grosses. Many expected film to suffer as Medusa Movie a result of the effects listed Medusa Movie above but it has flourished, strengthening film Medusa Movie studio Medusa Movie expectations for the future. |
