musical material, or composition, as held in western classical music. Even when music is notated precisely, there are still many decisions that a performer has to make. The Cd Storage Software process of a performer deciding how to perform music that has been previously composed and notated is termed interpretation.
Different performers' interpretations of the Cd Storage Software same music can vary widely. Composers and song writers who present their own music are interpreting, just as much as those who perform the music Cd Storage Software of others or folk Cd Storage Software music. The standard body of Cd Storage Software choices and techniques present at a given time and a given place is referred to as performance practice, where as interpretation Cd Storage Software is generally used to mean either Cd Storage Software individual choices of a performer, or an aspect of music which is not clear, and therefore has a "standard" interpretation.
In some musical genres, such as jazz and blues, even more freedom is given to the performer to engage in improvisation on a basic melodic, harmonic, or rhythmic framework. The greatest latitude Cd Storage Software is given to the performer in a style Cd Storage Software of performing called free improvisation, which Cd Storage Software is material that is spontaneously "thought of" (imagined) while being performed, Cd Storage Software not Cd Storage Software preconceived. According to the analysis of Georgiana Costescu,[citation Cd Storage Software needed] improvised music usually follows stylistic or genre conventions and even "fully composed" includes some freely chosen material. Composition does not always mean the use of notation, or Cd Storage Software the known sole authorship of one individual.
Music can also be determined by Cd Storage Software describing a "process" which may create musical sounds; examples of this range from wind chimes, through computer programs which Cd Storage Software select sounds. Music which contains elements selected by chance is called Aleatoric music, Cd Storage Software and is associated with such composers as John Cage, Morton Feldman, and Witold Lutoslawski.
Musical composition is Cd Storage Software a Cd Storage Software term that describes the composition of a piece of music. Methods of composition vary widely from one composer to Cd Storage Software another, however Cd Storage Software in analysing music all forms � spontaneous, Cd Storage Software trained, Cd Storage Software or untrained � are Cd Storage Software built from elements comprising a musical Cd Storage Software piece. Music can be composed for repeated performance or it can be improvised: composed on the spot. The music Cd Storage Software can be performed entirely from memory, from a written system of musical notation, or some combination of both. Study of composition has traditionally Cd Storage Software been dominated by examination of methods and practice of Western classical music, but the definition of composition is broad enough to include spontaneously improvised works Cd Storage Software like those of free jazz performers and African drummers.
What is important in understanding the composition Cd Storage Software of a piece is singling out its elements. Cd Storage Software An understanding of music's formal elements Cd Storage Software can be helpful in deciphering exactly how a Cd Storage Software piece Cd Storage Software is constructed. A Cd Storage Software universal element of Cd Storage Software music is how sounds occur in time, which is referred to as the rhythm Cd Storage Software of a piece of music.
When Cd Storage Software a piece appears to have Cd Storage Software a changing time-feel, it is considered to be in rubato time, an Italian expression that Cd Storage Software indicates that the tempo of the piece changes Cd Storage Software to suit the Cd Storage Software expressive intent of the performer. Even random placement of random sounds, which occurs in musical montage, occurs within some kind The New Headway English Cd of time, and thus employs time Cd Storage Software as a musical element.
Notation is the written expression of music notes and rhythms on paper using symbols. When music is Cd Storage Software written down, the pitches and rhythm of the music is notated, along with instructions on how Cd Storage Software to perform Cd Storage Software the music. The study of how to read notation involves music theory, harmony, the study Cd Storage Software of Cd Storage Software performance practice, and in some cases an understanding of historical performance methods.
Written notation varies with style and period of music. In Western Art music, the most common types of written notation are Cd Storage Software scores, which Cd Storage Software include all the music parts of an ensemble piece, and parts, which are the music notation for the individual performers or singers. In popular music, jazz, and blues, the standard musical notation is the lead sheet, which notates the melody, chords, lyrics (if it is a vocal piece), and structure of the music. Scores and parts are also used in popular music and jazz, particularly in large ensembles such as jazz "big bands."
|
In popular music, guitarists and electric bass players often Cd Storage Software read music notated in tablature, which indicates the location Cd Storage Software of the notes to be played on the instrument using a diagram of the Cd Storage Software guitar or bass Cd Storage Software fingerboard. Tabulature Cd Storage Software was also used Cd Storage Software in the Baroque era to notate music for the lute, a stringed, fretted instrument.
Notated music is produced as sheet music. To perform music from notation requires an understanding of Cd Storage Software both the musical Cd Storage Software style and the performance practice that is associated Cd Storage Software with a piece of music or Cd Storage Software genre.
Improvisation is the creation of spontaneous music. Improvisation is often Cd Storage Software considered an act of instantaneous composition by composers, Cd Storage Software where compositional techniques are employed Cd Storage Software with or without preparation.
Music theory encompasses the nature and mechanics of music. It often involves identifying patterns that govern composers' techniques. Cd Storage Software In a more detailed sense, music theory (in the western Cd Storage Software system) also distills and Cd Storage Software analyzes the Cd Storage Software elements of Cd Storage Software music � rhythm, harmony (harmonic function), melody, structure, and Cd Storage Software texture. People who study Cd Storage Software these properties are known as music theorists.
The Cd Storage Software field of music Cd Storage Software cognition involves the study of many aspects of music including how it is processed by listeners. Rather than accepting the standard practices of analyzing, composing, and performing Cd Storage Software music as a given, much research in Cd Storage Software music cognition seeks instead to uncover Cd Storage Software the mental processes that underlie these Cd Storage Software practices. Also, Cd Storage Software research in the field seeks to uncover commonalities between the musical traditions of disparate cultures and Cd Storage Software possible cognitive "constraints" that limit these musical systems. Questions Cd Storage Software regarding musical innateness, and emotional responses to music are also major areas of research in the field.
Deaf people Cd Storage Software can experience music by feeling the vibrations in their body, a process which can be enhanced if the individual holds a resonant, hollow object. A well-known deaf musician is the composer Ludwig van Beethoven, Cd Storage Software who composed many famous works even after Cd Storage Software he had completely lost his hearing. Recent examples of deaf musicians include Evelyn Glennie, a highly acclaimed Cd Storage Software percussionist who has been Cd Storage Software deaf since age twelve, and Chris Cd Storage Software Buck, a virtuoso violinist who Cd Storage Software has Cd Storage Software lost his hearing. This is relevant because it indicates that music is a deeper cognitive Cd Storage Software process than unexamined phrases such as, "pleasing to the ear" would suggest. Much research in music cognition seeks to Cd Storage Software uncover these Cd Storage Software complex mental processes involved in listening to music, which Cd Storage Software may seem intuitively Cd Storage Software simple, yet are vastly intricate and complex.The music that composers make can be heard through several media; the most Cd Storage Software traditional way Cd Storage Software is to hear it live, in the presence, or as one of the musicians. Live music can also be broadcast over the radio, television or the internet. Some Cd Storage Software musical styles focus Cd Storage Software on producing a sound for Cd Storage Software a performance, while others focus on producing a recording which mixes together sounds which were Cd Storage Software never played "live". Cd Storage Software Recording, even of styles which are essentially live, often Cd Storage Software uses the ability to edit and splice to produce recordings which Cd Storage Software are considered better than the actual performance.
As talking pictures emerged in the early 20th century, with their prerecorded musical tracks, an Cd Storage Software increasing number of Cd Storage Software moviehouse orchestra musicians found themselves out of work.[6] During the 1920s live Cd Storage Software musical performances by orchestras, pianists, and theater organists were common at first-run theaters[7] With the coming of Cd Storage Software the talking Cd Storage Software motion pictures, those featured performances were largely eliminated. The AFM took out newspaper advertisements protesting the replacement of live musicians with mechanical Cd Storage Software playing devices. One 1929 Cd Storage Software ad that appeared Cd Storage Software in the Pittsburgh Press features an image of a Cd Storage Software can labeled "Canned Music / Big Noise Brand / Guaranteed to Produce No Intellectual Cd Storage Software or Emotional Reaction Whatever"
|
Since legislation introduced to help protect performers, composers, publishers and producers, including the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 in the United States, and the 1979 revised Berne Cd Storage Software Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in the United Kingdom, recordings and live performances have also become more Cd Storage Software accessible through computers, devices and internet in a form that is commonly known Cd Storage Software as Cd Storage Software music-on-demand.
In many cultures, there is less distinction between performing and listening to Cd Storage Software music, since virtually everyone is involved in some sort of musical activity, often communal. In industrialised countries, listening to music through a recorded form, such as sound recording or watching a music video, became more common than experiencing live performance, roughly in the middle of the 20th century.
Sometimes, live performances incorporate Cd Storage Software prerecorded sounds. For example, a DJ uses disc records for scratching, Cd Storage Software and some 20th-century works have a solo for an instrument or voice that is performed along with music that is prerecorded onto a tape. Cd Storage Software Computers and many keyboards can be programmed to produce and Cd Storage Software play MIDI music. Audiences can also become performers by participating in Karaoke, an activity of Japanese origin which centres around a device Cd Storage Software that plays voice-eliminated versions of well-known songs. Most karaoke machines also have video screens that show lyrics to songs being performed; performers can follow the lyrics as they sing over the instrumental tracks.
The advent Cd Storage Software of the Internet has Cd Storage Software transformed Cd Storage Software the experience of music, partly through the increased ease of access to music and the Cd Storage Software increased choice. Cd Storage Software Chris Anderson, in his book The Long Tail: Why Cd Storage Software the future of business is selling less of more, suggests that while the economic model of supply and demand Symantec Norton Ghost Cd describes scarcity, the Internet retail model is based on abundance. Digital storage costs are low, so a company can afford to make its whole inventory Cd Storage Software available online, giving customers as much choice as possible. It has thus become Cd Storage Software economically viable to offer products that very few people are interested in. Consumers' growing awareness of their increased choice results in a closer association between listening tastes and social identity, and the creation of thousands of niche markets.
Another effect of the Internet arises with online communities like Youtube and Myspace. Myspace has made social networking with other musicians easier, Cd Storage Software and greatly Cd Storage Software facilitates Cd Storage Software the distribution of one's music. Youtube also has a large community of Cd Storage Software both amateur and professional musicians who post videos and comments. Professional musicians also use Youtube as a free publisher of promotional material.
Youtube users, Cd Storage Software for example, no longer only download and listen to mp3s, but also actively create their own. According to Tapscott and Williams, Cd Storage Software there has Cd Storage Software been a shift from a traditional consumer Cd Storage Software role to what they call a "prosumer" role, a consumer who both Cd Storage Software creates and consumes. Manifestations of this in music include Cd Storage Software the Cd Storage Software production of mashes, remixes, and music videos by fans. |
