musical material, Standard Music Folders or composition, as held in western Standard Music Folders classical music. Even when music is notated precisely, there are still many decisions that a performer has to make. The process of a performer deciding how to perform music that has been previously composed and notated is termed interpretation.
Different performers' interpretations of the same Standard Music Folders music can Standard Music Folders vary widely. Composers and song Standard Music Folders writers who present their own music are interpreting, just as much as those Standard Music Folders who perform Standard Music Folders the music of others or folk music. The standard body of choices and techniques present at a given Standard Music Folders time and a given place Standard Music Folders is referred to as performance practice, where as interpretation is generally used to mean either individual choices of Standard Music Folders a performer, or an aspect Standard Music Folders of music which Standard Music Folders is not clear, and therefore has a "standard" interpretation.
In some musical genres, such as jazz and blues, even more freedom is given to the performer to engage in improvisation Standard Music Folders on Standard Music Folders a basic Standard Music Folders melodic, harmonic, or rhythmic framework. The greatest latitude is given Standard Music Folders to the performer in Standard Music Folders a style of performing called Standard Music Folders free improvisation, which is material Standard Music Folders that is spontaneously "thought of" (imagined) while being performed, not preconceived. According to the analysis Standard Music Folders of Georgiana Costescu,[citation Standard Music Folders needed] improvised music usually follows stylistic or genre conventions and even "fully composed" includes some freely chosen material. Composition does not always mean the use of notation, or the known sole authorship of one individual.
Music can also be determined by describing a "process" which may create musical sounds; examples of this range from wind chimes, through computer programs which select sounds. Music which Standard Music Folders contains elements selected by chance is called Aleatoric music, and is associated with such composers as John Cage, Morton Feldman, and Witold Lutoslawski.
Musical composition Standard Music Folders is a term that describes the composition of a piece of music. Methods of composition vary widely from one composer to another, however in analysing music all forms � spontaneous, trained, or untrained � are built from elements comprising a musical piece. Music can Standard Music Folders be composed for repeated performance or it can be improvised: composed on Standard Music Folders the spot. Standard Music Folders The music can be performed entirely Standard Music Folders from memory, from a written system Standard Music Folders of musical notation, or some combination of both. Study of composition has traditionally Standard Music Folders been dominated by examination of Standard Music Folders methods and practice of Western classical music, but the definition Standard Music Folders of composition is Standard Music Folders broad enough to include spontaneously improvised works like those of free jazz performers and African drummers.
What is important in understanding the composition of a piece is singling out its Standard Music Folders elements. Standard Music Folders An understanding of music's formal elements can be helpful in deciphering exactly Standard Music Folders how a piece is constructed. A Standard Music Folders universal element of music is how sounds occur Standard Music Folders in time, which is referred to as the rhythm of a piece of music.
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When Standard Music Folders a piece appears Standard Music Folders to have a changing time-feel, Standard Music Folders it is considered to be in rubato time, an Italian expression that indicates that the tempo of the piece changes to suit the expressive intent of the performer. Even random placement Standard Music Folders of random sounds, which occurs in musical montage, occurs Standard Music Folders within some kind of time, and Standard Music Folders thus Standard Music Folders employs time as a musical element.
Notation is the written expression of music notes and rhythms on paper using symbols. When music is Standard Music Folders written down, the pitches and rhythm of Standard Music Folders the music is notated, along with instructions on how to perform the music. Standard Music Folders The study of how to read notation involves music theory, harmony, the study of performance practice, and in some cases an understanding of historical performance methods.
Written notation varies with style and period of music. In Western Art music, Standard Music Folders the most common types Standard Music Folders of written notation are Standard Music Folders scores, which include all Standard Music Folders the music parts of Standard Music Folders an ensemble piece, and parts, which are the music notation Standard Music Folders for Standard Music Folders the individual performers or singers. In popular Standard Music Folders music, jazz, and blues, the standard musical notation is the lead sheet, which notates the melody, chords, lyrics (if Standard Music Folders it is a vocal piece), and structure of the music. Scores and parts are also used in popular music and jazz, particularly in Standard Music Folders large Standard Music Folders ensembles such as jazz "big bands."
In popular music, guitarists and electric bass players often Standard Music Folders read music notated in tablature, which indicates the location of the notes to be played on the instrument using a Standard Music Folders diagram of the guitar or bass fingerboard. Tabulature was also used in the Baroque Standard Music Folders era to notate music for the lute, a stringed, Standard Music Folders fretted instrument.
Notated music is produced as sheet music. To perform music from notation requires an Standard Music Folders understanding of both the musical Standard Music Folders style and the performance practice that is associated with a piece of music or genre.
Improvisation is the creation of spontaneous music. Improvisation is often considered an act Standard Music Folders of instantaneous composition by composers, where compositional techniques are employed with or Standard Music Folders without preparation.
Music theory encompasses the nature and Standard Music Folders mechanics of music. It often involves identifying patterns that govern composers' techniques. In a more detailed sense, music theory Standard Music Folders (in the western system) also distills and analyzes the elements of music � rhythm, harmony (harmonic function), melody, structure, and texture. People who study these properties are known as Standard Music Folders music theorists.
The field of music cognition involves the study of many aspects of music Standard Music Folders including how it is processed by listeners. Rather than accepting the standard practices of Standard Music Folders analyzing, composing, and Standard Music Folders performing music as a given, much research in music cognition seeks Standard Music Folders instead to uncover the mental processes that underlie these practices. Also, research in the field seeks to uncover commonalities between the musical traditions of disparate cultures and possible cognitive "constraints" that limit these Standard Music Folders musical systems. Questions regarding musical innateness, and emotional responses to music are also major areas of research Standard Music Folders in the Standard Music Folders field.
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Deaf people can experience music by Standard Music Folders feeling the Standard Music Folders vibrations in their body, a process which can Standard Music Folders be enhanced if the individual holds a resonant, hollow object. A well-known deaf musician is the composer Ludwig van Beethoven, who composed many famous works even after he had completely lost his hearing. Recent examples of deaf musicians include Evelyn Glennie, a highly acclaimed percussionist who has been deaf since Standard Music Folders age twelve, and Chris Buck, Standard Music Folders a virtuoso violinist who has lost his hearing. This is relevant because it indicates that music is a deeper cognitive process than unexamined phrases such as, Standard Music Folders "pleasing to the ear" would suggest. Standard Music Folders Much research in music cognition seeks to uncover these complex mental processes involved in listening to music, which may seem intuitively simple, yet Standard Music Folders are vastly intricate and complex.The music that composers make can Standard Music Folders be Standard Music Folders heard through several media; Standard Music Folders the most traditional way is to hear it live, in the presence, or Standard Music Folders as one Standard Music Folders of Standard Music Folders the musicians. Live music can also be broadcast over the radio, television or the internet. Some musical styles focus on producing a sound for a performance, while others focus on producing a recording which mixes Standard Music Folders together sounds which were never played "live". Recording, even of styles Standard Music Folders which are essentially live, often Standard Music Folders uses the ability Standard Music Folders to edit and splice to produce recordings which are considered better than the actual performance.
As talking Standard Music Folders pictures emerged in the early 20th century, with their prerecorded musical tracks, an increasing number of moviehouse orchestra musicians found themselves out of work.[6] During the 1920s live musical performances by orchestras, pianists, Standard Music Folders and theater organists were common at first-run theaters[7] Standard Music Folders With the Standard Music Folders coming of the talking motion pictures, those featured performances were largely eliminated. The AFM took out newspaper advertisements Standard Music Folders protesting Standard Music Folders the replacement of live musicians Standard Music Folders with mechanical playing devices. One Standard Music Folders 1929 ad that appeared in the Standard Music Folders Pittsburgh Press Standard Music Folders features an image of a can labeled "Canned Music / Big Standard Music Folders Noise Brand / Guaranteed to Produce No Intellectual or Emotional Reaction Whatever"
Since legislation introduced to help protect performers, composers, publishers and Standard Music Folders producers, including the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 in the United States, and the 1979 revised Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in the United Kingdom, recordings and live performances have also become more accessible through computers, devices and internet in a form that is commonly known as Standard Music Folders music-on-demand.
In many cultures, there Standard Music Folders is less distinction between performing and Standard Music Folders listening to music, since virtually everyone Standard Music Folders is involved in some sort of musical activity, often communal. In industrialised countries, listening to music through Standard Music Folders a recorded form, such as sound recording or watching a music video, became more common than experiencing live performance, roughly in the middle of Standard Music Folders the 20th century.
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Sometimes, live performances incorporate Standard Music Folders prerecorded sounds. For example, a DJ uses Standard Music Folders disc records for scratching, and some 20th-century works have a solo for an instrument or voice that is performed Standard Music Folders along with music that is prerecorded onto a Standard Music Folders tape. Computers and many keyboards can be programmed to produce and play MIDI music. Audiences can also become performers by participating in Karaoke, an activity of Japanese origin which centres around a device that plays voice-eliminated versions of Standard Music Folders well-known Standard Music Folders songs. Most karaoke machines also have video screens that show lyrics to songs being performed; performers can follow Standard Music Folders the lyrics as they sing over the instrumental tracks.
The advent Standard Music Folders of the Internet Standard Music Folders has transformed the Standard Music Folders experience of music, partly through the increased ease Standard Music Folders of access to music and the increased choice. Standard Music Folders Chris Anderson, in Standard Music Folders his book The Long Tail: Why the future of business is selling less Standard Music Folders of more, suggests that Standard Music Folders while the economic model of supply and Standard Music Folders demand describes scarcity, the Internet retail model is based on abundance. Digital Standard Music Folders storage costs are low, so a Standard Music Folders company can afford to make its whole inventory available online, giving customers as much Standard Music Folders choice as possible. It has thus become economically viable Standard Music Folders to offer products that very few people are interested in. Consumers' growing awareness of their increased choice results in Standard Music Folders a closer association between listening tastes and social identity, and the creation of thousands of niche markets.
Another effect of the Internet arises with online communities like Youtube and Myspace. Myspace has made social networking with other musicians easier, and greatly facilitates the distribution of one's music. Youtube also has a large community of both amateur and professional musicians who post videos and comments. Professional musicians also use Youtube as a free publisher of promotional material.
Youtube users, for example, no longer only download and listen to mp3s, Standard Music Folders but also actively create Standard Music Folders their own. According to Tapscott and Standard Music Folders Williams, Standard Music Folders there has been a shift Standard Music Folders from a traditional consumer role to what they Standard Music Folders call a "prosumer" role, a consumer who both creates and consumes. Manifestations of this in music include Playing Gospel Music the production of mashes, remixes, and music videos by fans. |
