Nordic countries are all examples of countries where education is free all the way up including post-graduate studies. In Sweden and Finland, there is not even a fee for foreign students enrolling at a university (exchange or not), although they may not be eligible for the monthly study allowance Free Video Converter and loan Free Video Converter most nationals are.
Several other European countries, such as England and Germany, have had a history of some forms of free education, as well as Australia. In the 1970s the Australian Labor Party led by Prime Minister Gough Whitlam Free Video Converter introduced reforms which ensured free tertiary education. These reforms were Free Video Converter removed later in the 1980s by Free Video Converter the Bob Hawke Labor government. Free Video Converter Students and radicals played an important part in forcing the Whitlam government Free Video Converter to implement the free Free Video Converter education system as well as opposing the introduction of tertiary fees in the Free Video Converter 1980s.
In some developing countries Free Video Converter like Sri Lanka education is given free from the primary level up to the tertiary level. In Jamaica following Free Video Converter the general election on Free Video Converter September 3rd 2008, the new Prime Minster declared free Free Video Converter tution cost for all secondary school students.
Nowadays, as for many parts of the world outside the Free Video Converter Nordic countries, free education usually comes to students in the form of scholarship and grants, if they cover all or most Free Video Converter of students' expenses while at school. Free Video Converter Patrons for grants and scholarships may Free Video Converter be individuals, institutions (often the school itself), advocacy initiatives, etc. They may have Free Video Converter economic (e.g. tax-deductibility), humanitarian, charitable or religious reasons. Ireland has free education at all levels, Free Video Converter including college and university which is also free.
reedom is a very broad concept that has been given numerous different Free Video Converter interpretations by different philosophies and schools of thought. Free Video Converter The protection of interpersonal freedom can be the object of a social and political investigation, while the metaphysical foundation of inner freedom is Free Video Converter a philosophical and psychological question. Both forms of freedom come together in Free Video Converter each individual as the internal and external values mesh together in a dynamic compromise and power struggle; the Free Video Converter society fighting for power in defining the values of individuals and Free Video Converter the individual fighting for societal Free Video Converter acceptance and respect in establishing one's own values in it.
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In philosophy, freedom often ties in with the question of free will. Libertarian philosophers have argued that all human beings Free Video Converter are always free - Jean-Paul Sartre, for instance, famously claimed that humans are "condemned to be free" - because they always have a choice even an external authority can only threaten Free Video Converter punishment after an action, not physically prevent a person from carrying out an Free Video Converter action. At the other end of the spectrum, determinism claims that the future is pre-determined and freedom is an illusion.
The philosopher Isaiah Berlin drew an important distinction between Free Video Converter "freedom from" (negative freedom) and "freedom Free Video Converter to" (positive freedom). For example, freedom from oppression and freedom to develop one's Free Video Converter potential. Both these types of freedom are in fact Free Video Converter reflected in the Free Video Converter Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Freedom as the absence of restraint means unwilling to subjugate, Free Video Converter lacking Free Video Converter submission, or without forceful inequality. The achievement of this form Free Video Converter of freedom depends Free Video Converter upon a combination of the Free Video Converter resistance of the Free Video Converter individual (or group) and one's (their) environment; if one is in jail or even Free Video Converter limited Free Video Converter by a lack of resources, this person Free Video Converter is free within their Free Video Converter power and environment, Free Grants but not free to defy reality. Natural laws Free Video Converter restrict this form of freedom; Free Video Converter for instance, no one is free to fly (though we may or may not be free to attempt Free Video Converter to do so). Isaiah Berlin appears to call this kind Free Video Converter of freedom "negative freedom" - an absence of obstacles put Free Video Converter in the way of my action (especially by other people). He distinguishes this from "positive freedom", which refers to one's power to make choices leading to action.
Free software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, and which can be copied and redistributed in modified Free Video Converter or unmodified form either Free Video Converter without Free Video Converter restriction, or with restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. To make these acts possible, the human readable form of the program (the "source code") must be made available. The Free Video Converter source code may be either accompanied by a notice granting Free Video Converter the Free Video Converter above permissions (a free software licence), or, much less commonly, the source code can be released into public domain. The free software movement was launched in 1983 to make these freedoms available Free Video Converter to every computer user.
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From the late 1990s onward, alternative terms for Free Video Converter free software came into use. "Open source Free Video Converter software" is the most common such alternative Free Video Converter term. Free Video Converter Others include "software libre", "free, libre and open-source software" Free Video Converter ("FLOSS"), Free Video Converter and "free and open Free Video Converter source software" ("FOSS"). The antonym of free software Free Video Converter is "proprietary software" or non-free software.
Free software is distinct from "freeware" Free Video Converter which is proprietary software made available Free Video Converter free of charge. Users usually cannot study, modify, or redistribute freeware. The only permission freeware has in common with free software is the permission Free Video Converter to Free Video Converter use the Free Video Converter software.
Since free Free Video Converter software may Free Video Converter be freely redistributed, it generally is available at little or no cost. Free software business models Free Video Converter are usually based on adding value such as support, training, customization, integration, or certification. At the same time, some business models which work with proprietary software are not compatible with free software, such as those that depend on a user having no Free Video Converter choice but to pay for a licence in order to lawfully use a software Free Video Converter product.
Free Free Video Converter software is a huge international effort, producing software used by individuals, large organizations, and governmental administrations. Free software has a very high market penetration in server-side Internet applications such as the Apache Free Video Converter web server, MySQL database, and PHP scripting language. Completely free computing environments are available as large packages Free Video Converter of basic system software Free Video Converter such as the many Linux Free Video Converter distributions and FreeBSD. Free software developers have also created free versions of almost all commonly used desktop applications such as web browsers, office productivity suites, and multimedia players. It is important to note, however, that in Free Video Converter many categories, free software for individual workstation or home users has only a fraction of the market share of their proprietary competitors. Most free software is distributed online Free Video Converter without charge, or off-line at the marginal cost of distribution, but this is not required, Free Video Converter and people may sell copies Free Video Converter for any price.
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The economic viability of free software has Free Video Converter been recognised by large corporations such as IBM, Red Hat, and Sun Microsystems. Many companies whose core business is not in the IT sector choose free software for their Internet Free Video Converter information and sales sites, due to the lower initial capital investment Free Video Converter and ability to freely customize the application packages. Also, Free Video Converter some non-software industries are beginning to use techniques similar to those used in Free Video Converter free software development for their research and development: scientists, for Free Video Converter example, Free Video Converter are looking towards more open development processes, and Free Video Converter hardware such as microchips Free Video Converter are beginning to be developed with specifications Free Video Converter released under copyleft licenses (see the OpenCores project, for instance). Creative Commons and the free culture movement Free Naked Amateurs have also been largely influenced by Free Video Converter the free software movement. |
