Nordic countries are all examples of countries where education is free all the way up including post-graduate studies. In Sweden and Finland, there is not even Free Text Message a fee for foreign students enrolling at Free Text Message a university (exchange or not), although they may not be eligible for Free Text Message the monthly Free Text Message study allowance and loan most nationals are.
Several other European countries, such as England and Germany, have had a history Free Text Message of some forms of free Free Text Message education, as well as Australia. In the 1970s the Australian Labor Party led by Prime Minister Gough Whitlam introduced reforms which ensured free tertiary education. These reforms were Free Text Message removed later in Free Text Message the 1980s by the Bob Hawke Labor government. Students and radicals played Free Text Message an important part in forcing the Whitlam government to implement the free education system as well as opposing the introduction Free Text Message of tertiary fees in the 1980s.
In some developing countries like Sri Lanka education is given free from the primary level up to the tertiary Free Text Message level. In Jamaica following the Free Text Message general election on September 3rd 2008, the new Prime Minster declared free tution cost for all secondary school students.
Nowadays, as for many parts of Free Text Message the world outside the Free Text Message Nordic countries, free education Free Text Message usually Free Text Message comes to students in the Free Text Message form Free Text Message of scholarship and grants, if they cover all or most of students' expenses while at school. Patrons Free Text Message for grants and Free Text Message scholarships may be individuals, institutions (often the school itself), advocacy Free Text Message initiatives, etc. They may have economic (e.g. tax-deductibility), Free Text Message humanitarian, charitable or Free Text Message religious reasons. Ireland has free education at all levels, including college and university Free Text Message which is also free.
reedom is a very broad Free Text Message concept that has been given numerous different interpretations by different philosophies and schools of thought. Free Text Message The protection of interpersonal freedom can be the object of a social and political investigation, while the metaphysical foundation of inner freedom is Free Text Message a philosophical and psychological question. Both forms Free Text Message of freedom come together in each individual as the internal and external Free Text Message values mesh together in a dynamic compromise and power struggle; the society fighting for power in defining the Free Text Message values of individuals and the individual fighting for societal acceptance and respect in establishing one's own values in it.
In philosophy, freedom often Free Text Message ties in with the question of free will. Free Text Message Libertarian philosophers Free Text Message have argued Free Text Message that all human beings are always free - Jean-Paul Sartre, for instance, famously Free Text Message claimed that Free Text Message humans are "condemned to be free" - because they always have a choice even an external authority Free Text Message can only threaten punishment after an Free Text Message action, Free Text Message not physically prevent a person from carrying out an action. At Free Text Message the other end of the spectrum, determinism claims that the future is pre-determined and freedom is an illusion.
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The philosopher Free Text Message Isaiah Berlin drew an important distinction between "freedom from" (negative Free Text Message freedom) and "freedom to" (positive freedom). Free Text Message For example, freedom from oppression and freedom to develop one's Free Text Message potential. Both these types of freedom are in fact reflected in the Universal Free Text Message Declaration Free Text Message of Human Rights.
Freedom as the absence of restraint means unwilling to subjugate, lacking submission, or Free Text Message without forceful inequality. The achievement of this form of freedom depends upon a combination of the resistance of the individual (or group) and one's (their) environment; if one is in jail or even limited by a lack of resources, this person is free within their Free Text Message power and environment, but not free to defy reality. Natural Free Text Message laws restrict Free Text Message this form of freedom; for instance, no one is free Free Text Message to fly (though we may or may not be free to attempt to Free Text Message do so). Isaiah Berlin appears to call this kind of freedom "negative freedom" - an absence of obstacles put in the way of my action (especially by other people). Free Text Message He distinguishes this from "positive freedom", which refers to one's power to Free Text Message make choices leading to action.
Free Free Text Message software is software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction, Free Text Message and which can be Free Text Message copied and redistributed in modified or unmodified form either without restriction, or with restrictions only to ensure that further recipients can also do these things. To make these acts possible, the human readable form of the program Free Text Message (the "source code") must be made available. The source code may be either accompanied by a notice granting the above permissions (a free software licence), or, much less commonly, the source code can be released into public domain. The free software movement was launched in 1983 to make these freedoms available Free Text Message to every computer user.
From the late 1990s onward, alternative terms Free Text Message for free software came into Free Text Message use. "Open Free Text Message source software" is the most common such alternative Free Text Message term. Others Free Text Message include "software libre", "free, libre and open-source software" ("FLOSS"), and "free and open source software" ("FOSS"). The antonym of free Free Text Message software is "proprietary software" or non-free software.
Free software is distinct from "freeware" which is proprietary software made available free of charge. Users usually Free Text Message cannot study, modify, or redistribute freeware. The only permission freeware has in common with free software is Free Text Message the permission to use the software.
Since Free Text Message free software may be freely redistributed, it generally is available at little or no cost. Free software business models are usually based Free Text Message on adding Free Text Message value Free Text Message such as support, training, Free Text Message customization, integration, or certification. At the Free Text Message same time, some business models which work with proprietary software are not compatible with free software, such as those that depend on a user having Free Text Message no choice but to pay Free Text Message for a licence in order to lawfully Free Text Message use a software product.
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Free software is a huge international effort, producing software used by individuals, large organizations, and Free Text Message governmental administrations. Free software has a Free Text Message very Free Text Message high market penetration in server-side Internet applications such as the Free Text Message Apache web Free Text Message server, MySQL database, Free Text Message and PHP scripting language. Completely free computing environments are available as large packages of basic system software such as Free Text Message the many Linux distributions and FreeBSD. Free software developers have also created free versions of almost all commonly used desktop applications such as web browsers, office Free Text Message productivity suites, and multimedia players. It is important to note, however, that in many categories, free software Free Text Message for individual workstation or home Free Text Message users has Free Download Of Windows Media Player only a fraction of the market share of their proprietary competitors. Most free software is distributed Free Text Message online without charge, or off-line at the marginal cost of Free Text Message distribution, but this is not required, and people Free Text Message may sell copies for any price.
The economic viability of free software has been recognised by large corporations such Free Text Message as IBM, Red Hat, and Sun Microsystems. Many companies whose core business is not in Free Text Message the IT sector choose free software for Free Text Message their Internet information and sales sites, due to the lower initial capital investment and ability to freely customize the application packages. Also, some non-software industries are beginning to use techniques similar to those used in free software development for their research and development: scientists, for Free Text Message example, are looking towards more open development processes, and hardware such as microchips are beginning to be developed Free Text Message with specifications released under copyleft licenses (see the OpenCores project, for instance). Creative Commons and the free culture movement have also been largely influenced by the free software movement. |
