Film Strange Bedfellows Movie is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film Strange Bedfellows Movie as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by Strange Bedfellows Movie creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which Strange Bedfellows Movie reflect those Strange Bedfellows Movie cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to Short Sex Movie Clips be an important art form, a source of Strange Bedfellows Movie popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. The Strange Bedfellows Movie visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become Strange Bedfellows Movie popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or Strange Bedfellows Movie subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are Strange Bedfellows Movie made up of a series of individual images called frames. Strange Bedfellows Movie When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying Strange Bedfellows Movie motion pictures. Strange Bedfellows Movie Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the zoetrope and the Strange Bedfellows Movie praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths Strange Bedfellows Movie of simple optical devices Strange Bedfellows Movie (such as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be Strange Bedfellows Movie moving, a phenomenon called persistence of Strange Bedfellows Movie vision. Naturally, the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired Strange Bedfellows Movie effect � and the underlying principle became Strange Bedfellows Movie the Strange Bedfellows Movie basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still Strange Bedfellows Movie photography, it became Strange Bedfellows Movie possible to Strange Bedfellows Movie directly Strange Bedfellows Movie capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were Strange Bedfellows Movie separate paper prints Strange Bedfellows Movie attached to a drum turned by Strange Bedfellows Movie a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed Strange Bedfellows Movie of Strange Bedfellows Movie about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Strange Bedfellows Movie Some of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a motion picture projector Strange Bedfellows Movie to shine light through the processed and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an entire audience. Strange Bedfellows Movie These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static Strange Bedfellows Movie shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound experiments Strange Bedfellows Movie (1894), commercial motion pictures were purely visual art through the late 19th Strange Bedfellows Movie century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the Movie Gift Basket turn of the twentieth Strange Bedfellows Movie century, films began developing Strange Bedfellows Movie a narrative structure by stringing scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as Strange Bedfellows Movie effective ways to portray a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater Michael Moore Movie owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. Movie Stream By the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of sheet music for Strange Bedfellows Movie this purpose, with complete film Strange Bedfellows Movie scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Strange Bedfellows Movie Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to Strange Bedfellows Movie the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of Strange Bedfellows Movie European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I Strange Bedfellows Movie while the film industry Strange Bedfellows Movie in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along Strange Bedfellows Movie with Strange Bedfellows Movie American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a Strange Bedfellows Movie soundtrack of Strange Bedfellows Movie speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially Strange Bedfellows Movie distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", Strange Bedfellows Movie or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of Strange Bedfellows Movie sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more gradually as methods evolved making it more practical Strange Bedfellows Movie and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed Strange Bedfellows Movie in color after the Carmike Movie Times end of World War II, as the industry in America came to view color as essential to attracting audiences in its Strange Bedfellows Movie competition with television, which remained a black-and-white Strange Bedfellows Movie medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and Strange Bedfellows Movie the rise of film Strange Bedfellows Movie school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes Strange Bedfellows Movie the medium experienced Strange Bedfellows Movie in the Strange Bedfellows Movie latter half of the 20th century. Strange Bedfellows Movie Digital technology has been Strange Bedfellows Movie the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study Strange Bedfellows Movie of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Strange Bedfellows Movie Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Strange Bedfellows Movie Arnheim, Bela Balazs, Strange Bedfellows Movie and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered a Strange Bedfellows Movie valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted Strange Bedfellows Movie against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality Strange Bedfellows Movie not in its differences Strange Bedfellows Movie from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things Strange Bedfellows Movie has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be divided into Strange Bedfellows Movie two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that appears Strange Bedfellows Movie regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics Strange Bedfellows Movie working for Strange Bedfellows Movie newspapers, magazines, Strange Bedfellows Movie and Strange Bedfellows Movie broadcast media mainly Strange Bedfellows Movie review new releases. Normally they only see any given film Strange Bedfellows Movie once and have only a day or two to formulate opinions. Strange Bedfellows Movie Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Strange Bedfellows Movie Mass Strange Bedfellows Movie marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not Strange Bedfellows Movie to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot Strange Bedfellows Movie summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film Strange Bedfellows Movie review can still Strange Bedfellows Movie have an important impact on whether people decide to see Strange Bedfellows Movie a film. For prestige films such Strange Bedfellows Movie as most dramas, the Strange Bedfellows Movie influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that Strange Bedfellows Movie movie marketing is now so Sex And The City Movie Plot intense and well financed that Strange Bedfellows Movie reviewers cannot make an impact against it. However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success Strange Bedfellows Movie of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions Strange Bedfellows Movie can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews Strange Bedfellows Movie have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid widespread panning of the film. However, this usually backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing Strange Bedfellows Movie and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line Strange Bedfellows Movie of work is Strange Bedfellows Movie more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and Strange Bedfellows Movie filming techniques work, and Strange Bedfellows Movie what effect they have on people. Rather than having Strange Bedfellows Movie their works published in newspapers or Strange Bedfellows Movie appear on television, Strange Bedfellows Movie their articles are published in scholarly journals, or Strange Bedfellows Movie sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend Strange Bedfellows Movie to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and Strange Bedfellows Movie showing of motion pictures became a source of profit Strange Bedfellows Movie almost as Strange Bedfellows Movie soon Strange Bedfellows Movie as the process was invented. Upon seeing how Strange Bedfellows Movie successful their new invention, and its product, was Strange Bedfellows Movie in their native Strange Bedfellows Movie France, Strange Bedfellows Movie the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit Strange Bedfellows Movie the first films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local Strange Bedfellows Movie scenes to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. Strange Bedfellows Movie The Oberammergau Passion Play Strange Bedfellows Movie of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that overshadowed the vaudeville world. Strange Bedfellows Movie Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture Strange Bedfellows Movie actors became major celebrities and Strange Bedfellows Movie commanded Strange Bedfellows Movie huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a Strange Bedfellows Movie contract that called Strange Bedfellows Movie for Strange Bedfellows Movie an annual salary of one million dollars.
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In Strange Bedfellows Movie the United States today, much of the film industry is centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Strange Bedfellows Movie Whether the ten thousand-plus feature Strange Bedfellows Movie length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic Strange Bedfellows Movie film industry should qualify for this title is the source Strange Bedfellows Movie of some debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film Strange Bedfellows Movie making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force Strange Bedfellows Movie in the industry, due to Strange Bedfellows Movie the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films Strange Bedfellows Movie have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Strange Bedfellows Movie Waterworld. Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of Self Service Movie Rental New York lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known Strange Bedfellows Movie as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film Strange Bedfellows Movie awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A Strange Bedfellows Movie preview performance refers to a Strange Bedfellows Movie showing of a movie to a select audience, usually for the purposes Strange Bedfellows Movie of corporate promotions, before Strange Bedfellows Movie the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may result in recutting or Strange Bedfellows Movie even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or Strange Bedfellows Movie previews are Strange Bedfellows Movie film Strange Bedfellows Movie advertisements for films that Strange Bedfellows Movie will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their Strange Bedfellows Movie having originally been shown at the end of a film programme. That practice did not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A movie in a double Strange Bedfellows Movie feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size and type of crew Strange Bedfellows Movie required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure Strange Bedfellows Movie films need Strange Bedfellows Movie computer generated imagery (CGI), created by Strange Bedfellows Movie dozens of 3D Strange Bedfellows Movie modellers, animators, rotoscopers and Strange Bedfellows Movie compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a Strange Bedfellows Movie skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source Japanese Dvd Movie film Strange Bedfellows Movie may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes Strange Bedfellows Movie place all over the world using different technologies, styles of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making Strange Bedfellows Movie within the American studio system.
This production cycle Strange Bedfellows Movie typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second year comprises Strange Bedfellows Movie preproduction and production. The third year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by Strange Bedfellows Movie a film company, employed during the "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are Strange Bedfellows Movie distinguished Strange Bedfellows Movie from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters Strange Bedfellows Movie in the Strange Bedfellows Movie film. The crew interacts Strange Bedfellows Movie with but is also Strange Bedfellows Movie distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company representatives, their Strange Bedfellows Movie assistants, and those whose primary responsibility falls in pre-production or post-production phases, such as writers and Strange Bedfellows Movie editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the Strange Bedfellows Movie director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for Strange Bedfellows Movie interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other Strange Bedfellows Movie than acting, the crew Strange Bedfellows Movie handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film industry as "craft services") are Strange Bedfellows Movie usually not considered part of the crew.
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format Strange Bedfellows Movie for images on the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film Strange Bedfellows Movie was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute Strange Bedfellows Movie (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard Strange Bedfellows Movie silent Strange Bedfellows Movie speed, research indicates most films were shot Parent Movie Review between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on Strange Bedfellows Movie up (often reels Strange Bedfellows Movie included instructions Strange Bedfellows Movie on how fast each scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the Strange Bedfellows Movie late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per Strange Bedfellows Movie second was Strange Bedfellows Movie chosen because it was the slowest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the Strange Bedfellows Movie mechanization of cameras � allowing Strange Bedfellows Movie them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large Strange Bedfellows Movie "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound Strange Bedfellows Movie to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. Strange Bedfellows Movie The soundtrack can be recorded separately Strange Bedfellows Movie from shooting Sex And The City Movie Ending the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of Strange Bedfellows Movie a Strange Bedfellows Movie slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most Strange Bedfellows Movie movies on cellulose nitrate base have been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through the use of separation masters Strange Bedfellows Movie � three B&W negatives each exposed Strange Bedfellows Movie through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Technicolor process). Digital methods Strange Bedfellows Movie have also been used to Strange Bedfellows Movie restore films, although their continued obsolescence Strange Bedfellows Movie cycle makes them (as Strange Bedfellows Movie of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying Strange Bedfellows Movie film stock is a matter Strange Bedfellows Movie of concern to both film historians and Strange Bedfellows Movie archivists, and to Strange Bedfellows Movie companies interested Strange Bedfellows Movie in preserving their existing products in order to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is Strange Bedfellows Movie generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color Strange Bedfellows Movie films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded Strange Bedfellows Movie using analog video technology similar to Strange Bedfellows Movie that used in television production. Strange Bedfellows Movie Modern digital video cameras and Strange Bedfellows Movie digital projectors are gaining Strange Bedfellows Movie ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and Strange Bedfellows Movie as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still Strange Bedfellows Movie recorded Strange Bedfellows Movie on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. Strange Bedfellows Movie An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially Strange Bedfellows Movie produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and Strange Bedfellows Movie technological reasons have all contributed Strange Bedfellows Movie to the growth Strange Bedfellows Movie of the indie film Strange Bedfellows Movie scene in the late 20th and early 21st Strange Bedfellows Movie century.
On the Strange Bedfellows Movie business side, the costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the Strange Bedfellows Movie films put out by Strange Bedfellows Movie Warner Strange Bedfellows Movie Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from Strange Bedfellows Movie 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is Strange Bedfellows Movie almost Strange Bedfellows Movie never given the opportunity to get a job on Strange Bedfellows Movie a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, Strange Bedfellows Movie the cost of Strange Bedfellows Movie professional film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. Strange Bedfellows Movie The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in Strange Bedfellows Movie 1985, and more importantly, Strange Bedfellows Movie the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the Strange Bedfellows Movie early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie Strange Bedfellows Movie production significantly. Both production and post-production Strange Bedfellows Movie costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production Strange Bedfellows Movie can be installed in a commodity-based personal Strange Bedfellows Movie computer. Technologies Strange Bedfellows Movie such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software Strange Bedfellows Movie like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Strange Bedfellows Movie Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, Strange Bedfellows Movie and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
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Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more Strange Bedfellows Movie democratized. Filmmakers can Strange Bedfellows Movie conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit Strange Bedfellows Movie the sound Strange Bedfellows Movie and music, and mix Strange Bedfellows Movie the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish Strange Bedfellows Movie outside the traditional Strange Bedfellows Movie system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape in Strange Bedfellows Movie ways that are still to be determined.
Open The Nativity Movie content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like Strange Bedfellows Movie an independent Strange Bedfellows Movie film, but it is produced through open collaborations; its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create Strange Bedfellows Movie fan fiction or Strange Bedfellows Movie derivative works, than a traditional Strange Bedfellows Movie copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film is a film or video Strange Bedfellows Movie inspired by a Strange Bedfellows Movie film, television program, comic book or a Strange Bedfellows Movie similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects Strange Bedfellows Movie or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in Strange Bedfellows Movie length, from short Strange Bedfellows Movie faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer Strange Bedfellows Movie full-length motion pictures
Animation Strange Bedfellows Movie is the technique in Strange Bedfellows Movie which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a drawn image, or Strange Bedfellows Movie by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit (see claymation and Strange Bedfellows Movie stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and Strange Bedfellows Movie the resulting film is viewed at a speed of Strange Bedfellows Movie 16 or more Strange Bedfellows Movie frames Strange Bedfellows Movie per Strange Bedfellows Movie second, there is an illusion of continuous movement (due to Strange Bedfellows Movie the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is Strange Bedfellows Movie very labour intensive Strange Bedfellows Movie and tedious, Strange Bedfellows Movie though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of Strange Bedfellows Movie animation for TV and movies comes Strange Bedfellows Movie from professional animation studios. However, the field of independent animation has existed at least since Strange Bedfellows Movie the 1950s, with animation being produced by independent Strange Bedfellows Movie studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation Strange Bedfellows Movie by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered Strange Bedfellows Movie by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although Strange Bedfellows Movie most Strange Bedfellows Movie animation studios are now using digital technologies in their Strange Bedfellows Movie productions, there is a specific style of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, made famous by moviemakers like Strange Bedfellows Movie Norman McLaren, Len Strange Bedfellows Movie Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and Strange Bedfellows Movie then run through a projector.
Venues
When it is initially produced, Strange Bedfellows Movie a feature film is often shown Strange Bedfellows Movie to audiences in a movie theater Strange Bedfellows Movie or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities Strange Bedfellows Movie within a few years.[5] In the Strange Bedfellows Movie United States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an Download Sex Movie independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming Strange Bedfellows Movie movies Strange Bedfellows Movie and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to Strange Bedfellows Movie be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the Strange Bedfellows Movie film is no longer being Strange Bedfellows Movie shown in theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or buy Strange Bedfellows Movie copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD Strange Bedfellows Movie and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads Strange Bedfellows Movie may Strange Bedfellows Movie be available and have started Strange Bedfellows Movie to Strange Bedfellows Movie become revenue sources for Strange Bedfellows Movie the film companies. Some Strange Bedfellows Movie films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of Strange Bedfellows Movie inferior Strange Bedfellows Movie quality compared to theatrical Strange Bedfellows Movie releases in similar genres, and Strange Bedfellows Movie indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average Strange Bedfellows Movie of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film Strange Bedfellows Movie rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with Strange Bedfellows Movie a number higher than Strange Bedfellows Movie that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an Strange Bedfellows Movie incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of Strange Bedfellows Movie highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run Strange Bedfellows Movie theaters for less than 8 weeks. There are a few Strange Bedfellows Movie movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in Strange Bedfellows Movie only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and Strange Bedfellows Movie reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% came from VHS and DVD sales to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion Strange Bedfellows Movie picture films have been around for more than a Strange Bedfellows Movie century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition from Strange Bedfellows Movie television's increasing technological sophistication over the Strange Bedfellows Movie 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and Strange Bedfellows Movie large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability Strange Bedfellows Movie of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s the development of Strange Bedfellows Movie digital DVD players, home Strange Bedfellows Movie theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to select and view films Strange Bedfellows Movie at home with greatly improved audio and visual reproduction. These new technologies provided audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, Strange Bedfellows Movie high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once Strange Bedfellows Movie again Strange Bedfellows Movie industry analysts predicted the demise of Strange Bedfellows Movie the local cinema. Local cinemas will be changing in the 2000s and moving towards digital screens, a new approach Strange Bedfellows Movie which will allow for easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite or Strange Bedfellows Movie hard disks), a development which may give Strange Bedfellows Movie local Strange Bedfellows Movie theaters a reprieve from their predicted demise.
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